松材线虫生物防治研究进展

本文综述了国内外对松材线虫生物防治的研究报道,提出了目前生物防治松材线虫的研究方向。     

释放管氏肿腿蜂防治松材线虫病的研究

１９９４年６月下旬于深圳林场等７个放蜂区，２３个试验上，释放５０万头管氏肿腿蜂，防治松材线虫病的传播媒介松墨天牛。在面积１８ｈｍ＾２的林地上，当代寄生率为２５．６％－４２．９％，平均３５．２％。     

我国昆虫寄生索科线虫研究进展

索科线虫是一类宝贵的昆虫天敌资源,具有极大的生防潜力.根据国内大量文献资料,较系统地综述了我国在昆虫寄生索科线虫研究领域的进展情况,包括所发表的18个新种(其中有1新亚种)及其地理分布和宿主范围、索线虫的体内及体外培养、索线虫的保护利用及其在农业和医学害虫防治方面的成效等.以期引起人们对昆虫病原索科线虫的重视和研究兴趣.     

松墨天牛携带松材线虫传播的化学生态学机制

松材线虫（Bursaphelenchus xylophilus）在中国主要借助媒介昆虫松墨天牛（Monochamus alternatus）进行传播。通过识别寄主树木和媒介天牛释放的化学物质信号,松材线虫的4龄扩散型幼虫（JⅣ）进出松墨天牛体内,侵染健康寄主。本文综述了媒介昆虫天牛携带松材线虫进行传播的化学生态学研究进展。在松材线虫传播的过程中,脂肪酸类物质、挥发性萜烯类物质、碳氢化合物和CO2发挥重要的调控作用;除此之外,松材线虫体内的化学信号物质也决定其是否能够脱离媒介昆虫,从而成功地侵入新的健康寄主。     

松材线虫的虫媒种类及其在深圳地区的发生情况

松材线虫的虫媒种类及其在深圳地区的发生情况杨伟东（深圳动植物检疫局５１８０１０）松材线虫Ｂｕｒｓａｐｈｅｌｅｎｃｈｕｓｘｙｌｏｐｈｉｌｕｓ是由昆虫传播的病原线虫之一。据日本、美国及我国南京的调查研究显示，可以携带松材线虫的昆虫种类包括天牛科、象虫科和...     

昆虫病原线虫的应用近况

昆虫病原线虫(Entomopathogenic nematodes)是害虫的天敌,是害虫生物防治中的一个重要因子。它的研究应用从30年代发现距今已有50多年的历史,其中携带共生细菌的斯氏线虫属Steinernema Travassos和异小杆线虫属Heterorhabditis Poinar是在害虫生物防治中最有潜力的类群。各国科学家已发表了不少线虫的生物学、生态学、大量繁殖方法和防治效果的研究报告。利用昆虫病原线虫防治害虫有以下优点:①线虫的寄主范围广,可以利用线虫防治多种害虫;②可以人工培养基大量繁殖线虫;③线虫可以主动地寻找寄主,对土栖和隐蔽的钻蛀害虫效果高;④线虫体内带有共生细菌,具高的杀虫能力,能在16至48小时内杀死寄主昆虫;⑤线虫对环境安全,有一定的抵抗力,可与一些杀虫剂混用。本文拟就日前线虫的生产、应用,影响线虫效用的因素和线虫应用的前景浅淡。     

辽宁省松材线虫病疫木上发现媒介天牛的天敌花绒寄甲

花绒寄甲作为天牛类害虫的重要天敌在我国广泛应用于生物防治,尤其在控制松材线虫最重要的传播媒介松褐天牛方面发挥了重要作用,它在自然界与不同种类的天牛长期协同进化,形成了不同生物型。本文在辽宁省抚顺松材线虫病疫区的疫木上调查发现了花绒寄甲越冬成虫,通过形态学和生物学观察,确定了该花绒寄甲为云杉花墨天牛生物型花绒寄甲。这是花绒寄甲作为云杉花墨天牛的自然天敌在我国首次被发现,这将对中国北方地区松材线虫病传播媒介的防治起到积极的推动作用。     

利用RAPD研究松材线虫和拟松材线虫亲缘关系

 用RAPD技术对18个松材线虫株系、8个拟松材线虫株系基因组DNA多态性进行研究。在事先优化的条件下,用15个随机引物进行PCR扩增,一共扩增出165条谱带,多态性为91.5%。通过聚类分析,结果表明:松材线虫和拟松材线虫种间和种内都表现出很大的差异性,但种间差异大于种内差异,因而松材线虫和拟松材线虫应为2个独立的种。     

松材线虫的远距离传播及其检疫问题

松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus从一个寄主个体(一株树、一段圆木等)向另一寄主个体的转移依赖昆虫介体。至今发现有24种昆虫可携带松材线虫,已证实其中有6种天牛可通过下述方式传播松材线虫萎蔫病:从病死树中羽化出的天牛感染松材线虫,在补充营养取食和产卵时     

口岸截获的日本松材线虫和中国南京松材线虫研究（摘要）

口岸截获的日本松材线虫和中国南京松材线虫研究（摘要）焦国尧沈培垠徐培方安榆林李红梅付鹏（南京动植物检疫局２１０００９）（南京农业大学２１００９４）数十年来，由松材线虫（Ｂｕｒｓａｐｈｅｌｅｎｃｈｕｓｘｙｌｏｐｈｉｌｕｓ）引起的松树萎蔫病在日本普遍发...     

某些阳离子在大豆胞囊线虫生防系统中的作用

室内测定了不同浓度的 6种阳离子 :钼、硼、锌、铜、锰和铁对大豆胞囊线虫卵的孵化、大豆种子发芽和根系生长 ,以及对线虫生防菌———厚垣轮枝菌菌丝生长的影响。结果发现 ,在供试所有浓度下 ,铜、锰和铁明显抑制大豆胞囊线虫的卵孵化 ,锌具明显刺激作用 ;在供试浓度水平较低时 ,铜、锰和铁对大豆种子发芽及根系生长有轻微抑制 ,锰的抑制较为明显 ,但均不影响进一步发育 ;在供试浓度较低时 ,铜、锰和铁对厚垣轮枝菌菌丝生长无任何影响。铜可作为线虫生防制剂的添加剂。     

穿刺巴氏杆菌防治植物根结线虫病的研究现状及其应用前景

本文简要介绍了有关穿刺巴氏杆菌研究的历史,介绍并讨论了利用穿刺巴氏杆菌防治植物根结线虫病的研究进展及应用前景。     

Influence of a Fungus-Feeding Nematode on Growth and Biocontrol Efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum

ABSTRACT A fungivorous nematode, Aphelenchoides sp., was isolated from field soil by baiting with mycelium of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum ThzID1, and subsequently was maintained on agar cultures of the fungus. Interactions between the nematode and the green fluorescent protein-producing transformant, T. harzianum ThzID1-M3, were investigated in both heat-treated (80 degrees C, 30 min) and untreated field soil. ThzID1-M3 was identified in soil by epifluorescence microscopy. When ThzID1-M3 was added to soil as an alginate pellet formulation, addition of the nematode (10 per gram of soil) significantly reduced radial growth and recoverable populations of the fungus, and the effect was greater in heat-treated soil than in untreated soil. Addition of ThzID1-M3 to soil pretreated with the nematode (10 per gram of soil) stimulated nematode population growth for approximately 10 to 20 days, whereas nematode populations decreased in the absence of added Trichoderma sp. When sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were added to soil (10 per 200 g of soil) with ThzID1-M3 (40 pellets per 200 g of soil), addition of Aphe-lenchoides sp. (2,000 per 200 g of soil) reduced the number of sclerotia colonized by ThzID1-M3. These results suggest that fungivorous nematodes may be a significant biotic constraint on activity of biocontrol fungi in the field.     

Detection of the Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Using a Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay

ABSTRACT The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has caused significant damage to pine plantations both in East Asia and North America and is an important quarantine organism. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to detect B. xylophilus. A set of primers and probe specific for B. xylophilus was designed to target the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region. Optimal primer concentration, Mg(2+) concentration, and extension temperature were 400 nM, 3.0 mM, and 60 degrees C, respectively. The assay was highly specific and sensitive, detecting as little as 0.01 ng of B. xylophilus DNA. The real-time PCR assay also successfully detected B. xylophilus in field samples, and it should be very useful for quarantine purposes.     

马铃薯枯萎病生防芽胞杆菌筛选及生防效果研究

马铃薯枯萎病是马铃薯主要土传真菌病害之一,已成为限制我国马铃薯产业健康发展的重要因素之一。菌株ZF128是本实验室从马铃薯根际土壤分离筛选得到的一株对马铃薯枯萎病菌具有显著抑制效果的生防细菌。经生理生化、BIOLOG GENIII和系统发育树分析,鉴定菌株ZF128为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis。抑菌谱测定结果显示,ZF128对5种病原真菌和5种病原细菌都具有显著拮抗效果。光学显微观察发现,菌株ZF128处理的病原菌菌丝生长受到抑制并出现膨胀变粗现象。发酵试验表明,菌株ZF128在甘露醇培养基中发酵上清液对马铃薯枯萎病菌的抑制效果最好。盆栽试验结果证明,接种菌株ZF128后马铃薯发病明显减轻,防效为82.46%。此外,定殖和促生试验表明,菌株ZF128能在马铃薯根际和根部有效定殖30d以上,处理组马铃薯株高、根长、地上部和地下部鲜重及叶绿素含量等指标均显著高于对照组。综上,菌株ZF128生防性状优良,是一株具有潜在应用价值的芽胞杆菌。     

小麦孢囊线虫病生防真菌08F04菌株的鉴定及防效测定

小麦禾谷孢囊线虫病已成为我国黄淮麦区的重要病害,目前生产上尚缺乏有效的防控方法。菌株08F04是作者从禾谷孢囊线虫孢囊上分离的1株寄生真菌。本研究通过形态学和分子生物学方法,将其鉴定为球孢白僵菌Beauveriabassiana（Bals．）Vuill。2011和2012年对该菌株进行了盆栽和田间防效试验,菌株08F04麦粒砂培养物6％（w／W）土壤处理的盆栽试验孢囊减退率分别达到65．03％和50．95％;田间试验中,菌剂08F0420g·m-2沟施处理土壤,2011年在许昌和荥阳的孢囊减退率分别为58．28％和32．13％,2012年分别达到58．49％和44．50％。结果表明,菌株08F04是防治小麦禾谷孢囊线虫病具有较大潜在开发价值的生防菌株。     

Localization of Transmissible and Nontransmissible Viruses in the Vector Nematode Xiphinema americanum

ABSTRACT The inner lining of the food canal of nematodes that transmit plantinfecting viruses is regarded as the retention region of viruses. To characterize the location of transmissible and nontransmissible viruses in the vector nematode Xiphinema americanum, three nepoviruses, Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), Tomato ringspot virus(TomRSV), and Cherry leaf roll virus(CLRV), and one non-nematode-transmissible virus, Squash mosaic virus (SqMV), were evaluated for transmission efficiency and localization sites in the nematode. Transmission trials showed highest transmission efficiency for TomRSV (38% with 1 and 100% with 10 nematodes, respectively), intermediate efficiency for TRSV (27% with 1 and 65% with 10 nematodes, respectively), and no transmission for CLRV and SqMV. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescent labeling revealed that TRSV was primarily localized to the lining of the lumen of the stylet extension and the anterior esophagus, but only rarely in the triradiate lumen. Within a nematode population, particles of TRSV were no longer observed in these three regions 10 weeks after acquisition, and it is assumed that there was gradual and random loss of the virus from these areas. The percentage of nematodes that were labeled by virus-specific immunofluorescent labeling in a population of viruliferous nematodes decreased gradually after TRSV acquisition when the nematodes were placed on a nonhost of the virus, and the loss of immunofluorescent labeling paralleled the decrease in the ability of the nematode population to transmit the virus. TomRSV was localized only in the triradiate lumen based on thin-section electron microscopy. No virus-like particles were observed in any part of the food canal of nematodes that had fed on CLRV-infected plants. Virus-like particles that appeared to be partially degraded were observed only in the triradiate lumen of nematodes that had fed on SqMV-infected plants. These results clarified the status of localization of two nontransmissible viruses in X. americanum and presented evidence that two nematode-transmissible viruses, TRSV and TomRSV, are localized in different regions of the food canal of X. americanum.     

一株小麦赤霉病生防菌的鉴定及其生防机制初探

本研究通过平板对峙试验,自稻茬分离获得1株对禾谷镰刀菌具有良好抑菌活性的细菌hzq1601。经16S rDNA和gyrB基因序列比对结果表明,菌株hzq1601为解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens。菌株hzq1601与多菌灵相容性分析结果显示其可在1000 mg/L的多菌灵药液中正常存活。田间试验结果显示,10⁸ cfu/mL的hzq1601菌液分别与50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂80 g/667m²和70 g/667m²联合施用的防治效果为87.1%和81.0%,与单独施用50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂100 g/667m²处理的防治效果无显著性差异,但显著高于单独施用50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂80 g/667m²和70 g/667m²处理的防治效果,说明上述hzq1601菌液与50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂的2种组合对赤霉病的防治具有减药增效作用。对菌株hzq1601基因组的分析表明其基因组中存在13种次生代谢产物合成基因簇,显示其具有多方面的生防...     

Genetic Structure of Populations of the Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the Pathogen of Pine Wilt Disease, Between and Within Pine Forests

ABSTRACT We analyzed the genetic structure of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus populations within individual trees (subpopulations) in three distant pine forests (Tanashi, Tsukuba, and Chiba in Japan) based on the polymorphism of four microsatellite (SSR) markers. Most of the nematodes from subpopulations in Tanashi showed the same genotype over 2 years, indicating that nematodes of that genotype dominated there for years. In contrast, 16 and 15 genotypes were identified in nematode populations from Tsukuba and Chiba, respectively. Despite the high genetic diversity within the Tsukuba and Chiba populations, extremely low genetic diversity was observed within the subpopulations. The genetic difference between the Tsukuba and Chiba populations was significantly smaller than that between Tanashi and either Tsukuba or Chiba. Observed heterozygosity was significantly less than expected based on Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These findings are best explained by a founder effect, geographic isolation between populations, explosive nematode multiplication from a small number within individual trees, and the Wahlund effect.     

Immunofluorescent Localization of Tobacco Ringspot Nepovirus in the Vector Nematode Xiphinema americanum

ABSTRACT An indirect immunofluorescent technique was developed to localize tobacco ringspot nepovirus (TRSV) in the vector nematode Xiphinema americanum sensu stricto. A population of this nematode that efficiently transmitted TRSV was given an acquisition access period of 10 days on TRSV-infected cucumber. Treatment of fragments of viruliferous nematodes with a polyclonal antiserum against TRSV followed by fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G resulted in virus-specific bright fluorescence only in the lumen of the stylet extension and esophagus. Virus-specific fluorescent signals were observed in the virus-retention region of 44% of the nematode fragments examined. The percentage of nematodes labeled with virus-specific fluorescence increased as the acquisition access period increased from 0 to 22 days; the increase paralleled the increase in the transmission efficiency of the nematode population. Visualization of the entire virus-retention region of individual nematodes within a population of vector or nonvector nematodes provides a rapid and simple means of monitoring specific attachment of plant viruses.