关于海水鱼类人工育苗中的活饵料及其培养技术的探讨

本文从海水鱼类人工育苗中的饵料系列和常用活饵料如单细胞藻类、双壳类受精卵及其担轮幼虫、轮虫、卤虫、桡足类及枝角类、糠虾的人工培养等方面进行探讨,对存在的一些问题进行分析,并对今后的发展提出了几点设想。     

壳聚糖固定化海洋低温碱性蛋白酶YS-80-122的研究

以壳聚糖为固定化载体,采用吸附交联法,以戊二醛为交联剂,对海洋低温碱性蛋白酶YS-80-122进行固定化。通过单因素和正交试验优化得到最佳固定化条件为pH7·0,戊二醛终浓度0·2%,吸附时间50min,酶载体比例40mg/g,交联时间16h,交联温度10℃,固定化酶酶活回收可达47·52%。固定化酶和游离酶的最适作用温度均为30℃,最适作用pH分别为9·0和10·0,相比游离酶,固定化酶可在更宽的温度和pH范围内发挥高活性,且其温度和pH稳定性得到显著提高。室温下经冷冻干燥的固定化酶贮存90d后活性基本保持不变,贮藏半衰期约为190d。以酪蛋白为底物,重复使用7次后酶活仍保留有79·2%,操作半衰期约为21次使用率。     

黄海黄杆菌YS-9412-130低温碱性蛋白酶的制备工艺研究

对黄海黄杆菌所产低温碱性蛋白酶的工业生产技术和电泳纯级试剂酶的分离纯化工艺进行了实验。按照设计的中试生产技术，每吨发酵液可得酶粉20kg，粗酶比活大于20×10     

海水鱼缸里的一种特殊共生现象

每个人都知道海洋中有很多的共生现象，最新的接触是迪士尼的卡通片“寻找NEMO”中得知的。尽管如此，很多这种互利的同伴关系还不如著名的可爱的小丑鱼和海葵之间的共生关系明显。     

水产品中血管紧张素转换酶抑制肽的研究进展

综述了国内外水产品中血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂的研究进展,总结了血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂的作用机理、制备工艺,对 ACEIP 的构效关系作了探讨,对水生生物资源中 ACEIP 的开发具有一定的指导意义。     

海洋低温蛋白酶生产菌YS-9412-130原生质体的制备与再生

以海洋低温蛋白酶生产菌株YS-9412-130为研究对象，从传代、菌龄、溶菌酶浓度与酶解时间、甘氨酸与EDTA预处理以及稳定剂对该菌原生质体形成与再生的影响进行研究。结果表明，在相同条件下，第一代菌至第五代菌原生质体的形成率分别为86．9％、70．3％、66．8％、63．4％、60．2％，再生率分别为10．5％、18．6％、17．9％、18．2％、17．8％；取该菌对数生长前期、对数生长中后期、稳定期部分菌液制备原生质体，原生质体的形成率分别为72．1％、70．4％、60．5％，再生率为13．4％、18．9％、10．4％；溶菌酶浓度为2．5mg／mL、5mg／mL、10mg／mL、20mg／mL，酶解60min，原生质体的形成率分别为40．6％、70．8％、81．8％、95．6％，原生质体的再生率为19．0％、19．2％、19．0％、10．6％；使用10mg／mL溶菌酶酶解YS-9412-130菌30min、60min、90min、120min，原生质体的形成率分别为30．8％、81．3％、81．7％、82．9％，原生质体的再生率分别为19．2％、19．3％、16．9％、11．2％；在细菌培养液中添加终质量浓度为5mg／mL、10mg／mL、20mg／mL和40mg／mL的甘氨酸，培养该菌16h后制备原生质体，原生质体的形成率分别为81．0％、81．1％、90．3％、90．8％、90．6％，再生率为19．1％、19．0％、19．3％、12．0％、9．0％；EDTA对原生质体的形成稍有促进作用，但作用超过30min会影响原生质体的再生；分别以0．6mol／L Kcl、0．3mol／L KCl＋0．3mol／L蔗糖、0．6mol／L蔗糖作为稳定剂，原生质体的再生率分别为10．9％、19．6％、25．9％。结论认为，YS-9412-130原生质体制备的最佳条件为选用第2代YS-9412-130菌，在培养基中添加终质度浓度为10mg／mL的甘氨酸培养16h后，再将菌体置于含有0．05mol／LEDTA的高渗溶液中30℃预处理30min，用10mg／mL溶菌酶，30℃酶解60min，再用0．6mol／L蔗糖作为原生质体再生培养稳定剂，比较适合于YS-9412-130原生质体的制备与再生。这一试验结果将为通过原生质体技术对YS-9412-130菌进行遗传改良提供重要参数。     

酶解罗非鱼鱼皮胶制备降血压肽的研究

为探讨罗非鱼鱼皮胶制备降血压肽的酶解工艺,研究选用Neutrase中性蛋白酶、Alcalase碱性内切蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和复合蛋白酶分别对罗非鱼鱼皮胶进行酶解,对其酶解液的水解度进行比较。结果表明复合蛋白酶的酶解效果最好。对复合蛋白酶的酶解工艺进行单因素优化,确定其最佳酶解工艺为:温度50℃、pH值7.0、料液比1∶5、酶量为底物量的1.5%。在此条件下水解6h时,水解度为60%,酶解产物对血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)的抑制率最高,达到78.96%。     

紫菜降血压肽酶法制备工艺的优化

摘要：降血压肽又称为血管紧张素转化酶抑制肽,是具有降血压活性的生物活性肽,对高血压患者有显著疗效。为探讨从紫菜中制备降血压肽的酶法工艺,本实验选用AS．1398中性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、复合酶、木瓜蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶等6种蛋白酶分别对紫菜进行酶解,通过对其酶解液的ACE抑制活性和水解度的比较,发现采用AS．1398中性蛋白酶酶解的产物ACE抑制活性最高。对AS．1398中性蛋白酶的酶解工艺进一步优化,确定其最佳酶解工艺为：温度50℃、pH值7．5、加酶量E／S10000U·g^-1。在此条件下,酶解4h和10h的酶解产物抑制活性最高均达70％以上,并发现紫菜酶解液的ACE抑制率与水解度的增长不成显著的线性关系。     

鱼降压肽的酶法制备工艺及其理化性质研究

采用高压液相色谱测定降血压肽的血管紧张素转化酶抑制活性,对碱性蛋白酶水解草鱼蛋白制备鱼降压肽进行研究。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶水解草鱼蛋白制备鱼降压肽的较佳工艺条件为：pH9.0、温度50℃、酶与底物比48AU.kg-1、水解度34.52%。鱼降压肽成分分析结果显示,鱼降压肽中可溶性氮含量为81.26%,肽含量为72.81%,脂肪为0.12%,水分为3.54%,灰分为9.47%。鱼降压肽的血管紧张素转化酶抑制活性为70.35%;体积排阻色谱测定鱼降压肽的相对分子质量在124～10581之间,主要集中在124～1062之间;溶解度的测定结果表明,鱼降压肽在pH3.0～11.0时溶解度为96.0%左右,可广泛应用于食品中。 关键词：草鱼; 降压肽;碱性蛋白酶;高压液相色谱;相对分子质量;体积排阻色谱     

鱼降压肽的酶法制备工艺及其理化性质

采用高效液相色谱测定降压肽的血管紧张素转化酶抑制活性,对碱性蛋白酶水解草鱼蛋白制备鱼降压肽进行研究。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶水解草鱼蛋白制备鱼降压肽的较佳工艺条件为:pH9.0、温度50℃、酶与底物比48AU.kg-1、水解度34.52%。鱼降压肽成分分析结果显示,鱼降压肽中可溶性氮含量为81.26%,肽含量为72.81%,脂肪含量为0.12%,水分含量为3.54%,灰分含量为9.47%。体积排阻色谱测定鱼降压肽的相对分子质量在124~10581之间,主要集中在124~1062之间;溶解度高效液相测定结果表明,在pH3.0~11.0时鱼降压肽溶解度为96.0%左右,可广泛应用于食品中。     

The Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic fishes of Africa

Africa has provided many fossil fishes from sediments laid down over a 400 million year period. The large array of fossil fishes come from diverse localities throughout the continent, representing a variety of environments. The marine fossil fishes of Africa have not been reviewed as a whole, while the freshwater Cenozoic fishes of Africa were last reviewed over 25 years ago. Since that time, many new finds have increased our knowledge of the history of African fishes. This paper summarizes the known fish fossils, excluding otoliths, from marine and freshwater deposits throughout Africa from the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and first part of the Cenozoic (Palaeogene). Much new work is ongoing, in areas such as Mali and South Africa, from which more information on the ichthyofaunas should come to light. New information presented here includes the Eocene site of Mahenge, Tanzania, from which have come the oldest known members of the family Cichlidae.     

On species and speciation with reference to the fishes

The nature of species and the processes in which they participate are subjects of continuing debate among evolutionary biologists. I begin by examining how ichthyologists treat species empirically. Such treatments provide a pattern of species and their relationships over time and space. I suggest that this empirical record points to a predominant mode of speciation: vicariant, Model I, allopatric speciation. I also suggest that species are real and that they are individuals. There is a single species concept, the evolutionary species concept (ESC), that best captures the way we think about fish species. This concept is also well integrated with the manner in which species are treated in Phylogenetic Systematics and with the philosophical concept that species are particulars rather than universals.     

胶原蛋白的化学改性方法及其应用的研究进展

胶原蛋白是动物体内重要的结构蛋白质,因具有生物可降解性、生物相容性、无毒等特性而被广泛应用。本文综述了戊二醛、β-环糊精聚轮烷单醛、丙二酸等交联剂对胶原蛋白进行化学改性的方法研究现状,并介绍了胶原蛋白改性材料在止血、药物运输载体、组织工程支架等方面应用的研究进展。     

南沙群岛西南陆架海域主要底层经济鱼类的食性

对多齿蛇鲻（Ｓａｕｒｉｄａｔｕｍｂｉｌ）、蓝圆（Ｄｅｃａｐｔｅｒｕｓｍａｒｕａｄｓｉ）、深水金线鱼（Ｎｅｍｉｐｔｅｒｕｓｂａｔｈｙｂｉｕｓ）和短尾大眼鲷（Ｐｒｉａｃａｎｔｈｕｓｍａｃｒａｃａｎｔｈｕｓ）４种经济鱼类优势种群进行食性分析,根据其胃含物中饵料生物的重量组成和出现频率,可分为３种食性类型。多齿蛇鲻以摄食小型鱼类为主,兼食底栖生物;短尾大眼鲷和蓝圆以摄食浮游动物和小型鱼类（包括幼鱼）为主,兼食底栖生物;深水金线鱼以摄食底栖生物和小型鱼类为主,兼食浮游动物的食性类型。还分析了４种鱼类的食物关系和营养级。     

"鱼类全生活史"型海洋牧场构建理念与技术

海洋牧场是一种新型的海洋渔业生产方式,休闲垂钓型海洋牧场是其重要的组成部分。本文在系统梳理休闲垂钓型海洋牧场研究和产业发展现状的基础上,针对我国休闲垂钓型海洋牧场成鱼补充量不足的问题,以"产卵—仔稚鱼—幼鱼—成鱼"为保护链,提出构建"鱼类全生活史"型海洋牧场的理念和相关技术,可在同一海洋牧场区域内完成鱼类全部生活史,同时可以恢复鱼类资源、增加生物多样性,为休闲垂钓型海洋牧场建设的发展起到示范作用。"鱼类全生活史"型海洋牧场因休闲垂钓型海洋牧场的构建而提出,但其理念同样适用于其他生物种类比较集中、能够在海洋牧场区完成其全部生活史或大部分生活史的资源养护型、资源增殖型海洋牧场的构建。     

Trap mesh selectivity and the management of reef fishes

The regulation of mesh size has frequently been proposed as a management measure for fish traps, the predominant gear used by the reef fish fisheries in the Caribbean. Studies on trap mesh selectivity show that mesh size is a determinant of catch rates and the size at which fish recruit to fish traps. Mesh size also affects the species composition in fish traps, probably through size selectivity. Other factors also affect catch rates, and the fish size and species composition in traps, for example, soak time, trap design, trap size, species body shape. Given the variety of growth rates and maturity schedules of reef fish commonly taken in fish traps in the Caribbean, no single mesh size will optimise the yield or protect against recruitment overfishing for the entire range of exploited species. Preliminary data suggest that the fishing power of traps may decrease with increased mesh size. This would reduce the effective fishing effort and thus mortality on fully recruited size classes. Studies indicate that the mesh sizes currently in use in most Caribbean countries are too small, and that a minimum mesh size of at least 3.8–5.1 cm would be required to optimise yields for local consumption. Comparative fishing experiments indicate that an increase in mesh size in areas of high fishing mortality typically results in a reduction in catch per trap. Thus increasing trap mesh size can be expected to result in short‐term loss in revenue for fishers. However, no studies have examined the times that would be required for catches to return to the levels prevailing before the increase of mesh size, and thereafter, for fishers to recover the losses incurred during the transition period. To provide managers with an estimate of the impacts that mesh‐size regulation could have on fishers, the recovery time of catches and the financial recovery times for fishers should be modelled for a hypothetical assemblage of 10–15 reef fishes using available information. These studies would enable managers to plan for the implementation of mesh‐size increases and to communicate the potential benefits to fishers in quantitative terms.     

Recruitment patterns of six species of cyprinid fishes in the lower River Trent, England

Abstract – Fisheries data were collected for six species of 0-group cyprinid fishes from eight sites in the lower reaches of the River Trent, England, between May and October 1999 inclusive, using a micromesh seine net. Recruitment and growth patterns were observed via monthly length–frequency histograms and estimations of mean length. In the cases of roach and dace, growth was approximately linear through the summer, before declining in September and October. In the cases of chub and gudgeon, and to a lesser extent bream and bleak, however, there were suggestions of multiple recruitment events. It is argued that some of the fish species examined in the present study adopt fractional or protracted spawning strategies in the lower River Trent.     

摄食水平和饵料种类对3种海洋鱼类生长和生长效率的影响

采用室内流水模拟法测定了摄食水平与铒料生物种类对真鲷、黑鲷、黑Ｊｕｅ特定生长率和生长效率的影响。３种实验鱼类的物壹生长率均随摄食水平增大呈减速增长趋势。二者间的定量关系和对数曲线描述;而其生长效率则均随摄食水平增大呈倒“Ｕ”形变化趋势。二者间的定量关系可用二次曲线描述,曲线相关检验结果表明,其特定生长率和生长效率与摄食水平之间均呈显著相关关系。依据上述定量关系,分别求得３种鱼的维持摄食量和最佳摄食     

鱼类耳石研究和应用进展

鱼类耳石研究是鱼类生长和早期生活史研究的基础。文章阐述了鱼类耳石形态的研究方法及其在鱼类种类识别中的应用、耳石微结构在鱼类年龄鉴定、早期生长研究、产卵期、孵化期和产卵场的推算以及早期生活史中特殊事件的研究等方面的进展,探讨了耳石研究的存在问题并提出了进一步研究的建议。     

鱼类耳石研究和应用进展

鱼类耳石研究是鱼类生长和早期生活史研究的基础。文章阐述了鱼类耳石形态的研究方法及其在鱼类种类识别中的应用、耳石微结构在鱼类年龄鉴定、早期生长研究、产卵期、孵化期和产卵场的推算以及早期生活史中特殊事件的研究等方面的进展,探讨了耳石研究的存在问题并提出了进一步研究的建议。