Water,Air, and Soil Pollution. Information for Authors

Water, Air, &; Soil Pollution -     

石油烃污染对土壤持水特征及水分有效性的影响

石油烃污染土壤已经成为我国一个严重的环境问题,污染后的土壤理化性质发生改变,直接影响土壤的持水特性及水分有效性,确定石油烃污染对土壤持水特征和水分有效性的影响及其程度可为揭示石油烃污染对土壤性质的影响提供新的科学认识。通过人工配置柴油和原油不同污染浓度污染的黄绵土,利用离心机法测定土壤水分特征曲线,分析了土壤的持水特征与水分有效性。结果表明:(1)不同浓度柴油与原油污染土壤后,水分特征曲线均位于未污染土壤的下部,其中原油污染的影响更甚。(2)水分特征曲线van Genuchten模型参数θ_s、θ_r随着污染浓度的增加呈现指数衰减,参数α值呈幂函数减小、n值出现随污染浓度对数增加的特点。(3)土壤的饱和含水量、田间持水量以及凋萎含水量均随柴油、原油污染浓度的增加出现下降趋势,表观土壤有效含水量随污染浓度表现出先降后升的U字形的变化模式。无论原油还是柴油污染土壤,均会影响土壤的持水特征和水分有效性,影响的大小与石油烃的类型和浓度密切相关。     

论水土、水土生态与水土生态保持

在论述水土在陆地生态系统中的地位和作用的基础上,提出了水土生态的概念,认为植被与水土不可分割的整体观念是水土生态的重要特征。同时,对水土生态保持的含义作了新的定义,并将水土生态保持划分为四大类型,即生态型、自然型、生产型、建设型。从水土生态的高度,从源头上、要素的联系中去认识和防治水土流失,是一种主动的、有机的、整体的水土保持观念,是水土保持认识观的深化和发展,将使水土生态保持事业进入一个崭新的时代。     

崇明岛东北部表层土壤及近地表大气中HCHs DDTs污染及土-气交换

通过对崇明岛东北部表层土壤和大气中HCHs和DDTs两类有机氯农药的测定,对其残留现状和环境行为进行了研究。结果表明,土壤中HCHs浓度为0.40～20.0ng·g^-1,DDTs浓度为0.78～163.2ng·g^-1,绝大部分地区未超过国家土壤环境质量标准规定,近期没有新的HCHs和DDTs污染源输入;近地面大气中气相HCHs和DDTs的浓度范围分别为0.38～2.26ng·m^-3和0.17～0.98ng·m^-3。研究表明大气长距离传输对该区域的有机氯农药污染有较为明显的影响。初步运用逸度概念模型对该区域进行分析,发现HCHs和DDTs的逸出方向绝大部分地区为从土壤向大气挥发。     

陕北油田土壤和地表水石油污染特征

陕北黄土丘陵区大规模油田开发产生的石油污染对环境造成了一定的影响.为了解油田开发区(油区)石油污染特征,选取陕北油田开发体制不同的2个典型流域燕沟和巴家河,对油区土壤和地表水环境现状进行了调查和采样分析.结果表明,两个油区井场土壤都受到了不同程度的石油污染,土壤石油污染含量为5.5～131.2 g/kg,其中原私人开发的巴家河油区污染更严重.采用单井脱水工艺的巴家河油区水体石油类污染指数严重超标,采用集中脱水工艺的燕沟油区水体则没有受到明显的石油污染,采油废水进入水体是前者石油类污染的主要原因.     

浅谈北京市山区水土流失与非点源污染

利用北京市山区坡面径流小区实际观测资料,进行了山区非点源污染与水土流失关系的分析,说明了水土流失是非点源污染物的载体和水体污染的主要途径,影响非点源污染物流失和水土流失的主要因素一致,污染物流失量随着水土流失量的加大而加大。目前北京市在非点源污染治理方面,已实现了从以末端治理为主向从源头上控制为主的综合治理的转变,生态清洁小流域建设将水土流失和面源污染防治作为治理目标,在小流域内构筑"生态修复、生态治理、生态保护"三道防线,已在水源保护方面取得了显著的效益。     

设施菜地土壤养分演变规律及对地下水威胁的研究

1994～1997年山东寿光设施蔬菜年平均施肥量达到N 1351.2kg hm-2、P2O5 1701.2kg hm-2和K2O 539.6kg hm-2;2004年与1997年相比,氮肥和磷肥的用量减少,钾肥的用量增加,有机养分的比例增加。日光温室蔬菜氮肥、磷肥、钾肥的表观利用率分别为21.33%、2.82%、61.34%。蔬菜土壤有机质含量高于露地土壤。寿光日光温室土壤中碱解氮含量平均205.4mg kg-1;速效磷的含量平均为225.2mg kg-1,具有明显的积累效应,与设施种植时间之间存在极显著的相关性(r=0.550**,n=35);土壤速效钾含量最高为369.7mg kg-1,也具有明显的积累效应,与设施使用时间具有极显著的相关性(r=0.502**,n=35)。设施表层土壤中水溶性钙的含量平均为336.0mg kg-1,土壤水溶性镁的含量平均为70.6mg kg-1。日光温室土壤中微量元素除硼外,含量均高于露地土壤。地下水硝酸盐污染严重,而且上升迅速。     

石油污染对土壤持水能力及供水强度的影响

[目的]研究石油污染对土壤持水能力及供水强度的影响,为有机污染物在土壤中迁移与转化规律研究提供理论基础。[方法]以陕北采油区的主要土壤类型—轻壤质黄绵土为研究对象,人为模拟获得5个不同梯度的石油污染土壤(0%,0.5%,1%,2%和4%),室内测定土壤水分特征曲线,采用Van Genuchten模型拟合获得模型参数,并以此为基础对比分析不同处理土壤持水能力、水分有效性、比水容量之间的差异。[结果]石油污染引起土壤持水性显著降低,污染浓度越大,持水性越低;对土壤水分特征曲线影响的显著区间主要在水吸力(pF)为1.5的低吸力段和水吸力(pF)为3.5以上的高吸力段,石油污染对土壤结构性的影响更加显著;高浓度的石油污染引起土壤有效水含量下降,加剧了土壤的干燥化程度,不利于协调干旱气候与植物需水性之间的矛盾;随着石油污染浓度的增加,土壤比水容量也呈现出显著递减趋势,土壤可利用水分对应的吸力范围相应变窄。[结论]石油污染显著降低了土壤的持水能力及供水强度,加剧了地区土壤旱情,给植物生产和生态环境带来严重危害。     

土壤污染现状及修复对策

从应用化学肥料、化学农药对土壤带来的负面影响角度论述了土壤污染的原因,总结了近年来有关土壤污染防治的传统物理化学方法和应用微生物学和分子生物学对污染土壤进行修复的技术.     

合肥市城区流失水土污染特征研究

利用降雨一径流过程中的采样与监测,研究道路面、草坪地和灌丛地径流中固体颗粒物、氮、磷等污染物浓度的变化特征.结果表明,城区降雨径流中初期污染物浓度明显高于后期,但不同下垫面上径流污染物变化规律有所差异.道路面径流污染物(SS,N,P)浓度在初期很高且下降幅度很大,末期则较低且趋于稳定;草坪地和灌丛绿地径流污染物从初期到末期基本呈平稳下降趋势.试验结果还表明,城区径流中输出的磷污染物以颗粒态为主,颗粒吸附态磷(PP)达到70%以上;氮污染物中颗粒态明显低些,但颗粒吸附态氮(PN)在40%～60%.     

水土流失防治措施在非点源污染控制中的作用

从非点源污染的概念出发,阐述了水土流失触发的非点源污染及其危害,对不同的水土流失防治措施在非点源污染控制中的作用进行初步分析,试图从水土流失防治的角度为非点源污染控制和治理提供一些依据.     

Evaluation of Metal Loadings and Bioavailability in Air, Water and Soil Along Two Highways of British Columbia, Canada

A comprehensive multi-media monitoring field investigation, which included: atmospheric, storm-water runoff, road sediment and soil samples, was carried out at two highway sites in Vancouver, Canada, focused on Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, and Zn, due to their prevalence in most highway environments, both locally and worldwide. Metal potential bioavailability was evaluated through sequential extraction in the case of particulates and via exchange with a chelating resin for highway runoff. Road sediment showed in most cases a close resemblance with runoff and atmospheric metal concentrations (Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Pb), suggesting that road sediment is a useful indicator of current metal loadings and a key factor influencing the quality of urban watersheds. Metals showed increasing bioavailability with decreasing particle size in all samples. Thus, bioavailability was low in roaddust and roadside soils, intermediate in dustfall, and highest in atmospheric suspended particulates and runoff. Speciation analyses in different environmental media suggested that Zn is a metal of future potential concern. Zinc was second in concentration to Fe in most dust, air and water samples, and exhibited the highest mobility and potential bioavailability.     

大气对流对土壤内热和水分迁移影响的数值模拟

对土壤中热和水分迁移过程进行了数值模拟及实验验证。理论上,通过对土壤内热和水分迁移机理分析,根据质量守恒和能量守恒原理,建立了土壤非饱和区热和水分迁移的理论模型。并对大气对流条件下土壤内热和水分迁移进行了数值模拟。实验上,对大气对流环境条件下土壤内热、水分迁移过程进行了研究。通过数值计算和实验测量,获得了不同大气对流速度作用下土壤中温度、含水率分布。     

铅镉、石油污染和黑麦草种植对土壤微生物活性的影响差异

矿产和石油的生产与使用导致不同程度的土壤重金属和石油污染,已影响到人类健康与安全,土壤污染修复迫在眉睫。本研究采用室内盆栽试验的方法,在铅镉污染、石油污染土壤中种植黑麦草(Lolium perenne),探究土壤基础呼吸(SBR)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)及相关土壤酶活性的变化,揭示铅镉、石油污染对土壤微生物的影响,进而为重金属及石油污染土壤修复及其环境评价提供理论依据。共设置6个处理:未污染土壤(S),未污染土壤+黑麦草(SG),铅镉污染土壤(SH),铅镉污染土壤+黑麦草(SHG),石油污染土壤(SP),石油污染土壤+黑麦草(SPG)。研究发现:与处理S相比,在本研究铅镉及石油污染水平下,处理SH的SBR、MBC、过氧化氢酶活性和脲酶活性分别显著降低22.42%、44.90%、6.35%和44.88%(P 0.05);处理SP的SBR、MBC、脲酶活性和脱氢酶活性分别增加23.06%、52.04%、42.26%和65.37%(P 0.05);处理SG的MBC和过氧化氢酶活性分别降低60.54%和4.55%(P 0.05),SBR和脱氢酶活性分别增加31.51%和94.86%(P 0.05)。土壤受污染后,种植黑麦草处理的SBR和MBC、过氧化氢酶活性、脲酶活性高于对应未种植黑麦草的处理。这一结果表明,在一定含量范围内重金属污染抑制土壤微生物活性,而石油污染初期抑制、后期可以提升微生物活性,种植黑麦草在后期可显著增强污染土壤的微生物活性、提高土壤微生物生物量。     

Water and Fertilizer Nitrogen Management to Minimize Nitrate Pollution from a Cropped Soil in Southwestern Quebec,Canada

Nitrate-N (NO₃ ^--N) pollution of water resources is a widely recognized problem. Water and nitrogen fertilizer are the two most important factors affecting NO₃ ^--N movement to surface and groundwater. Field trials were conducted from 1998 to 2000 growing seasons to investigate the combined impacts of water table management (WTM) and N fertilization rate on NO₃ ^--N concentration in the soil profile and in drain discharge. There were two water table treatments: free drainage (FD) with open drains at a 1.0 m depth from the soil surface and subirrigation (SI) with a target water table depth of 0.6 m below the soil surface, and two N fertilizer rates: 120 kg N ha^-1 (N₁₂₀) and 200 kg N ha^-1 (N₂₀₀) in a split-plot design. Compared to FD, SI reducedNO₃ ^--N concentration in the soil by up to 50% averaged over the two N rates. Concentrations of NO₃ ^--N in drainage water fromSI plots were lower than those from FD by 55 to 73%. These findings suggest that SI can be used as a means of reducing soil NO₃ ^--N pollution and drainage water NO₃ ^--N concentrations.     

Arsenic and Heavy Metal Pollution of Soil,Water and Sediments in a Semi-Arid Climate Mining Area in Mexico

The environmental impact of arsenic and heavy metals on a 105 km² area of the historical and recent mining site of Villa de la Paz-Matehuala, San Luis Potosí (Mexico) was evaluated. Results of soil samples reported concentrations between 19–17 384 mg kg^-1 As, 15–7200 mg kg^-1 Cu, 31–3450 mg kg^-1 Pb and 26–6270 mg kg^-1 Zn, meanwhile, the concentrations in dry stream sediment samples were found to vary between 29–28 600 mg kg^-1 As, 50–2160 mg kg^-1 Pb, 71–2190 mg kg^-1 Cu, and 98–5940 mg kg^-1 Zn. The maximum arsenic concentration in pluvial water storage ponds (265 μg L^-1), near the main potential sources of pollution, exceed by 5 times the Mexican drinking water quality guideline (50 μg L^-1). The arsenic concentrations in water storage ponds and stream sediments decrease as distance from the potential sources increase. A special case is the `Cerrito Blanco' area located 5 km east of Matehuala, where the highest arsenic concentration in water was found (>5900 μg L^-1), exceeding by 100 times the established guideline, thus representing a severe health risk. The results suggest that arsenic and heavy metal dispersion from their pollution sources (historical and active tailings impoundments, waste rock dumps and historical slag piles), is mainly associated in this site with: (1) fluvial transportation of mine waste through streams that cross the area in W–E direction; and (2) aeolian transportation of mineral particles in SW–NE direction. Finally, control measures for pollution routes and remediation measures of the site are proposed.     

GIS Analysis of Surface Water Chemistry Susceptibility and Response to Industrial Air Pollution in the Kola Peninsula,Northern Russia

The Kola Peninsula (Figure 1) is the most industrially developed and urbanized region in the Russian North. The main pollution sources are the large smelters Severonickel and Pechenganickel, which are responsible for > 80 % of SO2 emission and nearly 100 % of the Ni and Cu emission in the region. The heterogeneous structure of the hydrologic network and geochemistry across the region cause natural variability in water chemistry. Due to moist and cool climate, large territories on the Kola are sensitive to acid precipitation, but around the smelters, geological peculiarities, erosion and alkaline dust emissions increase buffering capacity of waters to acidification. Lake and river monitoring implemented from 1989-1993 by the laboratory of water ecosystems, Institute of Northern Ecology Problems was a basis for GIS-analysis (ARC/VIEW-2.1) of the major constituents of water chemistry attributed to anthropogenic load in the region. After correction for sea salt, acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) of waters was calculated. The highest concentrations of anthropogenic non-sea sulfates were confined to the districts with high cation concentrations (Na+ + K+ + Ca2+ + Mg2+) that reduced negative effects. The most vulnerable regions were found in the northern tundra and high mountain tundra.     

水源地水土流失非点源污染定量研究进展

水土流失与非点源污染及水质等问题是目前国际上研究的热点。非点源污染是导致水污染的主要原因之一,由于其涉及范围广,具有随机性、分散性、成因复杂、潜伏周期长及难以定点监测等特点,使非点源污染定量研究成为控制水污染的关键。本文针对目前研究现状,介绍了基于水质监测和径流过程的非点源污染研究;总结和评述了近年来常用的非点源污染模型;分析了GIS技术在非点源污染研究中的应用;指出了目前水源地非点源污染定量研究存在的问题,对今后的发展方向进行了展望。     

Study on Winter Air Pollution Control in Lanzhou,China

Air pollution control is one of the most important issues in thecities of the developing countries. Based on an analysis of the local economic and technological development the paper puts forward 9 air pollution control schemes. They are 4 briquette schemes, 2 coal gas schemes, 1 centralized heating system and 2 comprehensive schemes. A comprehensive diffusion model combined with a 3-D advection-diffusion equation and the Gaussian puffmodel is developed and verified. According to the calculation ofpotential reduction of pollutant discharge and the correspondingair quality improvement made by each air pollution controlscheme, the paper then works out a feasible and comprehensiveair pollution control scheme, which is characterized by lowinvestment and better environmental benefits. When the scheme isefficiently carried out, 19.3% SO₂ and 24.4% sootdischarge is to be reduced annually in the city. There is aclear descent of air pollution concentration. The daily mean concentration of SO₂ and TSP declines 24.6–75.4%and 10.4–45.4%, respectively. SO₂ concentation of the whole city does not exceed the second grade of the Ambient Air Quality Standard of China except at a few grid points.