Abstracts of nippon dojo-hiryogaku zasshi

Seed exudates collected from three cultivars (cv. Hokkaikintoki, Himetebou, and Kurodane-kinugasa) of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were fractionated based on several physicochemical properties, and the nutrient substances in the fractions effective for Rhizobium proliferation were determined. Regardless of the common bean cultivars, the low molecular weight and high polarity fraction showed the most beneficial effect on Rhizobium proliferation. After further separation of the low molecular weight and high polarity fraction, the promoting effect was detected in the non-ionic and the cationic plus ampho-teric subtractions. Although the amount of sugars or amino acids exuded from a seed was, respectively, similar in all the cultivars except for the sugars in Kurodanekinugasa, the content of these compounds per seed-weight was inversely proportional to the seed size. Ten sugars and twenty-one amino acids were, respectively, identified in the non-ionic and cat-ionic plus amphoteric subtractions, and there were some differences in the composition of these substances between common bean cultivars.     

Abstracts of nippon dojo-hiryogaku zasshi,Vol. 89 (2018) No. 4

In Japan, the soils in tea fields are further acidified by heavy application of nitrogen fertilizer. In the long-term fertilizer application fields, available P, total carbon and nitrogen contents had the highest in the Multi-F plot, followed by the 98-D.F plot and the smallest in the 95-D.F plot. Soil enzymes activity had the highest the Multi-F plot. It was estimated that all of the enzyme activity were often corresponded with the results of the organic matter and the available P contents. The number of fungi under acidic condition had the close relation since change of these enzymes activity. It was evident that fungi were participated in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism in acid tea field soils. It became clear that the number of fungi and enzymes activity decreased corresponding well with the available P and the organic matter contents depend on fertilization management. Moreover in case of qualities of green tea, generally difference between experimental plots and Multi-F plot were to be small. It was indicated that influence to the yields by curtailment of the amount of nitrogen fertilization was small.     

Formation and properties of hydroxy iron(iii) oligomer-citrate complex

Instantaneous neutralization of Fe (III) chloride dissolved in N a citrate by powdery NaHC03 gave stable clear brown sols. The sol particles separated by dialysis and freeze-drying showed a single diffraction peak at 2 nm and a citrate/Fe molar ratio of about 0.2 irrespective of the composition of the starting solutions. This indicates that the product may be a novel phase of Fe (III) citrate.     

Physiological studies on salinity and nitrogen interaction in alfalfa. II. Photosynthesis and transpiration

The interaction between salinity and nitrogen (N) forms and concentration was studied with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown in pots with fine sand under greenhouse conditions. Salinity (0–100 mM NaCl) caused a substantial reduction in carbon assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and leaf area, while transpiration rate was least affected. Salinity effects were considerably moderated by additional N supply, varied with form, concentration, and stage of plant growth. The photosynthesis was reduced more in ammonium‐ than in nitrate‐fed plants, while the transpiration rate was relatively lower in nitrate‐fed plants grown either with or without NaCl. The plants also responded differently to salinity and N levels at two harvests. This indicated a change in plant behaviour with age. The promotive effect of N on photosynthesis and other parameters in saline as well as in non‐saline conditions may be attributed to the enhanced synthesis and availability of carbon assimilatory enzymes and cofactors required for optimal photosynthesis.     

三价铁离子促进玉米秸秆厌氧发酵

厌氧消化是农业废弃物资源化利用的有效途径之一。微量元素是影响有机废弃物厌氧产沼气性能的重要生态因子,其中铁对有机废弃物的厌氧发酵过程的效率和稳定性作用最为显著,而通常秸秆的含铁量很低。因此,该试验以玉米秸秆为例,研究了初始FeCl3加入量分别为0.1%、0.2%、0.5%、1.5%、3%、6%（基于秸秆的挥发性组分）时秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气、产甲烷过程以及沼液沼渣特征。结果表明初始FeCl3加入量为3%,秸秆的厌氧产甲烷效率相对于对照（加入量0%）提高了14%。X射线衍射分析结果表明FeCl3存在时,沼渣中纤维素的结晶度显著降低。沼渣的组分分析结果表明FeCl3的存在有助于提高玉米秸秆中纤维素及半纤维素的分解效率,从而提高了秸秆产甲烷效率。该研究可为农业废弃物甲烷化利用提供参考。     

Assessment of the soil phosphorus–mobilization potential by microbial reduction using the Fe(III)‐reduction test

The mobility of soil P is greatly influenced by the redox potential (Eh), which depends on the reducing activity of soil microorganisms. Standard extraction methods for the determination of the mobile soil P disregard the P mobilization caused by the influence of microorganisms on Eh, while P test methods that include soil microbial activities are lacking. Thus, the Fe(III)‐reduction test was investigated for its suitability to determine the P fraction that is mobilized in soil under reducing conditions (P_Red). In this test, the soil‐microbial reducing activity is measured from the microbial Fe(III) reduction combining a bioassay with 7 d incubation and a chemical extraction using 1M KCl. After the incubation, Eh in 26 different soil samples ranged from –282 to –123 mV. The concentration of P_Red in the soil samples ranged from concentrations below the limit of detection to 84.9 mg kg^–1 and was on average of all soil samples by a factor of 2.4 to 18 smaller than the P fractions determined by standard soil P–extraction methods. As standard agronomic and environmental P extractants, respectively, water (P_H2O), dithionite citrate bicarbonate (P_Dith), ammonium oxalate (P_Ox), ammonium lactate (P_AL), double lactate (P_DL), and sodium bicarbonate (P_Olsen) were selected. The P_Red fraction was not correlated with P_AL, P_DL, P_olsen, and the degree of P saturation, but with P_H2O (r = 0.43*), P_Dith (r = 0.60***), and P_Ox (r = 0.61***). Furthermore, P_Red depended on the concentration of amorphous Fe oxides (Fe_Ox, r = 0.53**) and was closely correlated with the concentration of microbially reduced Fe (Fe_Red, r = 0.94***). This indicated the influence of the Fe(III)‐reducing activity of soil microorganisms on P mobilization. In subsoils, low in Fe(III)‐reducing activity, no P was released by the Fe(III)‐reduction test, which was in contrast to the results from the other chemical extraction methods. Additional alterations of the microbial activity by inhibiting and activating amendments, respectively, clearly affected the microbial Fe(III)‐reducing activity and the associated release of P_Red. Thus, P_Red, determined by the Fe(III)‐reduction test, might be termed as the fraction that is potentially released from soil by microbial reduction.     

Do water regimes affect iron‐plaque formation and microbial communities in the rhizosphere of paddy rice?

Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of soil water regimes on the formation of iron (Fe) plaque on the root surface of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) and on the microbial functional diversity in a paddy soil. The rice seedlings were subjected to three moisture regimes (submergence, 100%, and 60% water‐holding capacity [WHC]), and were grown for 5 and 11 weeks. Aerobic lithotrophic Fe(II)‐oxidizing (FeOB) and acetate‐utilizing Fe(III)‐reducing bacteria (FeRB) in the rhizosphere and non‐rhizosphere soil were determined at 5 weeks using the most probable number (MPN) method. The carbon substrate use patterns of the microbial communities in the rhizosphere and non‐rhizosphere soil samples were determined at 11 weeks using Biolog‐GN2 plates. The amount of Fe plaque (per unit dry root weight) was much higher under submerged conditions than at lower soil moisture contents and decreased with plant age. There was a positive correlation between the amount of Fe plaque and phosphorus accumulated in the Fe plaque at both sampling times (r = 0.98 and 0.92, respectively, n = 12). Numbers of FeOB and FeRB in the submerged soil were lower than in aerobic soil, but by two orders of magnitude higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. On the other hand, the functional diversity of the rhizosphere microbial communities was much higher than that of the non‐rhizosphere soil, irrespective of soil water regimes. We conclude that soil flooding results in a decreased number and diversity of Fe‐oxidizing/reducing bacteria, while increasing the Fe‐plaque formation.     

Effects of Several Metals on Both Fe(III)‐ and Cu(II)‐Reduction by Roots of Fe‐Deficient Cucumber Plants

Abstract

The ferric‐chelate reductase induced by Fe deficiency is also able to reduce other ions such as Cu²⁺. This Cu(II)‐reduction has been less studied and it has been suggested that Cu²⁺ ion rather than Cu²⁺‐chelate serves as the substrate. Ferric‐chelate reductase activity is inhibited by some metals, but the mechanisms implicated are not known. In the present work we use Fe‐deficient cucumber seedlings to study the interactions of Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Mn⁴⁺, and Fe³⁺ on both Fe(III)‐reduction and Cu(II)‐reduction activities. The response of Cu(II)‐reduction activity to Cu concentration, in the presence or absence of citrate, was also studied. Results showed that inhibition of the ferric‐chelate reductase activity by Cu²⁺ or Ni²⁺ could be partially reversed by increasing the concentration of Fe‐EDTA. The Cu(II)‐reduction activity was even stimulated by Fe‐EDTA or Ni²⁺; it was inhibited by a high concentration of Cu²⁺ itself; and it was not affected by the absence of citrate. Mn⁴⁺ caused a moderate inhibition of both Fe(III)‐reduction and Cu(II)‐reduction activities. Results agree with the hypothesis that free Cu²⁺ ion is the substrate for Cu(II)‐reduction and suggest that the mechanisms involved in Fe(III)‐reduction and Cu(II)‐reduction could have some differences and be affected by metals in different ways. The mode of action of metals on the reductase activity are discussed, but they are still not well known.     

Nutrio-physiological studies on the tomato plant IV. Source-sink relationship and structure of the source-sink unit

In tomato plants the source exceeds the sink. This conclusion is arrived at from the following facts: (a) The net assimilation rate Increases by a partial removal of leaves and decreases by a partial or complete removal of fruits, and (b) the young developing vegetative organs, such as the apex of the stem or the lateral buds, do not consume a large amount of photosynthates because these are capable of photosynthesizing from early stages of development.

Except for several leaves at the base of the stem which send their photosynthates to the roots, a tomato plant is composed of several units, each of which is composed of three leaves, a truss and a bud, This unit is the source-sink unit and the photosynthates of the leaves of a unit go preferentially to the sinks within the unit. However, this source-sink unit is not an absolute one. There is an inter-units translocation of photosynthates and the extent of it depends on the condition of the plant.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal enhancement of iron concentration by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Poncirus trifoliata</Emphasis> L. Raf and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrus reticulata</Emphasis> Blanco grown on sand medium under different pH

The effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus versiforme) on iron contents by two citrus rootstocks (trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf] and red tangerine [Citrus reticulata Blanco]) was studied in sand culture under different pH conditions. Seeds were sown in a mixed substrate (perlite/sand, 1:1 [v/v]) inoculated with or without mycorrhizal inoculum. The experiment was carried out at four pH levels by applying nutrient solution at pH 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, or 8.0 to P. trifoliata and pH 5.2, 6.2, 7.2, or 8.2 to C. reticulata. No AM colonization was found in uninoculated control (NM) and plants, and root colonization in AM plants was depressed under iron deficiency at high pH. Colonization by G. versiforme led to higher dry weights of shoots compared with NM treatments, suggesting that G. versiforme enhanced plant growth. Higher concentration of chlorophyll and active iron, lower ratios of P/Fe and 50(10P+K)/Fe were present in AM plants than NM treatments. Nevertheless, G. versiforme improved root Fe (III) chelate reductase activity of P. trifoliata and C. reticulata. The data indicate that plant uptake and translocation of iron were enhanced and AM fungi may be considered as a potential tool for bioremediation of citrus iron deficiency.     

磷—金属(Fe、Al)—有机酸三元复合体在植物磷营养中的作用

本文论述了磷高效型植物活化土壤难溶磷时的磷—金属 (铁、铝 )—有机酸三元复合体机制 ,磷—金属 (铁、铝 )—有机酸三元复合体在植物磷、铁营养中的作用及研究意义 .土壤及植物根际中磷—金属 (铁、铝 )—有机酸三元复合体的研究进展及磷—金属 (铁、铝 )—有机酸三元复合体机制的应用前景     

Biochemical Responses to True and Bicarbonate-Induced Iron Deficiency in Grapevine Genotypes

ABSTRACT

Biochemical responses to direct or bicarbonate-induced iron (Fe) deficiency were compared in two Tunisian native grapevine varieties, Khamri (tolerant) and Balta4 (sensitive), and a tolerant rootstock, 140Ru. Woody cuttings of each genotype were irrigated with a nutrient solution containing one of the following: 20 μM Fe (control), 1 μM Fe (direct Fe-deficiency), or 20 μM Fe + 10 mM HCO₃ ^? (indirect bicarbonate-induced Fe-deficiency). Under direct Fe-deficient conditions, lower leaf chlorosis score and higher chlorophyll and leaf Fe contents were found in Khamri and 140Ru compared with Balta4. Moreover, indirect Fe deficiency caused similar effects on these parameters, which were more pronounced in Balta4. Both tolerant genotypes, Khamri and 140Ru, showed higher roots-acidification capacity and phenol release under the direct Fe deficiency compared with the bicarbonate-induced condition. In the sensitive variety, Balta4, no significant changes were found between the control and Fe-deficient plants. Root Fe(III)-reductase activity was strongly stimulated by both types of Fe deficiency in Khamri and 140Ru, and displayed no significant changes in Balta4. In the three genotypes, root and leaf activities of two Fe-containing enzymes, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase, were significantly affected under Fe deficiency (either direct or induced), though to a greater extent in the sensitive variety, Balta4. The latter also displayed higher leaf malonyldialdehyde (MDA) content, traducing an important membrane lipid peroxidation.     

Increasing phosphorus fertilizer value of recycled iron phosphates by prolonged flooding and organic matter addition

Iron (Fe) minerals are commonly used to remove phosphorus (P) from waste streams, producing P-loaded Fe(III) oxides or Fe(II) phosphate minerals (e.g., vivianite). These minerals may be used as fertilizers to enhance P circularity if solubilized in soil. Here, we tested the P fertilizer value of recycled Fe phosphates (FePs) in a pot trial and in an incubation experiment, hypothesizing that P release from FePs is possible under Fe(III)-reducing conditions. First, a pot trial was set up with rice (Oryza sativa) in all combinations of soil flooding or not, three P-deficient soils (acid, neutral, and calcareous), and six FePs (three Fe(III)Ps and three Fe(II)Ps) referenced to triple superphosphate (TSP) or zero amendments. Shoot P uptake responded to TSP application in all treatments but only marginally to FePs. The redox potential did not decrease to -200 mV by flooding for a brief period (13 d) during the pot trial. A longer incubation experiment (60 d) was performed, including a treatment of glutamate addition to stimulate reductive conditions, and P availability was assessed with CaCl₂ extraction of soils. Glutamate addition and/or longer incubation lowered soil redox potential to < -100 mV. On the longer term, Fe(III) minerals released P, and adequate P was reached in the calcareous soil and in the neutral soil amended with Fe(III)P-sludge. It can be concluded that prolonged soil flooding and organic matter addition can enhance the P fertilizer efficiency of FePs. Additionally, application of FeP in powder form may enhance P availability.     

Nutritional (Fe-Mn) interactions in ‘Big Top’ peach plants as influenced by the rootstock and by the soil CaCO3 concentration

Manganese (Mn) toxicity in plants is often not a clearly identifiable disorder and it can interfere with the absorption, translocation, and utilization of other elements such as Ca, Mg, Fe, and P. Soil conditions, management factors, and the use of different genotypes of rootstock can determine the degree of Mn toxicity and of interaction with other elements in the orchard. Five plants of the cultivar ‘Big Top’® grafted onto itself, onto plum rootstock ‘Mr.S.2/5’ and onto hybrid peach x almond rootstock ‘GF677’ were grown in 25-L containers under three treatments, 0, 20, 30% concentration of total lime, obtained by mixing powdered CaCO₃ to a sandy soil. Plants were fertilized with manure and a solid fertilizer early in April and irrigated in summer periodically with water rich in manganese. After just 28 d, active lime caused a decrease of chlorophyll SPAD index especially in plants grafted on itself, while those grafted on the tolerant ‘GF677’ rootstock behaved better than those grafted on ‘Mr.S.2/5.’ From June to September, irrigation caused increases in soil Mn concentration and Mn concentration in control plants. This caused first a serious defoliation in Big Top / Big Top plants and then a re-greening of cultivar grafted onto ‘Mr.S.2/5’ and ‘GF677,’ probably due to the interaction between iron and manganese at high pH. In particular the 20% CaCO₃ addition to the soil preserved the plants of cultivar grafted onto ‘Mr.S.2/5’ from Mn toxicity, as shown by their high chlorophyll content and growth and lower Mn leaf concentrations. Plants grafted onto ‘GF677’ rootstock showed the best behaviour under 30% CaCO₃ treatment associated to higher Fe(III)-reducing capacity and photosynthetic activity. Rootstocks and soil conditions (lime and waterlogging) influenced mineral status and growth of the peach cultivar ‘Big Top,’ particularly by interacting together and modifying Fe-Mn availability.     

砖红壤中铬的溶出和外源三价铬的氧化转化*

砖红壤铬（Cr）的背景值和锰氧化物的含量均较高,当土壤中Cr溶出或者受到Cr(III)污染,可能被氧化生成毒性较高的Cr(VI),从而对周围的环境造成威胁。为考察砖红壤中Cr的环境风险,以云南、海南和广东采集的部分砖红壤为对象,研究土壤中Cr的溶出和外源Cr(III)的氧化。连二亚硫酸钠-柠檬酸钠-重碳酸钠法提取和电子探针扫描分析的结果表明,砖红壤中的Cr主要与铁氧化物和硅酸盐矿物结合,呈非活性状态。盐酸和柠檬酸的酸化和络合作用促进了Cr的溶出,但即使1 mol?L-1的盐酸也仅使海南3和广东9砖红壤中3.68%和3.54%的Cr溶出。向砖红壤中添加Cr(III)并培养42 d,发现少量添加的Cr(III)氧化为Cr(VI),但不同土壤中Cr(VI)的生成量与亚锰的净产生量不一致,说明土壤中Cr(III)氧化生成的Cr(VI)可能会被土壤有机质重新还原为Cr(III)。去除土壤有机质后,一次平衡实验中观察到外源添加的Cr(III)氧化为Cr(VI),氧化量与土壤易还原锰的含量一致。随着溶液pH的增加,Cr(III)的氧化量呈先上升后降低的趋势,在pH4.5时Cr(III)氧化量达最大值,但Cr(III)的氧化转化量在Cr(III)添加量中的占比很小,外源Cr(III)在土壤中氧化转化的风险也很低。虽然砖红壤的背景Cr和易还原锰的含量较高,但自然条件下Cr的溶解和Cr(III)的氧化反应很难发生,Cr(III)不易转化为Cr(VI),因此不需要过度担忧砖红壤中Cr的风险。     

Role of Phosphatases,Iron Reducing,and Solubilizing Activity on the Nutrient Acquisition in Mixed Cropped Peanut and Barley

The effect of interspecific complementary and competitive root interactions and rhizosphere effects on primarily phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) but also nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) nutrition between mixed cropped peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). In order to provide more physiological evidence on the mechanisms of interspecific facilitation, phosphatase activities in plant and rhizosphere, root ferric reducing capacity (FR), Fe-solubilizing activity (Fe-SA), and rhizosphere pH were determined. The results of the experiment revealed that biomass yield of peanut and barley was decreased by associated plant species as compared to their monoculture. Rhizosphere chemistry was strongly and differentially modified by the roots of peanut and barley and their mixed culture. In the mixed cropping of peanut/barley, intracellular alkaline and acid phosphatases (AlPase and APase), root secreted acid phosphatases (S-APase), acid phosphatases activity in rhizosphere (RS-APase), and bulk soil (BS-APase) were higher than that of monocultured barley. Regardless of plant species and cropping system, the rhizosphere pH was acidified and concomitantly to this available P and Fe concentrations in the rhizosphere were also increased. The secretion Fe-solubilizing activity (Fe-SA) and ferric reducing (FR) capacity of the roots were generally higher in mixed culture relative to that in monoculture treatments which may improve Fe and Zn nutrition of peanut. Furthermore, mixed cropping improved N and K nutrition of peanut plants, while Ca nutrition was negatively affected by mixed cropping.     

萘乙酸和邻氨甲酰苯甲酸对玉米花后养分吸收及转运的影响

[目的]研究喷施萘乙酸(NAA)和生长素抑制剂(邻氨甲酰苯甲酸,NPA)对玉米花后营养元素吸收及转移的调节作用,为实现不同玉米生产目的效率提供技术手段.[方法]首先以玉米品种郑单958为供试材料进行田间试验,在玉米吐丝期,设叶片喷施萘乙酸0.05、0.1和0.5?mmol/L?3个处理,成熟期测产,确定了萘乙酸的适宜喷...     

Immobilized EDDHA and DFOB as Iron Carriers to Cucumber Plants

Abstract

Iron chelators are the most effective Fe fertilizers known to date. However, due to their negative charge they are easily leached out of the root zone. Besides the risk of groundwater contamination with organic compounds and metals, repeated applications of expensive Fe chelates are often required. With the aim to reduce leaching, desferrioxamine B (DFOB) and ethylenediaminedihydroxyphenylacetic acid (EDDHA) were immobilized on Sepharose and tested as Fe sources to plants. Two cultivars of cucumber (Dlila and Kfir) grown in hydroponic cultures at pH 7.3, efficiently utilized Fe from immobilized FeDFOB, and immobilized FeEDDHA. In general, plant response to the immobilized fertilizers became comparable to that of soluble chelates within a period of 17 to 26 days. The kinetics of alleviating Fe induced chlorosis in plants treated with the immobilized chelates was slower than that obtained with soluble chelates. Moreover, the Fe³⁺ reduction rates obtained for immobilized FeDFOB were slower than those measured for soluble FeDFOB. Our observations suggest that immobilized FeDFOB can serve as a slow release Fe fertilizer. The slow kinetics of reduction and uptake from the immobilized as compared to the soluble chelates can be attributed to the lower accessibility to the plant's roots.     

Effects of Lead Forms and Organic Acids on the Growth and Uptake of Lead in Hydroponically Grown Wheat

This study investigated the effects of lead (Pb) form (free or complexed) and type and concentration of chelants [citric acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)] on the growth and ability of wheat to accumulate Pb. Wheat variety Auqab-2000 was exposed to four levels of EDTA and citric acid (0, 500, 1000, and 1500 μM) in the presence of Pb (1000 μM). Both the free Pb (1000 μM) and high concentration (1500 μM) of EDTA and citric acid reduced the plant biomass. Without the addition of chelants, only a little Pb was accumulated by wheat shoots. This demonstrates that organic acids used in enhanced phytoextraction applications do not merely serve to increase metal mobility and plant availability but also can help to increase translocation rates of metals absorbed by the plant roots. Greater translocation of Pb from roots to shoots was observed with EDTA than that with citric acid.