玉米矮秆突变体Hii-015的鉴定及主要性状配合力分析

以新的玉米矮秆突变体Hii-015、野生型W015和16个玉米自交系为材料,分析矮秆突变体Hii-015的表型特征、遗传方式和主要性状的配合力,探讨玉米矮秆基因的发掘与利用。结果表明,细胞长度缩短导致突变体Hii-015植株矮化,突变体Hii-015除植株矮化外,其经济性状与野生型W015比无明显变化;单隐性基因控制突变体Hii-015的矮秆突变性状,突变体Hii-015是能稳定遗传的矮生型;矮秆突变体Hii-015的株高、穗位高、节间长度和节间数的一般配合力呈现最大的负效应,主要经济性状行粒数、百粒重和单株产量的一般配合力呈现正效应。突变体Hii-015是优良的玉米矮秆育种材料。     

矮生玉米自交系的选育和利用

有两套遗传体系决定矮生玉米的节间长度,即多基因矮生体系和单基因矮生体系。矮生玉米自交系的选育方法主要有系谱法、回交法和聚合选择法。矮生玉米自交系的利用主要有“矮秆×矮秆”“和矮秆×高秆”两种模式,其中“矮秆×高秆”将是今后相当长时期内矮生玉米自交系利用的主要模式。     

新的玉米显性矮秆基因的发现及初步分析

玉米杂交种CL1077中的矮秆突变体52333与5个高秆自交系进行杂交,对P1、P2、F1、F2、BC1和BC2群体株高变异进行分析。结果表明,正反交杂种F1均表现为矮秆,没有显著差异;F2代矮株与高株的分离比为3∶1,杂种F1与高株自交系回交后代的分离比为1∶1,与矮秆突变体回交的后代全为矮株,证明该矮秆材料的矮秆性状受一对显性矮秆基因控制,且不受细胞质的影响。对纯合矮秆植株及杂种F1芽期和苗期进行赤霉素处理,结果表明,此矮秆基因对赤霉素敏感,表明与以前报道的所有矮秆基因不同,此矮秆基因可能是一新的矮秆基因,并将此矮秆基因初步定名为D(t)。     

水稻矮秆突变体Zj88d的鉴定与基因定位

 用甲基磺酸乙酯诱变处理常规粳稻浙粳88,获得了矮秆水稻突变体Zj88d,多代自交稳定遗传。遗传分析表明突变体Zj88d的矮秆性状受一对隐性核基因控制。采用图位克隆方法,将目的基因定位在水稻第7染色体短臂末端7 44w和RM5344间的603 kb区间。排查该区间包含的100个候选基因,发现已克隆的矮秆基因OSH15也位于其中。测序结果显示,突变体Zj88d中的OSH15基因在第2内含子最末位发生“g→a”单碱基突变。     

矮秆小粒水稻潇湘矮的形态学与分子遗传学分析

【目的】研究揭示潇湘矮矮秆小粒的遗传机制,为潇湘矮的育种利用提供理论基础。【方法】利用水稻育种过程中自然突变而得到的稳定遗传的矮秆小粒水稻材料潇湘矮,对其进行农艺性状考查、赤霉素(GA_3)和油菜素内酯(BR)敏感性分析、遗传学分析,并利用潇湘矮与其近等基因系NIL(NIP)衍生的F_2群体对控制矮秆小粒的基因xxa进行图位克隆,最终利用转基因互补试验验证候选基因。【结果】潇湘矮除表现为矮秆小粒外,其穗长变短,穗型紧凑,千粒重极显著下降。不同浓度梯度的赤霉素(GA_3)和油菜素内酯(BR)处理,发现潇湘矮对GA_3部分敏感,而对BR不敏感。遗传分析发现其符合孟德尔3∶1分离规律。图位克隆将xxa基因定位于第5染色体In Del标记F81和F82之间约70 kb区间的物理距离内。该区间包含8个开放阅读框(ORF)。其中,第5个ORF(LOC_Os05g26890)被注释为水稻株高基因D1。序列分析发现,潇湘矮的D1基因在第5和12外显子分别有1个碱基的无义替换和3个碱基的缺失,其中第12外显子3个碱基的缺失导致1个赖氨酸的缺失。转基因互补显示D1可以恢复潇湘矮的表型。【结论】潇湘矮控制株高的途径可能与GA_3代谢有关;潇湘矮矮秆小粒表型符合单隐性核基因控制的遗传规律;潇湘矮矮秆小粒性状是由D1基因突变所致。     

中国棉花矮秆性状的研究现状及发展对策

通过介绍中国棉花矮秆性状遗传研究、机制研究及矮源育种利用的现状,探讨了中国目前陆地棉矮秆资源比较缺乏、现有矮源材料不宜于直接用于生产和利用分子标记技术来对矮生基因进行研究等问题和解决措施.     

水稻矮秆小粒突变体潇湘矮的特征特性及其遗传鉴定

潇湘矮是在杂交籼稻组合93d72//湘/晚籼1号//桂朝2号/鉴7-4后代分离群体中发现的水稻矮秆小粒新突变体,株高55 cm左右,千粒重11 g左右,每穗总粒数198粒,结实正常,苗期对外源赤霉素(GA3)敏感,抽穗期不敏感。遗传分析表明,潇湘矮的矮生性由2对独立遗传的隐性半矮秆基因控制,其中1对为已知的半矮秆基因sd-1,另1对为未知的sd-t4。sd-t4单独存在时植株表现为半矮秆小粒,与sd-1共同存在时植株表现为矮秆小粒。     

大麦矮秆品种资源的株高等性状遗传及其利用评价

为了给当前及今后的大麦育种提供优良的矮秆亲本及其遗传信息,试验以三份大麦矮秆品种资源1966D、83—134和机械裸与高种测验种的ManKer和Aths杂交配制的四个杂交组合的P_1、P_2、F_1、F_2及B_1、B_2等六个世代群体为试材,1989～1991年在北京对这三份矮秆资源的株高、穗长和穗密度遗传以及株高与穗长和穗密度之间的遗传关系进行了研究和利用评价。结果表明,它们的株高均分别受一对隐性基因控制,穗长和穗密度也都各由隐性单基因决定。三份矮秆资源之所以存在穗子短和穗密度大的缺点,正是由于其矮生基因与穗长和穗密度基因之间存在较紧密的遗传连锁所致,而矮生基因的多效性对此影响不大。从选择亲本的角度讲,三份矮秆资源都具有一定的利用价值,但由于1966D和83—134的降秆效果及其矮生基因与穗长和穗密度基因间的交换值都高,可能好于机械裸。此外,与1966D和机械裸相比,83—134的矮秆基因对籽粒大小影响不大,表现千粒重较高,在育种中应优先选用。     

小麦半显性创新矮源“西南02～10”

1 小麦显性矮秆基因“复等位多态特性”的发现 小麦矮化育种导致了“绿色革命”,矮秆基因已成为现代小麦育种的主要遗传支撑。但当今世界小麦育种仍局限于使用隐性矮源,已发现、报道的显性矮源均因植株极度矮化而未能在小麦育种中得到广泛的应用。这不但存在着“遗传脆弱性的潜在威胁”,而且由于现代小麦育种的理想株高仍然呈逐渐下降的趋势,缺少株高在70～80cm左右的单基因矮源。因此,开拓小麦育种新矮源的研究具有重要的意义。西南农业大学麦类     

春小麦新种质陇矮l号矮秆性状的遗传研究

为了深入了解春小麦新创种质陇矮1号的矮秆性遗传规律，2000～2001年对“陇矮1号”的矮秆遗传特性进行了较为系统的研究。从“陇矮1号”分别与三个高秆亲本“老芒麦”、“和尚头”和“高原602”的杂种F1代株高表现可知，其F1代株高介于高亲值与中亲值之间，且D为负值，说明“陇矮1号”的矮秆特性受隐性矮秆基因控制。“陇矮1号”与“老芒麦”、“和尚头”和“高原602”的F2代株高分离表明，“陇矮1号”的矮秆特性受2对或2对以上隐性基因控制。此外，超亲分离表明“陇矮1号”的矮秆特性还受到一些微效基因的影响。对各组合回交世代BCl和BC2株高分离结果进行x^2测验，BCl的矮秆株数与半矮秆株数之比为3：1，而BC2的半矮秆株数与高秆株数之比为1：3。因此，推断“陇矮1号”的矮秆特性受2对主效隐性矮秆基因控制。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.