丙硫咪唑对猪囊尾蚴酶组织化学影响的研究

本实实验采用酶组织化学方法测定猪囊定蚴发育过程中三磷酸腺苷酶（ATPase)、酸性磷酸酶（ACP）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）三种酶的活性，并研究了丙硫米唑类药物对不同时期囊尾蚴的三种酶活性的影响。实验结果表明，丙硫咪唑类抗囊药物通过抑制囊虫体内ATPase、ACP、AKP的活性而抑制虫体对糖的吸收和物质转运，阻碍了能量代谢和ATP的产生，从而影响虫体发育和生长，最终导致囊尾蚴死亡。     

8O例成人麻疹临床特点分析

目的探讨成人麻疹流行特点、临床特征及防治措施。方法对80例成人麻疹患者的流行病学资料、临床表现、实验室检查及预后、转归等进行回顾性分析。结果相比儿童麻疹,成人麻疹具有热度高、全身中毒症状重、消化道反应明显等临床特征;皮疹出现时间相对晚、皮疹多,且融合疹、异型疹明显,退疹缓慢;合并心、肝、肺等脏器并发症较多,但预后良好。结论成人麻疹发病率升高与接种率低、体内麻疹抗体不足及麻疹病毒基因变异有关。积极有效的隔离、治疗是防治成人麻疹的重要措施。     

麻疹疫苗预防犬瘟热的试验研究*

 为调查麻疹疫苗用于预防犬瘟热的可行性,选择同窝8只土种幼犬,按2～2.5人份/犬的剂量对A组幼犬（n=3）进行2次麻疹弱毒疫苗接种,应用微量中和试验测定免疫前及每次免疫后第7d血清中的犬瘟热病毒（CDV）中和抗体效价,并转移加强免疫犬外周循环全血［（3.2～3.5）mL/犬］给未免疫B组犬（n=3）,3d后用Vero细胞分离培养的第3代CDV昆明分离株,以2000个TCID 50（相当于5600 PFU）/犬的剂量对上述2组犬和对照C组犬（n=2）进行肌肉注射或滴鼻攻毒。结果发现：不论是否接种麻疹弱毒疫苗,所有犬只均未产生可检测到的CDV中和抗体（效价低于1∶4）;攻毒后连续观察14 d,A组与B组均未出现犬瘟热临床症状,C组出现明显的犬瘟热症状但未死亡。以上结果表明：麻疹弱毒疫苗不能诱导犬产生CDV中和抗体,但可诱导产生有效的抗CDV感染的细胞免疫力。     

Explaining seasonal fluctuations of measles in Niger using nighttime lights imagery

Measles epidemics in West Africa cause a significant proportion of vaccine-preventable childhood mortality. Epidemics are strongly seasonal, but the drivers of these fluctuations are poorly understood, which limits the predictability of outbreaks and the dynamic response to immunization. We show that measles seasonality can be explained by spatiotemporal changes in population density, which we measure by quantifying anthropogenic light from satellite imagery. We find that measles transmission and population density are highly correlated for three cities in Niger. With dynamic epidemic models, we demonstrate that measures of population density are essential for predicting epidemic progression at the city level and improving intervention strategies. In addition to epidemiological applications, the ability to measure fine-scale changes in population density has implications for public health, crisis management, and economic development.     

Chaos versus noisy periodicity: alternative hypotheses for childhood epidemics

Whereas case rates for some childhood diseases (chickenpox) often vary according to an almost regular annual cycle, the incidence of more efficiently transmitted infections such as measles is more variable. Three hypotheses have been proposed to account for such fluctuations. (i) Irregular dynamics result from random shocks to systems with stable equilibria. (ii) The intrinsic dynamics correspond to biennial cycles that are subject to stochastic forcing. (iii) Aperiodic fluctuations are intrinsic to the epidemiology. Comparison of real world data and epidemiological models suggests that measles epidemics are inherently chaotic. Conversely, the extent to which chickenpox outbreaks approximate a yearly cycle depends inversely on the population size.     

胶东半岛地区酿酒葡萄病害的发生与防治现状调查

采用田间调查结合问卷调查的方法,对山东胶东半岛地区酿酒葡萄生长期病害进行调查。结果表明:山东胶东半岛地区酿酒葡萄生长期主要病害有6种,包括炭疽病、霜霉病、白腐病、灰霉病、酸腐病以及褐斑病;其中炭疽病是主要病害,发病严重的病果率达35.63%,个别地块有绝收现象;褐斑病只在个别地块中发现;酸腐病和霜霉病在葡萄生长后期加重;炭疽病严重的地块酸腐病也严重。病害防治主要采用化学药剂防治,药剂种类以石硫合剂、波尔多液、多菌灵及福美双为主;整个生长季施药普遍在14～15次,最多可达17次。     

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: isolation of suppressed measles virus from lymph node biopsies

Measles virus was isolated in mixed cultures of lymph node cells and HeLa cells. The agent was isolated by cocultivation from biopsy specimens of two of five patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. The virus was identified by hemagglutination-inhibition, immunofluorescent, and neutralization tests. Biopsies from controls did not show evidence of measles virus.     

Large-scale spatial-transmission models of infectious disease

During transmission of seasonal endemic diseases such as measles and influenza, spatial waves of infection have been observed between large distant populations. Also, during the initial stages of an outbreak of a new or reemerging pathogen, disease incidence tends to occur in spatial clusters, which makes containment possible if you can predict the subsequent spread of disease. Spatial models are being used with increasing frequency to help characterize these large-scale patterns and to evaluate the impact of interventions. Here, I review several recent studies on four diseases that show the benefits of different methodologies: measles (patch models), foot-and-mouth disease (distance-transmission models), pandemic influenza (multigroup models), and smallpox (network models). This review highlights the importance of the household in spatial studies of human diseases, such as smallpox and influenza. It also demonstrates the need to develop a simple model of household demographics, so that these large-scale models can be extended to the investigation of long-time scale human pathogens, such as tuberculosis and HIV.     

(S)-9-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)adenine: An Aliphatic Nucleoside Analog with Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity

(S)-9-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)adenine, a novel nucleoside analog, the sugar moiety of which is replaced by an aliphatic chain, inhibits the replication in vitro of several DNA and RNA viruses, including vaccinia, herpes simplex (types 1 and 2), measles, and vesicular stomatitis. It is also effective in vivo in reducing the mortality rate of mice inoculated intranasally with vesicular stomatitis virus.     

Subacute sclerosing leukoencephalitis: ultrastructure of intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions

Intranuclear inclusions found in glial cells of two cases of subacute sclerosing leukoencephalitis have been examined in the electron microscope. The inclusions are composed of filamentous tubules 170 to 230 angstroms in diameter, which bear a general resemblance to the intranuclear structures observed in cells infected with measles virus. This finding provides further suggestive evidence that a virus may be involved in the pathogenesis of subacute sclerosing leukoencephalitis.     

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: propagation of measles virus from brain biopsy in tissue culture

Measles virus was propagated in monolayer cultures established from brain tissue of a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Syncytial cells were rendered fluorescent with measles specific antiserums only, by means of an indirect technique. The ultrastructural appearance of the microtubular aggregates was identical in brain tissue and in the cultured cells. Fusion experiments produced a cytopathic effect in humnan embryonic kidney and VERO cell cultures. The virus was identified by hemiagglutination-inhibition, but only in the supernatant of disrupted cultured cells.     

A simple model for complex dynamical transitions in epidemics

Dramatic changes in patterns of epidemics have been observed throughout this century. For childhood infectious diseases such as measles, the major transitions are between regular cycles and irregular, possibly chaotic epidemics, and from regionally synchronized oscillations to complex, spatially incoherent epidemics. A simple model can explain both kinds of transitions as the consequences of changes in birth and vaccination rates. Measles is a natural ecological system that exhibits different dynamical transitions at different times and places, yet all of these transitions can be predicted as bifurcations of a single nonlinear model.     

Sequence homology between certain viral proteins and proteins related to encephalomyelitis and neuritis

Post-infectious or post-vaccinal demyelinating encephalomyelitis and neuritis may be due to immunological cross-reactions evoked by specific viral antigenic determinants (epitopes) that are homologous to regions in the target myelins of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Such homologies have been found by computer searches in which decapeptides in two human myelin proteins were compared with proteins of viruses known to infect humans. These viruses include measles, Epstein-Barr, influenza A and B, and others that cause upper respiratory infections. Several regions identified in myelin basic protein and P2 protein can be related to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis or neuritis in laboratory animals.     

Viral receptors on isolated murine and human ependymal cells

Viruses that infect ependyma cause ependymitis in humans and hydrocephalus in experimental animals. We report that reovirus type 1 (which induces hydrocephalus in mice) binds to the surface of isolated human and murine ciliated ependymal cells. With the use of recombinant viral clones, the binding property was mapped to the type 1 viral hemagglutinin, which also determines in vivo the affinity of reovirus type 1 for ependyma. Mumps virus, measles virus, parainfluenza type 3, and herpes simplex virus type 1 bind to murine ependyma cells, whereas reovirus type 3, herpes simplex virus type 2, and poliovirus type 2 do not.     

Measles virus matrix protein synthesized in a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis cell line

Measles virus generally produces acute illness. Rarely, however, persistent infection of brain cells occurs, resulting in a chronic and fatal neurological disease, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Evidence indicates that expression of the measles virus matrix protein is selectively restricted in this persistent infection, but the mechanism underlying this restriction has not been identified. Defective translation of matrix messenger RNA has been described in one SSPE cell line. This report presents evidence that in a different SSPE tissue culture cell line IP-3-Ca, the matrix protein is synthesized but fails to accumulate. A general scheme is proposed to reconcile the different levels at which restriction of matrix protein has been observed.     

蚯蚓粪肥性状及对薄荷生长的研究进展

蚯蚓粪肥是很好的腐熟有机肥料，对作物的生长发育有一定的促进作用。近年来，对作物施用肥料的效果表明，蚯蚓粪肥的应用效果尤为突出，对作物的生产有更好的应用。并且蚯蚓粪肥制备简单、原料宽广，能提高作物产量、促进作物生长，提高植物的抗病虫害能力，修复被污染的土壤。薄荷一般都含有食品价值，能够清凉解渴；并且它还有药用价值，药后清凉的功效，能够治疗麻疹。因为薄荷的经济价值，我国在薄荷肥料方面有着深入的研究。本篇文章也以蚯蚓粪肥性状和对薄荷生长展开探讨，为研究薄荷高产、优产奠定基础。     

肿瘤治疗的新突破:溶瘤病毒治疗

溶瘤病毒通过感染癌细胞,引起病毒性细胞病变并诱发宿主抗肿瘤免疫反应,从而选择性感染和杀死癌细胞。美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)和欧洲药物管理局(EMA)最近批准了世界上第一个用于治疗恶性黑色素瘤的溶瘤病毒制剂,命名为Imlygic。Imlygic为表达人粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF) 的单纯疱疹病毒I型(HSV-1)活病毒颗粒,经直接注射入肿瘤组织引起肿瘤细胞裂解和机体抗肿瘤免疫双重效应。除了HSV-1外,尚有许多不同类型的病毒已经进入临床试验,评估其生物安全性和抗肿瘤疗效。这些正在临床试验的溶瘤病毒包括腺病毒、痘病毒、麻疹病毒和呼肠孤病毒等。治疗的肿瘤包括卵巢癌、腹膜癌、肝癌、胶质瘤和黑色素瘤等。目前,溶瘤病毒治疗肿瘤的临床试验约有67项,一些临床试验已经取得了有希望的结果,从而进展到第三期临床试验。该文重点讨论目前正在临床试验中用于治疗各类癌症的溶瘤病毒,并讨论这些溶瘤病毒作为一类新的癌症治疗药物的机遇和挑战。     

不同质地土壤玉米根际生物活性研究

【目的】明确不同质地土壤（砂壤、中壤、重壤）玉米生育期间根际微生物（细菌、放线菌、真菌）数量与酶（脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶）活性的变化。【方法】采用池栽方式，以掖单22为材料，研究不同质地土壤的玉米根际微生物数量和酶活性变化，并进行相关分析。【结果】玉米播种前，砂壤中的微生物数量最多，重壤中最少；重壤中的酶活性最高，砂壤最低。3种土壤玉米根际生物活性的动态变化呈抛物线，吐丝期达最大值，此后逐渐下降。吐丝期，3种质地土壤玉米根际微生物数量均表现为中壤最多，重壤最少；5种酶活性均表现为中壤最大，砂壤最小。成熟期，玉米根际土壤细菌与放线菌表现为中壤中数量最多，重壤最少，真菌则表现为中壤最多，砂壤最少; 过氧化氢酶活性表现为重壤最高，砂壤最低，脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶、转化酶表现为中壤中活性最高，砂壤最低。【结论】玉米根际生物活性受玉米生长发育进程和土壤质地的双重影响。     

不同花色非洲紫罗兰叶片与花瓣中金属元素的测定

利用火焰原子吸收光谱法，测定了非洲紫罗兰红色、白色和蓝色叶片与花瓣中Na、Mg、K、Ca、Fe和Cu六种金属元素的含量，实验回收率为98．36％～103．13％，相关系数为0．9929至O．9997。实验结果表明：在3种花色品种中，Ca与Fe在叶片中的含量多于花瓣；而Cu则相反，在叶片中的含量低于花瓣；Na在白色和红色...     

巨桉纸浆原料林木材的主要化学成分变异研究

对6年生巨桉纸浆原料林分别立地(好、差)、密度(111株/667m2、124株/667m2、138株/667m2、152株/667m2和166株/667m2)、树体不同部位(基部、干部、顶部)和心、边材的主要化学成分的变异进行研究。研究结果揭示了四川巨桉纸浆材主要化学成分的变异规律①两种立地条件上木材的化学成分含量差异极显著,差立地上的灰分、水抽出物、1%NaOH抽出物、木质素含量均大于好立地上木材的相应含量,苯-醇抽出物、纤维素含量为好立地大于差立地。②林分密度对木材化学成分组成的影响在0·05水平上不显著,密度与立地之间也不存在交互效应,仅立地对木材化学成分(除纤维素含量外)表现出显著或极显著的差异。在差、好立地上木材综纤维素含量最高的分别为密度138株/667m2和124株/667m2的林分。两种立地上综纤维素含量最低的均为密度为166株/667m2的林分。③两种立地上木材化学成分中纤维素含量在树体干部最大;苯-醇抽出物含量为顶部最大。差立地上的各种密度的林分中密度152株/667m2的林分热水抽出物含量为顶部最小,其余密度冷、热水抽出物均为干部最小;1%NaOH抽出物含量为干部最小,木素含量为基部最小,纤维素含量为干部最大,综纤维素含量为基部最大。在好立地上,热水抽出物和1%NOH抽出物含量为干部最大,苯-醇抽出物为顶部最大,木素、纤维素含量为干部最大,综纤维素以干部最小。④两种立地上心、边材灰分、水抽出物、1%NaOH抽出物和木质素含量的变异规律为差立地>好立地;纤维素及综纤维素含量为好立地>差立地。好立地上木材1%NaOH抽提物、苯-醇抽提物、木素含量为心材大于边材,灰分、冷水抽提物、热水抽提物、纤维素含量、综纤维素含量为边材大于心材;差立地上木材纤维素、综纤维素含量为边材大于心材,其他化学成分均为心材大于边材。