桃蚜对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯抗性机制研究

1986—1990年对桃蚜(Myzus persicae Sulz.)抗药性的系统研究结果表明,北京地区桃蚜对乐果的抗性最高为230倍,氧乐果为185倍,马拉硫磷为32倍,喹硫磷为19倍,倍硫磷为123倍,马拉氧磷为100倍,毒死蜱为39倍,抗蚜威为245倍,灭多威为39倍,呋喃丹为84倍,对西维因没有产生明显抗性。TPP 与氧乐果、乐果混用分别增效3.2倍和12.1倍;异稻瘟净与倍硫磷、马拉硫磷混用,共毒系数分别为236和234。增效醚(Pb)使乐果和氧乐果分别增效7.1倍和6.0倍。说明桃蚜的抗药性与羧酸酯酶和多功能氧化酶(MFO)有关。在敏感种群中,β-NA 羧酸酯酶活性大于0.5(OD_(555)值/蚜·15分钟)的个体仅占1%,而在抗性种群中,这种类型的个体占78%—98%。不同抗性水平的桃蚜种群,乙酰胆碱酯酶对抑制剂敏感度的分布与其抗性水平具有明显的相关性,马拉氧磷、抗蚜威对乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制中浓度(I_(50)),抗性种群是敏感种群的20倍和150倍。北京地区桃蚜的抗药性与磷酸酯酶和 GSH—S-转移酶没有明显的关系。     

北京及河北省北部瓜-棉蚜对拟除虫菊酯抗药性的研究初报

1983—1986年就北京及河北省廊坊、香河、涿鹿等地区的瓜-棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glov.)对拟除虫菊酯杀虫药剂的抗药性作了系统监测。试验结果表明,北京、廊坊及香河等地区的瓜-棉蚜种群对氰戊菊酯及溴氰菊酯已产生了一定程度的抗性。以LC50及LC95进行抗性比较,对氰戊菊酯分别为519和6416倍;对溴氰菊酯为401和14805倍。蚜体中水解α-乙酸萘酯酶(以下简称酯酶)的活性与其对氰戊菊酯及溴氰菊酯的抗性程度密切相关,相关系数均大于0.9,均在显著水平以上。因此、酯酶是瓜-棉蚜抗拟除虫菊酯的主要抗性机制之一。     

几种常用杀虫剂对瓜蚜的毒力和对乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制作用

用叶片药膜法测定了4种常用杀虫剂氧乐果、辛硫磷、三唑磷、吡虫啉对呼和浩特市郊蔬菜基地温室黄瓜上发生的瓜蚜的毒力。结果表明,瓜蚜对吡虫啉最敏感,LC50 仅为4.203 mg/L,氧乐果、辛硫磷、三唑磷对瓜蚜的LC50分别为21.70、38.86、43.30 mg/L。研究明确了3种有机磷杀虫剂对瓜蚜体内乙酰胆碱酯酶AChE均有明显的抑制作用,并随着抑制时间的延长,抑制率增加。I50值分别为氧乐果9.6×10-6mol/L,辛硫磷11.4×10-6mol/L,三唑磷17.1×10-6mol/L。     

N'-硝基缩氨基胍类化合物对蚜虫的室内毒力测定及相关酶活性的影响

Su50[N'-硝基-1-异丙基-2-(4-硝基苯亚甲基)氨基胍]和Su56(N'-硝基-1-烯丙基-2-正丙基氨基胍)是利用活性亚结构拼接原理合成的具有新烟碱类和缩氨基脲类杀虫剂共同结构特征的硝基缩氨基胍类化合物。为了解Su50和Su56对蚜虫的生物活性及作用机理,采用叶片浸渍法测定了其对多种蚜虫的杀虫活性,用棉叶涂抹药液后接入棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover测定了其对棉蚜的拒食活性,并采用生化方法测定了不同亚致死浓度(LC_(10)、LC_(25))Su56对棉蚜羧酸酯酶(CarE)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)和多功能氧化酶(MFO)的酶活性的影响。结果表明:Su50和Su56对棉蚜A.gossypii/桃蚜Myzus persicae Sulzer,苹果黄蚜Aphis citricola van der Goot和梅大尾蚜Hyalopterus amygdali Blanchard均具有一定的杀虫活性,但毒力差异不显著,其中Su50对棉蚜、桃蚜、梅大尾蚜和苹果黄蚜的LC_(50)值分别为13.0、24.2、62.6和14.3mg/L,Su56的LC_(50)值则分别为30.3、30.2、101和3.23 mg/L;同时Su50和Su56对供试棉蚜均具有一定的拒食活性。生化试验结果表明,Su56在LC_(10)和LC_(25)浓度下对棉蚜的CarE、GSTs和MFO酶活性无显著影响,但在LC_(10)浓度下对棉蚜的ACNE酶活性却有显著抑制作用。     

豆蚜对杀虫剂的敏感性及药剂对豆蚜羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制作用的研究

杀虫剂对豆蚜羧酸酯酶(CarE)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACHE)的抑制作用研究表明,高效氯氰菊酯、澳氰菊酯和吡虫啉对其均无抑制作用;抗蚜威、辛硫磷和氧乐果对其有明显抑制作用.抗蚜威和氧乐果对豆蚜羧酸酯酶的抑制中浓度(I50)是辛硫磷的1.16倍和1.66倍,辛硫磷和氧乐果对豆蚜乙酰胆碱酯酶的I50是抗蚜威的2.54倍和27.13倍.     

抗残杀威和敏感家蝇乙酰胆碱酯酶生化特性研究

对家蝇残杀威抗性(RR)和敏感(SS)品系乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,AChE)(RR-和SS-AChE)的生化特性研究后发现,RR- 和SS-AChE存在着明显的差异:1)RR- 和SS-AChE最适反应温度分别为37℃和34℃,但最适pH值均为7.4; 2)AChE催化底物的能力不同,RR-AChE水解碘化硫代乙酰胆碱(ATCh)、碘化硫代丁酰胆碱(BTCh)、碘化硫代丙酰胆碱(PTCh)的活力高于SS-AChE,其相应的最大反应速率(Vmax)比分别是SS-AChE的2.22、1.08和3.41倍; 3)从双分子速率常数(bimolecular constant,Ki)来看,RR-AChE对4种氨基甲酸酯类抑制剂(残杀威、克百威、甲萘威、灭多威)的敏感度分别是SS-AChE的46.77、28.15、66.15和15.00倍,对4种有机磷类抑制剂(马拉氧磷、甲胺磷、氧乐果和氧化三唑磷)的敏感度分别是7.66、12.13、3.81和2.25倍; 4)上述抑制剂与RR-AChE分子相互作用的亲和力常数(Ka)均大于与SS-AChE的值; 5) RR-AChE的磷酰化或氨基甲酰化常数(K2)值都低于SS-AChE的值。 表明RR-AChE的性质已发生变化。     

桃蚜高效氯氰菊酯抗药性与乙酰胆碱酯酶的关系

于室内对桃蚜进行高效氯氰菊酯抗药性筛选,选育至10代后抗性倍数增长到49.9倍。生化分析表明,抗性品系乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性均显著高于敏感品系。比较两个品系乙酰胆碱酶活性个体频率分布发现,更多的桃蚜个体向酶活性高的区域分布。酶动力学测定结果显示,抗性桃蚜酯酶对底物的Vmax、Km显著大于敏感品系。     

桃蚜敏感种群的筛选及其抗药性演化的研究

采用微量毛细管点滴法筛选出比河北廊坊桃蚜相对敏感种群更为敏感的甘肃宕昌桃蚜种群,建立了18种杀虫剂对桃蚜敏感种群的毒力基线,可作为今后国内各地监测桃蚜抗药性水平的敏感基线。用氧乐果、氰戊菊酯及其氧乐果+氰戊菊酯对桃蚜敏感种群进行抗性选育,汰选20次时桃蚜对混剂氧乐果+氰戊菊酯只产生4.85倍的抗药性,比氧乐果单剂(7.39倍)抗性发展速度幔,尤其比氰戊菊酯单剂(87.21倍)更慢,表明桃蚜易对菊酯类药剂产生抗药性,混剂可以延缓产生抗药性。     

寄主植物对棉蚜乙酰胆碱酯酶的影响

通过生物测定和生化分析研究了5种不同寄主植物上的棉蚜种群对灭多威的敏感性，乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE)活性及灭多威对AChE的抑制作用，结果发现，取食石榴和花椒的棉蚜AChE活性最高，是冬青上棉蚜（最低）的2．00倍和3．33倍，说明寄主植物可以影响棉蚜AChE的活性，灭多威对不同寄主植物上的棉蚜个体的AChE进行抑制后，发现棉花和冬青上的棉蚜种群中AChE对灭多威不敏感的棉蚜个体多于花椒，木槿和石榴上的棉蚜种群，这与棉花及冬青上的棉蚜对灭多威耐药性较其它三种强的趋势近似，表明AChE敏感度的降低是棉蚜对灭多威产生抗药性的原因之一。     

朱砂叶螨抗药性与羧酸酯酶活性的关系

羧酸酯酶是昆虫体内普遍存在的一种水解酶。昆虫对多数有机磷、氨基甲酸酯及有些菊酯类杀虫剂产生抗性羧酸酯酶活性有关[1～2]。桃蚜(Muscapersicae)对有机磷的抗性与其体内所含酯酶活力呈正相关,E4酯酶的量随着抗性程度的增加而呈几何级数上升[3]。棉蚜(Aphisgossypii)对对硫磷和对氧磷产生抗性后,α-乙酸萘酯酶活力分别增加15.25倍和60.30倍[4]。本文研究了朱砂叶螨(Tetranychuscinnabarinus)对氧化乐果(有机磷)、三氯杀螨醇(有机氯)、双甲脒(有机氮)及哒螨灵(杂环类)的抗性与羧酸酯酶的关系。1　材料与方法1.1　供试叶螨在人工气象室内…     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.