不同水分条件下水稻根解剖结构的比较分析

在旱作和淹水两种培养方式下,研究了5种基因型水稻(Oryza.sativa.L.)(常规粳稻、杂交粳稻、常规籼稻、杂交籼稻和旱稻)幼苗根系解剖结构的差异。结果表明,两种水分条件下,水稻根通气组织的形成和皮层厚壁细胞的形态均存在基因型差异。5种基因型间,淹水条件下杂交粳稻根形成通气组织的时间最晚,根皮层厚壁细胞形态上的差异在常规粳稻和常规籼稻之间表现得更为明显;旱作条件下旱稻的根通气组织形成较其他基因型晚,常规粳稻根皮层厚壁细胞排列疏松,细胞壁加厚程度小。与淹水条件相比,旱作条件下杂交稻根通气组织形成较迟,常规粳稻根皮层厚壁细胞排列较疏松。     

水稻根系形态与氮素吸收累积的相关性分析

【目的】氮肥过量施用,不仅造成氮肥大量流失,还增加了农业生产成本,对生态环境带来了巨大的威胁。水稻根系形态作为影响养分吸收和利用的主要因素之一,明确其与氮素吸收累积的相关性是提高氮素利用效率、降低环境污染的有效途径。【方法】利用营养液培养方法,研究了 55 个水稻品种在 NH₄+-N 和 NO₃–-N 供应条件下苗期植株生物量、氮含量和氮素累积量及其与根系形态指标的相关性。【结果】在 NH₄+-N 培养下,水稻营养指标与根系形态指标的相关性高于其在 NO₃–-N 培养下的相关性。在相同供氮水平下,供应 NH₄+-N 的水稻苗期平均生物量为 55.77 mg/plant,比供应 NO₃–-N 的量高 4.94 mg/plant;水稻苗期平均氮含量为 4.22%,比供应 NO₃–-N 的高 0.72%;水稻苗期平均氮累积量为 1.91 mg/plant,比供应 NO₃–-N 的苗期平均氮累积量高 0.67 mg/plant。在 NH₄+-N 和 NO₃–-N 两种氮素形态培养条件下,水稻根系形态指标品种间根尖数变异系数最大,平均根系直径变异系数最小。总根体积、总根面积、总根长、分枝数四个形态指标与植株生物量、植株氮含量、植株氮累积量相关性最为显著,且相关系数 (r) 呈总根体积 > 总根面积 > 总根长 > 分枝数的规律。在 NH₄+-N 培养下的水稻营养指标与根系形态指标的相关性要高于其在 NO₃–-N 培养下的相关性。【结论】水稻苗期总根体积、总根面积、总根长、分枝数可作为水稻氮高效评价的重要指标。     

Effects of chloride and sulfate application on root growth of rice

In several studies, the beneficial effects of the application of chloride on root growth have been reported. However, the effect of chloride application on the morphology of roots has not been studied extensively. The effects of the use of chloride salts and sulfate salts on the growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) until the 7-leaf stage were investigated in soil and water culture experiments. In the soil culture experiments, the root biomass in the chloride treatment showed a 58% increase compared with the sulfate treatment. Total root length, top root ratio (T / R ratio) and root length per primary root revealed the existence of root growth promotion by chloride. In the water culture experiments, root growth was also stimulated by chloride, as in the soil culture experiments. In order to analyze the effect of chloride application, the ion composition and pH of the soil solution or water culture solution were used to determine the amounts of ion species in the solution using the MINTEQA2 computer program, and the results were applied to estimate the osmotic pressure of these solutions. The osmotic pressure of chloride salts was obviously higher than that of sulfate salts based on van't Hoff's law of osmotic pressure and a positive correlation between the osmotic pressure and root length was obtained. The results suggest that the higher osmotic pressure induced by chloride would be involved in the root growth promotion of rice.     

根区氮钾水平对杂交和常规水稻品种光合作用及根系生长的影响

Root box experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of N and NK levels in the root zone on shoot photosynthesis and root growth of hybrid an cultivar of rice (Oryza sativa L.) on two paddy soils (clayey and silty).The results showed that dry matter yields in the hybrid and the cultivar were considerably increased by NK supply,bu the effect was greater for the hybrid.Supply of NK in the root zone significantly increased photosynthetic rate of the lower position leaf and the active green leaf area per plant,in which the effects were much more obvious in the hybrid rice than in the cultivar.High NK supply in the root zone stimulated the root growth,and decreased pH and increased the oxidation zone in the rhizosphere in both entries,but to a greater extent in the hybrid .The results indicated that higher NK levels were needed to maintain higher root activity and shoot photosynthetic capacity in rice,particularly in hybrid rice.     

水稻根尖边缘细胞对铁毒的形态生理响应

以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种Azucena（铁耐性）和IR64（铁敏感）为材料,研究了Fe2+毒胁迫下附着于根尖边缘细胞(即原位边缘细胞)的数目、存活率,根尖细胞形态结构、根尖保护酶活性的变化。结果显示,Fe2+ 毒对根边缘细胞的产生有抑制作用。相对于敏感性品种而言,一定浓度Fe2+(100~200 μmol/L)有利于耐性品种边缘细胞的产生;Fe2+ 毒对边缘细胞有致死效应,随Fe2+浓度的提升,边缘细胞的存活率呈下降趋势,根尖外围细胞壁增厚,并出现细胞程序性死亡特征(敏感性品种)。同时,Fe2+ 毒对根尖保护酶活性有一定的影响,200~400 μmol/L Fe2+处理下,耐性品种POD、CAT、SOD活性都超过对照;敏感品种只有SOD活性超过对照。说明Fe2+毒胁迫下,水稻根尖通过增加边缘细胞数目、提高细胞拒铁作用,维持较高水平的POD、CAT和SOD活性来对抗Fe2+毒,缓解铁毒害。     

水稻根长增长和养分吸收动态及其模拟模型

采用溶液培养和田间试验研究水稻根长增长和氮磷钾吸收动态。在改进蔬菜根长和养分吸收动态模型基础上,建立了适用于一个生长周期的水稻根长增长模型、单位根表面积氮磷钾吸收速率模型及其累积吸收动态模型。6个根长增长模型和18个根表氮磷钾吸收速率模型以及36个氮磷钾吸收动态模型的模拟效果达统计显著水平。结果表明,随着种植时间的推移,水稻根长增长和氮磷钾累积吸收量在整个生育期呈现S型特征;根表养分吸收速率在生长前期随种植时间迅速提高并达到最大值,过后则按指数规律下降。溶液培养试验看出,生育期120 d水稻最大根长增长速率和最大根长分别为播种后（68.85.4）d和（108.43.9）d,品种间差异很小;最大根长增长速率和根长则为（4531.51529.4）cm/( pot?d)和 (2.8931 0.6237)105 cm/pot,品种间差异较大。田间试验看出,不同施肥处理的氮磷钾吸收速率基本同步,早晚稻插秧后约50~60 d根系养分吸收能力达到峰值,临近成熟时养分吸收量达到高峰。研究结果为水稻中后期养分管理提供了科学依据。     

Minimum space for root development without mechanical stress for obtaining a high yield of rice

Abstract

It is generally considered that the larger the volume of soil in which the root system of a crop develops, the better the development of roots and the growth of the crop. This trend is attributed to (a) the larger quantity of water and nutrients available to the crop and (b) better supply of oxygen to the roots with the increase of the soil volume. There is, however, no information on the effect of the physical space itself on root development and plant growth.     

旱涝交替胁迫对水稻分蘖期根解剖结构的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了水稻分蘖期旱-涝-旱交替胁迫对根解剖结构的影响。本试验主要通过不同程度的旱胁迫(重旱,A1和轻旱,A2)和重涝胁迫(保持15 cm水层,B)分3个阶段交替进行,分析各个阶段水稻根的中柱、通气组织、根外层细胞发育及根外层厚度与常规灌溉之间的差异,探讨旱-涝-旱交替胁迫对水稻抗涝性的影响。结果表明,第Ⅰ阶段干旱胁迫(A1和A2处理)能促使根形成发达的通气组织,且形成时间早于常规灌溉(C),A1和A2处理根外层厚度显著高于C处理。第Ⅰ阶段重旱胁迫对第Ⅱ阶段涝胁迫(重旱-重涝处理,A1B)根解剖结构产生明显的影响,A1B处理通气组织较早形成,其导管直径、总面积和中柱面积分别较常规灌溉(CC)增加了43.3%、52.8%、76.5%,而第Ⅱ阶段淹涝条件下(常规灌溉-重涝处理,CB)根仅形成了少量的通气组织。第Ⅲ阶段涝胁迫后再经历旱胁迫(重旱-重涝-重旱处理,A1BA1和轻旱-重涝-轻旱处理,A2BA2),根解剖结构表现与第Ⅰ阶段旱胁迫相似。可见,短期旱胁迫可促进根系通气组织的发育,而不会造成水稻耐涝能力的降低。该研究可为水稻蓄水控灌技术提供理论依据。     

水肥耦合对水稻根系形态与活力的影响

在土培条件下,设计3个水分水平和2个施氮水平,研究水肥耦合对水稻汕优63不同生育阶段根系形态与活力的影响。结果表明：在低土壤水分条件下增加氮素供应水平能够显著增加根干重、根体积和促进根系的扎深。根系干重的垂直分布可用对数模型、乘幂模型、指数函数模型、多项式函数模型来表示,相关系数均在0.9以上,且以指数函数的模拟精度最高。轻度降低土壤水分,增加施氮量能迅速提高根系活跃吸收面积和根系α-萘胺氧化活力,促进根系快速生长;过度降低土壤水分对水稻根系活力有抑制作用。     

Method to quantify root border cells in sandy soil

Root border cells are cells that detach from the growing root cap, and serve both physical and biological roles in the rhizosphere. Most work on border cells has been confined to agar, or hydroponic culture, because of the difficulty in separating them from soil particles. We present a new method to separate the root border cells from soil, and quantify border cell numbers in non-sterile sandy loam soil at contrasting matric potentials (−20 and −300 kPa). Recovery rates of 90±1% were achieved using a combination of surfactants, sonication, and centrifugation. Root border cell numbers in the dry soil (1.4×10³ after 24 h) were significantly decreased as compared with those in the wetter soil (1.7×10³ after 24 h). Possible reasons for the decreased release of border cells are discussed.     

The role of phosphorus sources on root diameter,root length and root dry matter of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Roots are the main plant organs that supply nutrients, water, hormones and physical support for the plant. Phosphorus (P) is one of the most limiting and important elements in root growth and crop production. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of different sources of phosphorus treatments on root growth (root length, diameter and dry matter) of barley. The two glasshouse pot experiments results showed that under P deficiency, the weight of dry root significantly decreased and the total root length of whole plant significantly increased with decrease of root diameter. Our results suggested that soil fertility and root structure are widely recognized as important role of the soil community and plant growth, the root structure and root extension can directly and indirectly affected by soil fertility and specially P nutrient of the soil. Accordingly, root characteristics can determine the circumstance of plant growth and crop production.     

水稻栽后植株氮素积累特征及其与根系生长的关系

以冈优22、Ⅱ优162和K优047为材料,通过大田试验研究了不同种植方式下水稻秧苗栽后根系和地上部氮素积累的动态特征及其与根重的关系。结果表明,栽后40.d内,地上部及根系氮素积累量呈指数模型增加。茎鞘、发根节和叶片氮含量与根重呈极显著正相关;根系氮含量与根重呈显著负相关;各器官氮积累动态与根重均呈极显著的正相关关系。全生育期植株氮积累量拟合Logistic曲线较好,决定系数在0.988以上,氮素积累量与根重呈显著的正相关关系,生育期越靠前,相关系数值越大。3种种植方式中,自移栽至孕穗期氮积累量以常耕插秧最高,常耕抛秧其次,免耕高留茬抛秧较低;孕穗后免耕高留茬抛秧各器官氮含量最高,氮积累量也逐渐超过常耕抛秧。3个杂交稻组合中,前期以冈优22的氮积累量最高,后期Ⅱ优162增加速率较快,K优047在整个生育期中均最低。     

Nitrate content and induction of NADH nitrate reductase in cultured rice cells

The nitrate content of cultured rice cells grown in liquid R-2 medium containing 40 mM nitrate increased rapidly and reached a maximum 6 hr after inoculation. After about 6-hr lag period, NADH nitrate reductase activity increased rapidly to the 24th hr. Promotive effects on the nitrate accumulation and the induction of NADH nitrate reductase were found by the addition of 5 mM ammonium into the medium. Nitrate content increased exponentially as a function of increasing external nitrate concentration between 0 and 80 mM. The NADH nitrate reductase activity also increased from 0 to 40 mM of nitrate media, but leveled off between 40 and 80 mM.

A high level of nitrate content was detected in the cells grown in 10 or 40 mM of nitrate medium without sucrose for 48 hr, suggesting that sucrose in the medium may have no effect on the nitrate accumulation in the early growth period.     

秸秆覆盖与氮肥运筹对杂交稻根系生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】在我国稻-麦、稻-油等多熟制区域,富含氮素的小麦、油菜等水稻前茬作物秸秆被大量弃置、焚烧,造成极大浪费和环境污染,与此同时,稻季氮肥投入量却在逐年增加,因此在水稻生产中研究秸秆覆盖与氮肥配合施用的理论与技术,对实现秸秆还田与减少氮肥用量具有重要意义。本试验研究油菜、小麦2种秸秆覆盖方式下,3种不同的氮肥运筹方式对杂交稻主要生育时期根系生长、氮素吸收利用特征及产量的影响,并探讨其根系生长与氮素利用及产量间的关系,以期寻求最佳的秸秆还田与氮肥运筹搭配模式。【方法】本试验以杂交稻F优498为材料,采用两因素裂区试验设计,主区为小麦秸秆覆盖(S1)、油菜秸秆覆盖(S2)和无秸秆覆盖(S0);副区为氮肥运筹模式,在135 kg/hm2总施氮量条件下,设置基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥为5∶3∶2(N1);基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥为3∶3∶4(N2);基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥为3∶1∶6(N3)3种氮肥运筹模式,以不施氮肥(N0)为对照。研究各处理杂交稻在移栽后20 d、移栽后30 d、齐穗期和成熟期根系生长及形态、各生育期的干物质与氮素积累,水稻茎鞘的干物质转运、产量及其构成因子以及各时期氮素积累及利用效率,同时对各生育时期根系生长与氮素利用及产量间的关系进行分析。【结果】结果表明,小麦秸秆覆盖均可有效促进杂交稻各生育时期的根系生长、改善根系形态、增加各时期的干物质与氮素积累,提高氮肥的利用效率及稻米产量。在不同种类秸秆覆盖下,基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥(倒4叶龄期施入)为3∶3∶4(N2)时,可及时地对杂交水稻主要生育时期的根系生长进行调控,有效促进抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累与转运率,提高水稻主要生育时期的氮素积累及氮肥利用效率,显著增加稻谷产量,为本试验中最优的氮肥管理模式;而氮肥后移比例过高(基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥运筹比例为3∶1∶6),会限制齐穗期根系的生长,导致稻谷产量及氮肥利用效率降低。相关性分析表明,秸秆覆盖与氮肥运筹下主要生育时期根干重、根体积、总根长与产量及氮素吸收利用均存在显著或极显著的正相关(r=0.38*0.78**),尤其以齐穗期的根体积与总根长、根干重与氮素累积、产量及氮素回收利用率的相关性最好。【结论】小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆覆盖能够有效促进杂交稻根系的生长,增加干物质与氮素积累,提高氮肥利用效率,且小麦秸秆覆盖效果更显著。秸秆覆盖条件下,氮肥运筹以基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥为3∶3∶4时的水稻根系生长旺盛,物质生产能力强,氮肥利用效率最高。因此,小麦秸秆覆盖与基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥以3∶3∶4的比例配合的水稻的产量最高,为最优组合。     

不同铁形态对水稻根表铁膜及铁吸收的影响

通过溶液培养试验研究了FeCl2?4H2O和FeCl3?6H2O对水稻根表铁膜数量及铁吸收的影响。结果表明,FeCl2处理时水稻根表铁膜浓度是FeCl3处理的197%～233%。利用EDTA-BPDS对铁膜形态分析看出,根表铁膜中Fe3+占85%～92%,Fe2+占8%～15%。水稻天优998根表铁膜数量显著高于培杂泰丰,其铁吸收是培杂泰丰的115%～138%。两种铁形态处理明显提高水稻的根系活力,其中,FeCl2处理时水稻根系活力增加24%～69%,FeCl3为16%～54%。FeCl2处理时水稻根系SOD、POD和CAT活性分别增加11%～32%、15%～30%和30%～31%,但FeCl3处理没有明显影响。上述结果表明一定浓度铁处理明显增加水稻根表铁浓度和铁吸收;与FeCl3处理相比,FeCl2处理能提高根系抗氧化酶活性,增加水稻的铁吸收和根表铁膜数量。     

不同氮效率水稻品种增硝营养下根系生长的响应特征

试验采用两室分根盒和溶液培养方法,研究了在增硝营养下不同氮效率水稻品种根系生长的响应特征。结果表明,在本试验条件下,与全铵培养下的根系相比,氮高效水稻品种南光在铵硝混合培养下的根系干重和氮积累量显著增加,增幅达33%和41%;同时其根系表面积、根系体积和侧根数增幅均达到显著水平,但根系长度却无明显增加。氮低效水稻品种Elio在铵硝混合培养下的根系生长差异均不显著。这表明氮高效水稻品种南光的根系生长对增硝营养的响应度强,进而促进了根系对氮素的吸收利用。从本试验的结果可推论,水稻对增硝营养的强响应度可能是水稻氮素高效吸收利用的生理机制之一。     

Effect of soil microorganisms on the growth of roots in rice seedlings

Abstract

Root system of rice seedlings grown on nutrient solution inoculated with soil microorganisms were examined morphologically in comparison with those obtained under sterile condition. In the presence of soil microorganisms, primary roots increased in their number and decreased in the total length. Inoculated plants had more secondary roots equipped with tertiary roots. In addition, longer root hairs developed densely on primary and secondary roots of the inoculated seedlings.

Anatomical examination of the primary roots revealed that the number and width of cortical layers, as well as the length and width of the cortical cells, were increased by the effect of microorganisms. Microbial effect on outer morphology of rice roots, consequently, was estimated to have been induced from the alteration in histological and cytological activities including the activation of the periclinal divisions of the epidermal cells, the inactivation of the transverse divisions of the cortical cells and the activation of the elongation of cortical cells.     

再生稻根干物质量及根系活力与产量的相关性研究

对不同施N水平、不同品种再生稻根干物质量及根系活力与产量的相关性研究结果表明 ,再生稻头季稻产量与根系干物质量及根系活力密切相关 ;再生稻再生分蘖的生长发育依赖于头季稻残留的根系 ,再生季稻穗数及产量与头季稻成熟期和再生季稻齐穗期的根系机能呈极显著线性正相关 ,并与芽肥施用量呈抛物线形相关     

大米直链淀粉分子量分布及分子旋转半径的研究

为了从大米淀粉中有效的分离出直链淀粉，建立直链淀粉分子量的分析方法，从而得出确切的大米直链淀粉分子结构方面的信息，通过使用流变仪控制大米淀粉的升温糊化过程，用浸出法在不同温度下分离出大米直链淀粉，利用高效液相分子排阻色谱(HPSEC)与多角度光散射仪(MALLS)及折光检测器(RI)连用系统，分析了大米直链淀粉的分子量分布和分子旋转半径。得到不同品种的大米淀粉中分离出的直链淀粉的重均分子量范围为3.29×10⁵～2.75×10⁶。研究表明，90℃以上高温不利于用浸出法从直链淀粉含量低的大米淀粉中分离直链淀粉，当温度低于90℃而高于糊化温度时，各个温度下均可用浸出法分离出直链淀粉，得到的直链淀粉具有十分相似的分子量分布、重均分子量和分子旋转半径。该方法是一种简便、快速的分离大米直链淀粉，并测定其分子量的方法，具有较高的准确性。