日本臭菘体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生体系的建立

以日本臭菘幼叶为外植体,应用均匀设计法筛选其最适合的胚性愈伤组织及胚性细胞复合体诱导、体细胞胚胎发育及植株再生的培养基配方,建立日本臭菘体细胞胚胎发生体系。结果表明,LS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+2,4-D 2.0 mg/L+IAA 0.1 mg/L适宜日本臭菘幼叶胚性愈伤组织及胚性细胞复合体诱导,诱导率为98%;LS+6-BA 0.50 mg/L+NAA 0.10 mg/L+IAA 0.10 mg/L最适宜体胚发育及植株再生,体胚萌发率为100%,萌发的体胚在发育培养基上继续培养42 d后全部发育成完整植株。对不同阶段培养材料的形态结构及超微结构的观察证明,成功建立了日本臭菘体细胞发生及植株再生体系。     

高羊茅高频植株再生体系的建立及其影响因子的分析

研究了高羊茅(Festuca anmdinacea)愈伤组织诱导培养基和分化培养基组分的最适配比，建立了高羊茅高频再生体系。结果表明，培养基MSM 5mg／L 2,4-D 0．02mg／L KT诱导高羊茅种子出愈率高达92％；愈伤组织可在培养基MSM 4．5mg／L 2,4-D 0．2mg／L KT上长期保持；愈伤组织在培养基MSM 2mg／L 2,4-D 0．2mg／L KT诱导体细胞胚发生后，可在添加2mg／L KT和20mg／L蔗糖的SH培养基(MSH)上诱导分化形成丛生芽，愈伤组织分化率可达96％。再生芽在1／2MS培养基上14d生根率达100％。     

我国主要栽培木薯品种体细胞胚胎发生与芽器官发生的研究

本研究对我国10个木薯(Manihot esculenta Crantz)主要栽培品种离体培养,研究结果表明不同品种之间在体细胞胚胎发生和器官发生的能力上因基因型不同而差异显著.以组培苗茎段侧芽或顶芽为外植体,在添加Picloram和2,4-D的体细胞胚胎发生诱导培养基上暗培养2周后,可诱导胚状体的形成.生长素浓度中,2,4-D在6mg/L及Picloram在12mg/L为最佳使用浓度,并且Picloram的效果明显优于2,4-D.NZ188、SC124和SC205体细胞胚胎发生的频率可达到80%以上.诱导的胚状体经循环继代培养可形成次生胚状体.次生胚状体在成熟培养基上经2～3周的光培养可形成绿色子叶的体细胞胚,进而萌发形成再生植株.NZ188及SC8体细胞胚萌发频率最好,可达80%以上.以培养2周的子叶胚切块置于体细胞胚胎发生诱导培养基上可诱导形成次生胚状体,诱导频率都在77%以上.子叶胚切块置于器官发生培养基上可诱导芽器官发生,2周后可形成芽原基及不定芽,诱导频率在34.4%到72.2%之间,其中NZ188、NZ199和SC124诱导效果较好.再生培养附加乙烯抑制剂AgNO_3可明显抑制愈伤组织的形成,提高芽器官发生的能力,包括再生频率及芽再生的数目,浓度以4 mg/L为宜.从含AgNO_3的培养基上再生的芽有利于进一步生长和移栽成活.     

香蕉和荔枝体胚发生两种不同途径的研究(简报)

体细胞胚胎发生是植物界的普遍现象.体细胞胚胎发生的途径主要有两种:一种是直接胚胎发生,即由外植体表面直接产生体细胞胚胎,不需经过愈伤组织;另一种是间接胚胎发生,即先由外植体诱导出愈伤组织,然后建立胚性愈伤组织系,最后间接分化出体胚.     

水稻巯基蛋白酶抑制剂基因(OCI )转化甘薯获得转基因植株

用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导法将水稻巯基蛋白酶抑制剂基因(OCI)导入甘薯（Ipomoea batatas)品种栗子香，获得了转基因植株。所用菌株为根癌农杆菌LBA4404，其携带的pBinh质粒上含有新霉素磷酸转移酶Ⅱ(NPT Ⅱ)基因和OCI基因。将继代培养3d后的栗子香胚性悬浮细胞与LBA4404(OD600nm=0．5)共培养4d。将共培养后的胚性悬浮细胞首先在含有2mg／L2，4-D和300mg／L Carb(carbencillin)、但不含有Kan（kanamycin)的MS液体培养基中培养5d，然后在含有2mg／L2，4-D、50mg／L Kan和300mg／L Carb的MS液体培养基中进行选择培养。选择培养4周后，将直径约1mm的抗Kan细胞团转移到添加2mg／L2，A-D、50mg／L Kan和300mg／L Carb的MS固体培养基上，共转移200个细胞团，诱导得到了8个胚性愈伤组织。将这些抗Kan胚性愈伤组织转移到添加1mg／L ABA、50mg／L Kan和100mg／LCarb的MS固体培养基上，通过体细胞胚胎发生途径获得了13株再生植株。PCR和PCR-Southern检测结果表明，获得的13株再生植株中7株是转基因植株。     

糯玉米离体培养获取耐盐变异体

为了获取糯玉米耐盐变异体,以120mg/L的平阳霉素预处理糯玉米自交系（S1、S2）种子20h,萌发后用茎尖诱导胚性愈伤组织,比较了激素组合对胚性愈伤组织诱导、继代和分化的影响。结果表明2, 4-D 2.0mg/L和6-BA 0.25mg/L组合诱导胚性愈伤的效果最好;在添加100mg/L CH、6-BA 0.25mg/L和2, 4-D 2.0mg/L的继代培养基上愈伤组织生长良好。将胚性愈伤组织依次在含NaCl 10g/L、15g/L和20g/L培养基中进行筛选,获得耐盐变异体,转入分化培养基中诱导再生植株,自交1代种子在含NaCl 15g/L、20g/L的培养基上萌发率较对照种子高数倍,在20g/L NaCl的胁迫下,变异体自交1代种子幼苗叶片中脯氨酸含量及K+ / Na+比例明显高于对照。     

甘薯和近缘野生种Ipomoea triloba的种间体细胞杂种植株再生

摘要: 将甘薯(Ipomoea batatas )品种元气和近缘野生种I. triloba的叶柄原生质体用PEG法融合后, 培养在含有0.05～0.20 mg/L 2,4-D和0.5 mg/L KT的改良MS液体培养基中。培养约7周后，将直径达1～2 mm的小愈伤组织转移到添加0.05～0.20 mg/L 2,4-D和0～0.5 mg/L KT的MS培养基上使其增殖。转移3～5周后，愈伤组织直径达8～15 mm。将这些愈伤组织再转移到MS基本培养基上，或转移到添加 3.0 mg/L BAP的MS培养基上培养4～5周后再进一步转移到MS基本培养基上进行培养，结果获得了69株再生植株。RAPD分析表明，其中1株再生植株是元气和I. triloba的种间体细胞杂种。杂种植株的株型呈野生攀缘型，相似I. triloba；而茎色呈绿-紫色，相似元气；其茎的节间长度和叶片形状表现为融合双亲的中间型。茎尖细胞染色体数为54～103，因细胞不同而不同。     

空竹悬浮细胞系的建立

竹子悬浮细胞培养比较困难,本研究首次获得空竹悬浮细胞.以空竹种胚为材料诱导愈伤组织,建立稳定的悬浮细胞培养体系;通过固体培养法获得悬浮细胞来源的愈伤组织,可为竹类悬浮细胞系遗传转化或诱变后单克隆的筛选提供材料.空竹种胚在3/4MS+500mg/L脯氨酸+500mg/L谷氨酰胺+300mg/L胰蛋白胨+3.0mg/L 2...     

海岛棉突变系体细胞培养及植株再生研究

采用埃及海岛棉辐射突变系226、188、197和埃及棉吉扎69的下胚轴为外植体,接种子改良的 MS 培养基(MS 无机盐+B_5有机元素)上,补加不同外源激素诱导愈伤组织和分化,然后经过悬浮培养,获得大量胚状体。经过重复实验,226、197能够产生大量胚状体,胚状体的发生频率分别为90%和70%左右,发生指数3.0和2.0。最适诱导培养基为改良 MS+2,4-D 0.05mg/L+KT 0.1mg/L,最适继代次数3～5次,其中需要在 IAA 1mg/L+ZT 0.1mg/L 培养基中继代2次。分化培养基为 MS+KT 1mg/L+NAA 4mg/L。然后选择淡黄或灰白松散的愈伤组织接种到悬浮培养基MS+KT 0.05mg/L 中,培养15～20d,即产生大量胚状体和胚性细胞团。在不加激素的培养基上,胚状体萌发成苗生根。对不同状态愈伤组织的过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶进行分析表明,其酶活性和谱带差异较明显。     

影响蒜头果离体胚乳愈伤组织培养的几种因子

四种基本培养基（MS、B5、N6和SH）的试验结果表明，MS和N6两种基本培养基适宜蒜头果胚乳愈伤组织培养；在相同的2，4-D和6-BA激素配组中，附加低浓度的GAs（O．5mg／L）有利于胚乳愈伤组织的诱导；添加甘氨酸和椰乳（CM）对悬浮培养愈伤组织的诱导不适宜。愈伤组织继代增殖培养的适宜培养基为MS＋2，4-D2．0mg／L＋KT0．2mg／L＋GA30．2mg／L和N6＋2，4-D2．0mg／L＋6-BA0．2mg／L＋GA30．6mg／L。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.