Study on Problems and Countermeasures of Rural Public Goods Supplying System

In current China, the main problem existing in the rural public goods supplying system is the unbalanced condition of public goods supply, and the chief reason for which is unitary system of supply main body. Thus the leading countermeasure for corner of public goods supply is to reform the present unitary rural public goods supplying system, to strengthen functional transfer of rural grass-roots directive organization, to adopt diversified mode and provide public goods on the base of overall planning of urban and rural areas and to implement unitary and diversified supplying strategy. In this way, supplying efficiency of the rural public goods will be improved.     

Considerations on Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development in Dryland Areas

Drylands of the world cover 41%of the Earth＇s land surface and are a direct source of livelihood for 6.5 billion people, especially in developing countries. However, nearly all drylands are at risk of land degradation as a result of human activities. Poverty and desertification in dryland areas are major problems threatening sustainable agriculture and rural development in dryland areas. Several topics that are significant for sustainable agriculture and rural development for food security and environmental rehabilitation in dryland areas were stressed in this paper.     

Study on development of circular agriculture in Beijing＇s mountainous areas

Circular agriculture is an inevitable course to realize positive cycle of ecology and harmonious development of rural areas. Beijing＇s mountainous areas depend on the background and orientation of ecological economy for sustainable development. It is of great significance to explore the development of the circular agriculture in the mountainous areas to facilitate sustainable use of agriculture resources. Beijing＇s mountainous areas have accumulated considerable experiences in boosting the circular agriculture. By summarizing the modes of circular agriculture in mountainous areas and analyzing their actual practices, the paper proposes we need to give high priority to strengthening publicity efforts, giving full play to resources advantages of mountainous areas, and establishing a management mechanism and operation mechanism to promote the development of circular agriculture in Beijing.     

Journal of Shandong Agricultural Administrators＇ College English Summary No.3,2009

Peasant Citizens： How Far Citizens from the Farmers in the End Theory Chen Meizhen The founding of New China, to the needs of industrialization, household Registration was divided, so farmers and citizens separate from the urban and rural areas. With the launching of reform and opening-up, the dual structure gradually revealed its limitations, the transform of from farmers to citizens an important step of the dual structure of reform and realization of country strong.     

Countermeasures of Rural Public Product Supply Problems in New Socialist Rural Construction

The status of rural public goods' supply plays a decisive role in China agricultural development and in new socialist rural construction.For the current situation of insufficient supply of public goods in rural areas,this article explained the significance of strengthening the construction of rural public goods supply system,analyzed the reasons for the shortage of rural public goods supply,and proposed strategies and measures to solve problems of rural public goods supply,which are of advantages to enhance...     

Status and path of intergenerational transmission of poverty in rural China: A human capital investment perspective

This paper focused on the intergenerational transmission of poverty in rural China by estimating the intergenerational transmission of earnings and stated its mechanism from the perspective of human capital investment before children participated in the labor market. The data used in this study were longitude data collected in 2 000 households of 100 villages among 25 counties across five provinces in 2005, 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2019. Qualitative and quantitative methods were adopted. We found a significant intergenerational transmission of earnings in rural China, especially for the pairs of father–children and parents–children. The intergenerational earnings' elasticities were much less than those in urban areas, which indicated better social mobility in rural areas than that in urban China. The children with parents who could earn much were more likely to be invested before they participated in the labor market, gain a high education and have more skills. Three cases further showed that the mechanism of human capital investment in children breaking the intergenerational transmission of poverty and promoting social mobility.     

Constraints on Problems of Rural Surplus Manpower Capital Transfer in China

In recent years, researches on rural human capital are of great concern, but for how to effectively use the rural human capital is scanty, and thus, the transfer of rural human capital becomes a kind of way to solve rural human capital utilization. A portion of China rural human capital has been successful transferred, however, because of the restrain of their conditions, they can only be engaged in some low level work. In China rural areas, there are a lot of rural human capitals who are not successful transferred. How to successfully transfer the rest of this part rural human capital and how to make them play roles will be an important task. In this paper, according to the practical situations, we first defined the rural human capital, and then briefly summarized the importance of human capital transfer. At last, we found out the restriction factors of rural human capital transfer in China, and put forward some suggestions and measures to solve the problems.     

Ensuring Rural Mobility through Demand Responsive Transport,Experiences from Austria

Embedded in an INTERREG IVc project called Flexible Transport Services （FTS） and Information and Communication Technology （ICT） platform for Eco-Mobility in urban and rural European areas （acronym： FLIPPER）, the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences in Vienna, Austria, analysed impacts of Flexible Transport Services focusing on Demand Responsive Public Transport （DRT）. This includes the analysis of site characteristics, the existing mobility demand, accessibility, area needs, current environmental impact, operational, financial and organisational constraints; designing of the service and definition of the supporting organisational measures required. Examples of realised services in Alpine areas in Austria confirm the effects on people＇s daily mobility and all its consequences towards society and environment. Main effects are the decrease of public funding needs and ensuring a basic transport supply even in rural areas. Additionally, there is a strong component of social inclusion in this service, increasing the quality of life capable to contribute to the deceleration of the out migration. As secondary effects, economic effects and environmental effects can be observed. The potential of these services are not fully utilised today and can be achieved through further extensions of service area as well as technical developments.     

Research on Supervision of Country Public Goods Supply Based on Public Choice Theory

To increase the provision of rural public goods is a major task of Chinese new rural construction, while it can not do without the necessary supervision. This paper described the relationship between public choice theory and the provision of rural public goods and it was a basis for in-depth study of the government＇s subject behavior from the perspective of public choice, and led to the necessity of regulation of rural public goods provision in rural areas, then it presented a strengthen monitoring of the rationalization proposals.     

Do Improvements of living standards lead to growth of obesity? Evidence from Chinese adults

This study estimates the impacts of income on body mass indices(BMIs) of male and female adults from both urban and rural areas in China under the neoclassic theory of obesity, using China Health and Nutrition Survey data during 1991–2011.Results of this study show that incomes has a significant inverted U-shaped impact on weight for both urban and rural males while having a negative effect on weight for urban females and positive effect on BMI for rural female, suggesting that further income growth is expected to lead to continuing growth of obesity for both urban and rural male adults as well as for rural female adults. Moreover, the strenuousness of physical activity, which is represented by types of jobs, significantly reduced the BMI for all adults except for urban females, implying that a decrease in the strenuousness of physical activity stemming from economic development and technological changes is an important factor leading to the growth of obesity for all adults and rural female adults.     

Analysis of the Management Policy and Comprehensive Benefit of Agriculture in the Rural Area: A Case Study on Pujiang County, China

To solve the problems of the poverty in rural areas and raise the output efficiency of agriculture, policy is the primary factor. Guiding by good policies, the design of agricultural structure and management technology are the two main technical supports for agricultural development. The authors apply the model to determine the consequences of four so-called poverty alleviation strategies： （i） intensification of production, （ii） diversification of livestock production, （iii） land expansion, and （iv） an exit from agriculture, with a set of regional poverty and biodiversity indicators. Diversification seems to be the most promising poverty reduction strategy, but requires an efficient use of animal manure in cropping systems to avoid environmental problems. Improved nutrient management in cropping systems is effective in reducing the regional nitrogen surplus, but less effective in increasing per capita income. The exit strategy is beneficial for reducing poverty and achieving biodiversity goals, but may have important social consequences, which are not addressed in this study. Further reduction of rural poverty is hampered by labor constraints during the harvesting period of high value crops, such as vegetables and fruits, which calls for research and development in the field of agricultural mechanization.     

Journal of Shandong Agricultural Administrators＇ College English Summary No.6,2010

Discussing the Issues of Agriculture, Farmer and Rural Area in the Framework of Scientific Outlook on Development Kai Wang Abstract： Issues of agriculture, farmers and rural area have become the key point as well as the bottleneck to build a well-off society in an all-around way. Since the founding of PRChina, the issues of agriculture, farmers and rural have come through with the period of free flowing between urban and rural／urban and rural segregation period and urban and rural interacts period. Although the issues in the different period do not perform exactly in the same way, they have the deep theory and practical logic. It is right that the accumulation of the history problems that makes the issues the top priority. The perspective of scientific outlook on development extends the cognition boundary of the issues, which, at the same, provides us with the methodology guidance. Therefore, to solve the agriculture farmer and rural area problems, we should carry out the perspective of scientific outlook on development, take development as the first task for our party, insist in people oriented, strike the balance between urban and rural, insist in unified accumulation of rural economic development and all-around coordinate and sustainable development.     

The Feasibility and Economic Potential of Geoduck Aquaculture in Neah Bay,Washington

The geoduck clam, Panopea abrupta, is an economically important species and mainly cultured in the Southern Puget Sound of Washington State. There are no examples of intertidal geoduck aquaculture in Neah Bay. Since 2011, the Makah Fisheries Management （MFM） has started a pilot project supported by the United States Department of Agriculture Rural Business Enterprise Grant （USDA-RBEG）. The MFM aquaculture practice and results showed that the Neah Bay beaches are feasible for intertidal geoduck aquaculture, and have the proper conditions to produce high quality geoduck clams. As compared to finfish culture, there is little environmental concern for geoduck aquaculture due to the natural seawater fluctuation （no artificial feeding） and the intertidal nature （no genetic mixing）. This advantage provides the opportunity for community members of all backgrounds to partake in the aquaculture process, with low investment costs for establishing a family-based geoduck farming business. Overall, the high market value and the economic potential make geoduck aquaculture an ideal candidate in development of remote and rural areas along the Washington coast.     

To Withstand Loneliness in the Process of Urbanization---Research on the Construction and Planning of Metropolitan Suburban Rural Tourism Scenic Areas

Abstract The conflicts between rurality and urbanization,tradition and modernity,industry and environmental resource in the rural tourism have become major difficulties of its sustainable development in China.This paper analyzed the characteristics and difficult situations of metropolitan suburban rural tourism,put forward four kinds of region-city functions in the development of metropolitan suburban rural tourism,and researched on the construction of rural tourism scenic areas in metropolis suburb—"to Withstand Loneliness in the Process of Urbanization"—as the following aspects:the space organization mode,localization,social organization and management,the product organization and spatial planning modes and contents.     

Comprehensive Evaluation and Analysis of China''s Rural Reform and Open Achievements in Thirty Years

In this paper, the practice of the past 30 years of reform and open policy was analyzed. A comprehensive evaluation model based on Analytic Hierarchy Process （AHP） was established and some empirical analyses （data from 1978-2006） on the rural construction were made based on this model. It is concluded that the rural construction has achieved the great success since carring on the reform and open policy. The rural construction during this period could be divided into two stages. At the first stage, achievements were mainly due to the construction of agricultural development and rural harmony-driven. And at the second stage, achievements were mainly due to the improvement of the quality at present. Consequently, the efforts to improve the rural construction must be intensified for a long time. Moreover, it is necessary to grasp the key points to make up the lack of rural construction.     

Strategies for Promoting Rice Self-sufficiency in Sierra Leone

Rice is the main food of Sierra Leoneans and an important source of employment and income for rural communities. According to the West African Rice Development Association report, annual consumption of rice is amongst the highest in SubSaharan Africa（SSA）, 104 kg. Mainly, small scale farmers who are resource poor on both the upland and various lowlands grow rice. Sierra Leone has not been able to produce enough rice to meet its local consumption demand for a very long time now. 530 000 MT of milled rice is the required consumption need of the Sierra Leonean population per annum. In 2007, national paddy rice production was projected at 638 000 MT. The level of rice self-sufficiency rose from 50.57% in 2002 to 62.15% in 2006 and then to 63.49% in 2007. The remainder must be imported at increasingly expensive prices in the current situation of high food prices, which includes rice. The price of rice has seen a steady increase in the entire country. What most affected by this, is the low-income urban and peri-urban households. The promotion of domestic rice production is therefore a key element in the strategies for improving rice self-sufficiency, stimulating economic growth and increasing rural income. Therefore, supporting rice production programme is the only solution to pull the country out of the worsening rice situation and maintain the present trend in rice self-sufficiency. Therefore, having an understanding of the strategic interventions in rice production in Sierra Leone is an important ingredient in the promotion and attainment of rice self-sufficiency.     

Comprehensive Evaluation of Tobacco Ecological Suitability of Henan Province Based on GIS

The growth of tobacco is sensitive to environment conditions. The tobacco production is strictly restricted by regional cultivated land. Based on the principal of hiberarchy analysis and fuzzy mathematics and the technique of geographic information system （GIS）, the comprehensive evaluation of tobacco ecology suitability were studied according to the actual circumstances of the whole Henan tobacco planting regions, China. The evaluation index system of tobacco ecology suitability of Henan tobacco planting regions was established by choosing 17 evaluation indexes from 3 respects of climate, soil and landform with Delphi method. Furthermore, the membership function was set up according to the effects of each ecology factors on the growth and quality of tobacco suitability. And the analytical hierarchy process （AHP） was used to determine the weight of indexes by using quantitative analysis. Then the tobacco ecology suitability map of Henan tobacco plantation was drawn with GIS software mapGIS. It is found that the most areas of the western and southern parts of Henan Province, China, are the highly suitable regions, accounting for 22.52% of Henan tobacco planting areas. It is because that there are medium air temperature, sunshine and rainfall, medium soil pH value, and high contents of soil organic matter in the regions. Moreover, the topography is hill and massif, and the height above sea level is between 150-800 m there. Some areas of the southern and middle parts of Henan Province are the suitable ones, accounting for 34.99% of Henan tobacco planting areas. It is because that there are enough rainfall, medium air temperature, high contents of available N and available K in the soil in these regions. There are less suitable regions in the northern and eastern parts of the investigated regions because of drought, too high pH value and CI in the soil and irrigation water, accounting for 35.54% of the whole areas. It can be conducted rapidly and correctly by combining AHP and membership function for comprehensive evaluation of tobacco ecological suitability supported by GIS. There are above moderate ecological suitability for most part of tobacco planting fields in Henan Province. The distributions of tobacco ecological suitability calculated are identical with actual tobacco productivity completely.     

Risk Assessment and Zoning of Agricultural Drought Disaster in Heilongjiang Province

In this study,we first zoned the drought degree in the years from 1971 to 2000 in Heilongjiang Province by using precipitation anomaly equation as an indicator,and analyzed the temporal distribution characteristics and laws of arid disaster in different periods.Using the method of human being habitat risk assessment,we further studied and zoned the drought disaster risk index(DDRI)of maize cultivated in 74 stations in Heilongjiang Province via GIS software.The results showed that(1)the occurrence frequency of moderate and heavy drought in Heilongjiang Province was 1970s>1990s>1980s,and(2)the high risk area of drought disaster for maize production mainly assembled in Qiqihar and Daqing regions in west Heilongjiang Province,where agricultural drought should be highly concerned,while low risk and slight risk areas mainly distribute in middle areas and east plain areas in Heilongjiang Province.Our study provided basis for the defense of agricultural drought disaster.     

Evaluation on the High Yielding,Stability and Comprehensive Performances of Check Cultivars in National Cotton Regional Trials in the Yangtze River Valley

[Objective] This study was to analyze the high yielding, stability, adaptabil-ity and main characteristics of check cultivars in national cotton regional trials in the Yangtze River Val ey in 2000-2013, with the aim to provide theoretical basis for the reasonable selection of check cultivars for cotton regional trials. [Method] GGE biplot analysis method was used to carry out the intensive analysis and comprehensive comparisons on the performances and differences of the 9 major characters of check cultivars, namely, lint cotton yield , stability, and other main traits including bol weight, bol number, lint percentage, fiber length, fiber strength, micronaire val-ue, plant height and seed index. [Result] Ezamian 10 was suitable in the majority of cotton planting regions in the Yangtze River Val ey, with the best high yielding abili-ty and perfect yield stability. The yielding ability of Xiangzamian 8 ranked the sec-ond, but its stability was the poorest. Xiangzamian 8 was of the specific adaptive cultivar with relatively good performance in high yielding but the poorest stability. The suitable planting areas of Xiangzamian 8 were limited to the cotton planting re-gion around Dongting Lake in Hunan province, Poyang Lake in Jiangxi Province, the Coastal region in Jiangsu Province and Wuhan district in Hubei Province. Xi-angzamian 2 performanced poorer in both yielding and stability, while Simian 3 ranked first in stability but the last in yielding ability. The dominant character of Xi-angzamian 8 and Xiangzamian 2 were high cotton plants and big bol s. Simian 3 performanced super in lint percentage and fiber length. Ezamian 10 was strong in cotton bol formation ability, lint cotton yielding, fiber strength and seed size, as wel as high micronaire value. [Conclusion] The outstanding performance of Ezamian 10 in high and stable yield in the Yangtze River Val ey in recent years has effectively promoted the high yielding ability of candidate varieties in cotton regional trials in the area.     

Study on the Quantity and Age Structure of Rural Surplus Labor Force in China

Based on the data from the Second National Agriculture Census in 2006, this paper analyzed the absolute quantity and age structure of China rural surplus labor force by the classical approach. It showed that the migration of rural labor force was still far away from ＂Lewis turning point＂, and ＂mingong huang＂ （ shortage of peasant workforce） appearing in coastal areas could be explained with the location separation between the labor-intensive industries and rural labor force. It was a feasible and an effective way to push forward the transfer of labor-intensive industries from the east coast to central and Western China to absorb the abundant supply of rural labor force.