日粮添加不同水平蛋氨酸硒对肉牛营养物质代谢的影响

选用4头安装永久瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔阉牛(体重为420kg、年龄2.5岁),采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和风干玉米秸秆作为基础日粮,研究1.3倍维持需要水平下,日粮添加不同水平蛋氨酸硒(0、0.3、0.6、0.9mg/kg,以干物质为基础)对营养物质代谢的影响。结果表明:0.3和0.6mg/kg组日粮OM、CP、EE、NFE、NDF、ADF表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.6和0.9mg/kg组DN、RN和RN/DN显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.6mg/kg组与对照组相比Se、Ca、P、Cu、Fe、Mn的存留率显著提高,Zn、Mo和S的存留率无显著差异;0.6mg/kg组血清TG、GLU、ALB、TP、ALT、AST、SOD、GSH-px、GSH均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.6mg/kg组血清Se、Cu含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。     

包被硒对西门塔尔牛瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物的影响

选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮中添加包被硒(0、0.3、0.6、0.9mg/kg)对瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物的影响。结果表明:添加包被硒瘤胃中pH值、VFA、乙酸/丙酸比值均无显著差异(P>0.05);瘤胃氨态氮浓度显著降低(P<0.05);玉米秸秆DM、OM、ADF和NDF有效降解率提高;0.6mg/kg和0.9mg/kg组豆粕DM、OM和CP有效降解率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.6mg/kg组和0.9mg/kg组尿囊素、PD显著高于对照组和0.3mg/kg组(P<0.05)。兼顾基础日粮含硒量以及考虑硒的安全剂量,建议以包被硒为硒源时日粮硒添加水平为0.60mg/kg(以干物质计)。     

硒酵母对西门塔尔牛日粮养分消化代谢和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究硒酵母对西门塔尔牛营养物质消化代谢和血清生化指标的影响。选用16头平均体重420 kg,年龄2.5岁的西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用随机区组设计分为4组,以硒酵母为硒源,分别在日粮中添加硒0、0.3、0.6和0.9 mg/kg。结果表明:日粮养分表观消化率、矿物元素表观存留率、消化氮和沉积氮/消化氮比例均以0.3 mg/kg与0.6 mg/kg组较高(P<0.05);0.6 mg/kg组甘油三酯显著提高,处理组血糖显著增加,0.6 mg/kg和0.9 mg/kg组白蛋白增加(P<0.05),总胆固醇、总蛋白和尿素氮差异不显著(P>0.05);0.6 mg/kg和0.9 mg/kg组血清GOT和GPT含量显著提高(P<0.05),AKP、ACP和LDH差异均不显著(P>0.05);处理组GSH-px活性显著提高(P<0.05),以0.6 mg/kg组最高;0.6 mg/kg和0.9 mg/kg组MDA显著降低(P<0.05);0.6 mg/kg组GSH含量显著增加(P<0.05);0.6 mg/kg和0.9 mg/kg组血清硒含量显著增加(P<0.05)。日粮以硒酵母为硒源时,添加硒0.6 mg/kg显著促进营养物质消化代谢和提高机体抗氧化能力,建议日粮加硒为0.6 mg/kg。[动物营养学报,2007,19(4):379-385]     

酵母硒对吉林芦花鸡蛋品质及生产性能的影响

为研究添加不同浓度的酵母硒对吉林芦花鸡生产性能、蛋硒含量、蛋品质、鸡蛋胆固醇含量的影响,试验选用健康的21周龄吉林芦花鸡96只,平均体重1622 g。随机分成4组,每组6个重复,每个重复4只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,其他3组分别添加0.3、0.6、0.9 mg/kg的酵母硒。预试期5 d,正式期21 d。结果表明:各组间料蛋比、采食量、哈氏单位、鸡蛋颜色无显著差异(P>0.05);0.3 mg/kg酵母硒组的平均蛋重极显著低于其他3组(P<0.01),产蛋率、软破壳蛋率均极显著高于其他3组(P<0.01);0.6 mg/kg酵母硒组的蛋黄比率、软破壳蛋率极显著低于其他3组(P<0.01);0.9 mg/kg酵母硒组胆固醇含量极显著低于其他3组(P<0.01);料蛋比(P=0.087)和胆固醇(P=0.061)随着酵母硒添加量的增加有降低的趋势。0.6 mg/kg酵母硒组蛋硒含量极显著高于对照组和0.3 mg/kg酵母硒组(P<0.01),显著高于0.9 mg/kg酵母硒组(P<0.05)。综上,在本试验条件下,酵母硒适宜添加量为0.6 mg/kg。     

蛋氨酸硒对大恒肉种鸡繁殖性能的影响

本试验旨在研究不同水平蛋氨酸硒对大恒肉种鸡繁殖性能的影响。将500只32周龄大恒肉种鸡随机分成5组(每组5个重复,每个重复20只)。对照组饲粮为基础饲粮,试验组饲粮为在基础饲粮中分别添加0.10、0.25、0.40和0.55 mg/kg硒(蛋氨酸硒)的试验饲粮,试验期6周。结果表明:1)对照组入孵蛋受精率显著低于0.40 mg/kg硒组(P<0.05),极显著低于0.10和0.25 mg/kg硒组(P<0.01);对照组入孵蛋孵化率极显著低于各加硒组(P<0.01);对照组和0.40 mg/kg硒组受精蛋孵化率显著低于0.10 mg/kg硒组(P<0.05)。2)0.10 mg/kg硒组血浆孕酮水平显著高于对照组和0.40 mg/kg硒组(P<0.05);0.10 mg/kg硒组种蛋哈氏单位显著高于0.55 mg/kg硒组(P<0.05)。3)各组产蛋性能,血浆雌二醇水平,种蛋蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度差异均不显著(P>0.05)。由此可见,在硒水平为0.12 mg/kg的基础饲粮中,添加0.10~0.55 mg/kg蛋氨酸硒来源的硒对大恒肉种鸡产蛋性能没有显著影响,添加0.10~0.25 mg/kg蛋氨酸硒来源的硒可显著改善大恒肉种鸡种蛋孵化性能。     

硒对西门塔尔牛营养物质消化、氮平衡和生化指标的影响

为了研究硒对西门塔尔牛营养物质消化、氮平衡和生化指标的影响,试验选用16头体重450kg的西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用随机区组设计分为4组,以亚硒酸钠为硒源,分别在日粮加硒0、0.3、0.6和0.9mg/kg。结果表明:OM、CP、EE、NFE、NDF和ADF消化率均以0.3mg/kg组最高(P<0.05);沉积氮及氮利用率均以0.3mg/kg组较高(P>0.05);0.6mg/kg组血清甘油三酯显著提高(P<0.05),0.9mg/kg组血糖显著降低(P<0.05),处理组白蛋白含量增加(P<0.05),0.9mg/kg组总蛋白显著下降(P<0.05);血清GOT、GSH-Px活性提高,以0.6mg/kg组最高(P<0.05);0.6和0.9mg/kg组MDA显著降低(P<0.05)。表明加硒0.3mg/kg提高了营养物质消化代谢,0.6mg/kg对血清酶活性和抗氧化能力影响较显著。     

高水平酵母硒对母猪乳硒含量、哺乳仔猪生长性能及血液生化指标影响

试验旨在研究酵母硒(SY)替代Na₂SeO₃(SS)和不同水平的SY对母乳中硒沉积、仔猪生长性能及仔猪血液生化指标的影响。48头(75±5)d的长大(LD)妊娠母猪及其哺乳仔猪平均分为4组,分别为0.15 mg/kg SS组(对照组)、0.3 mg/kg SS组、0.3 mg/kg SY组和0.6 mg/kg SY组。每组母猪12头,添加不同硒源。结果表明:0.3 mg/kg和0.6 mg/kg SY组以及0.3 mg/kg SS组母猪初乳中硒含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),常乳中硒含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。0.3 mg/kg和0.6 mg/kg SY组以及0.3 mg/kg SS组仔猪血液中的促生长因子(IGF-1)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。与0.3 mg/kg SS组和0.3 mg/kg SY组相比,0.6 mg/kg SY组仔猪生长性能明显改善。研究表明,哺乳母猪饲粮中添加0.6 mg/kg SY能够提高初乳和常乳中硒的含量...     

不同硒源对胎衣滞留母牛血清P_4和E_2水平的影响

选用90头2～4胎次,体况良好的西门塔尔经产母牛,采用完全随机区组设计,研究亚硒酸钠、赛乐硒、蛋氨酸硒和包被硒(0.6mg/kg)对分娩前后胎衣滞留母牛外周血P4、E2水平及P4/E2比例的影响。结果表明,产前第2天和产犊时各加硒组和胎衣滞留对照组血清P4含量显著高于正常牛(P<0.05);E2水平显著低于正常牛(P<0.05),但亚硒酸钠组、赛乐硒组、蛋氨酸硒组和包被硒组显著高于胎衣滞留对照组(P<0.05);加硒组和正常牛组血清P4/E2比例显著低于胎衣滞留对照组。产后加硒组和胎衣滞留对照组血清P4含量显著高于正常牛(P<0.05);胎衣滞留对照组血清E2含量与正常牛无显著差异,但亚硒酸钠组、赛乐硒组、蛋氨酸硒组、包被硒组血清E2含量显著提高,各硒源间无显著差异;胎衣滞留对照组血清P4/E2显著高于正常牛组(P<0.05),各硒源组显著低于胎衣滞留对照组(P<0.05),赛乐硒组、蛋氨酸硒组和包被硒组显著低于亚硒酸钠组(P<0.05),但与正常牛组无显著差异(P>0.05),亚硒酸钠组显著高于正常牛组(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,产前第10天到第6天P4/E2比例升高可以作为牛胎衣滞留的指征,添加硒可以减缓这些指征,有机硒和包被硒优于无机硒。     

包被硒对西门塔尔牛血液指标和抗氧化能力的影响

选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔阉牛．采用4x4拉丁方设计，研究包被硒（0、0．3、0．6和0．9mgSe／kgDM）对血液指标和抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明：0．6mg／kg组血清TG、GLU、ALB、TP、GFrr、GOT、SOD、GSH—px和GSH含量显著高于对照（P〈0．05）；0．9mg／kg组和0．3mg／kg组血清Se含量显著高于对照（P〈0．05）。兼顾基础日粮含硒量，建议以包被硒为Se源时，日粮Se水平为0．67mgSe／kgDM。     

硒代蛋氨酸对断奶仔猪生长性能、抗氧化及免疫性能的影响

文章旨在研究日粮添加有机硒(硒代蛋氨酸)对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清抗氧化和免疫性能的影响。试验选择26 d断奶的杜×长×大仔猪1080头[平均体重(9.82±1.18)kg],随机分为6组,每组4个重复,每个重复45头。对照组饲喂基础日粮(硒含量为0.03 mg/kg),无机组饲喂在基础日粮中添加0.4 mg/kg硒(亚硒酸钠),有机硒组在基础日粮中分别添加0.2、0.4、0.6和0.8 mg/kg硒(硒代蛋氨酸),试验共进行42 d。结果显示:日粮添加0.4和0.8 mg/kg有机硒较对照组显著降低了断奶仔猪22～42 d的料重比(P <0.05)。0.4 mg/kg有机硒组较对照组和0.4 mg/kg无机硒组显著提高了血清GSH-Px和T-AOC活力(P <0.05)。与对照组相比,0.2和0.4 mg/kg有机硒组显著提高了肝脏GSH-Px活力(P <0.05),而0.2 mg/kg有机组肝脏T-AOC活力最高(P <0.05)。与对照组相比,无机硒组和有机硒组显著降低了肝脏和肌肉MDA含量(P <0.05)。与对照组相比,无机硒组和有机硒组显著降低了肝脏MDA含量(P <0.05)。0.6 mg/kg有机硒组较对照组、0.4 mg/kg无机硒组和0.2、0.4 mg/kg有机硒组显著提高了断奶仔猪21 d血清硒含量(P <0.05);与对照组相比,0.4和0.6 mg/kg有机硒组显著提高了仔猪42 d血清硒含量(P <0.05)。0.8 mg/kg有机硒组较对照组和0.4 mg/kg无机硒组显著提高了仔猪42 d血清硒含量(P <0.05)。结论 :日粮添加硒代蛋氨酸可以改善断奶仔猪的生长性能,提高其抗氧化性能和血清硒含量,断奶仔猪适宜的硒代蛋氨酸添加水平为0.2～0.4 mg/kg(以硒计)。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …