降雨条件下耕作方式对地表糙度的溅蚀效应

地表糙度是影响坡耕地土壤侵蚀的主要因素之一,为了进一步明确耕作方式对地表糙度的侵蚀效应,该文通过室内人工模拟降雨的方法,就单雨强与组合雨强条件下耕作方式对溅蚀的作用以及地表糙度的变化进行了研究。结果表明,从对照坡面,经耙耱地、人工锄耕、人工掏挖到等高耕作方式的坡面,在雨强0.62 mm/min条件下,不同耕作方式坡面向上坡溅蚀量呈先增加再减小的变化,向下坡和总溅蚀量均呈先增加再减小最后增加的变化;除耙耱地外,其他耕作方式坡面的地表糙度呈减小的变化。在雨强1.53 mm/min条件下,不同耕作方式坡面向上坡、向下坡和总溅蚀量均呈先增加再减小最后增加的变化;地表糙度与对照坡面相反,均呈增加的变化。组合雨强条件下,随降雨强度的增加,耙耱地总溅蚀量与地表糙度呈一直增加的变化趋势;其他耕作方式下,随降雨强度的增加,坡面总溅蚀量呈先增加后减小的变化趋势,地表糙度却呈先减小后增大的变化。这为揭示地表糙度的侵蚀特征提供了一定的理论依据,同时也可服务于黄土高原坡耕地的水土流失治理。     

沙区旱垄作对油菜生长环境的影响

垄作是沙区旱作农田常用的集水防风耕作技术。本文通过野外试验观测和土壤样品分析,对不同结构的垄作与平作下油菜生长环境进行了研究。结果表明,垄作相对于平作增加了生长季内土壤耕作层水分含量,降低了其波动幅度,改变了土壤水分在垂直剖面上的分布,使湿润锋位于耕作层,有利于油菜对土壤水分的吸收,对缓解干旱对作物生长的胁迫有积极作用。垄作下土壤易蚀性颗粒含量降低,地表粗糙度和垂直风速梯度增大,有效降低了土壤可蚀性和近地表风速,对防治土壤风蚀和保护作物幼苗有重要作用。不同结构的垄作比较,垄高15 cm、垄沟比1/12和垄高25 cm、垄沟比1/24的两种垄作在油菜生长季内集水效果较优,而垄高25 cm、垄沟比1/6的垄作在农田休闲期内防治风蚀效果较好。故结构合理的垄作是沙区旱作农田微观土地利用结构调整的有效措施。     

人工降雨条件下坡耕地地表糙度的时空变异分布研究

水蚀过程中地表糙度变化研究,特别是微地表条件下水蚀过程中地表糙度的分布及变化特征的研究是土壤侵蚀学科领域的前沿问题,目前仍处于不断的探索与发展阶段。本文试图通过对陕西省杨凌区农耕地土壤进行固定坡度和雨强下不同耕作措施的室内人工降雨试验,建立微地形条件下高精度的DEM并进行分析,探讨地表糙度在水蚀过程中的时空变异分布。结果表明:（1）人为耕作对坡面地表糙度的整体分布状态和坡面高程空间分布状况的影响显著;（2）降雨对等高耕作、人工锄耕、人工掏挖耕作措施的高程分布有一定的影响,并且高程变化量的最大值均出现在坡面的下部;（3）在降雨侵蚀的产流前后,坡面糙度的空间变化最大,而产流后糙度的空间变化趋于平稳。研究结果初步揭示了微地表条件下地表糙度的时空变异状况,并可为进一步分析不同坡度、不同雨强条件下地表糙度的综合研究奠定基础。     

Twenty years of tillage research in subarctic Alaska: I. Impact on soil strength,aggregation, roughness,and residue cover

Soil properties and surface characteristics affecting wind erosion can be manipulated through tillage and crop residue management. Little information exists, however, that describes the impact of long term tillage and residue management on soil properties in the subarctic region of the United States. This study examines the impact of 20 years of tillage and residue management on a broad range of physical properties that govern wind erosion processes on a silt loam in interior Alaska. A strip plot experimental design was established in 1983 and included intensive tillage (autumn and spring disk), spring disk, autumn chisel plow, and no tillage with straw either retained on or removed from the soil surface. Soil and residue properties measured after sowing barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in May 2004 included penetration resistance, soil water content, shear stress, bulk density, random roughness, aggregate size distribution, and residue cover and biomass. No tillage was characterized by larger aggregates, greater soil strength (penetration resistance and shear stress), wetter soil, and greater residue cover compared to all other tillage treatments. Despite crop failures the previous 2 years, crop residue management influenced residue biomass and cover, but not soil properties. Autumn chisel and spring disk appeared to be viable minimum tillage options to intensive tillage in controlling erosion. Autumn chisel and spring disk promoted greater roughness, aggregation, and residue cover as compared with intensive tillage. Although no tillage appeared to be the most effective management strategy for mitigating wind erosion, no tillage was not a sustainable practice due to lack of weed control. No tillage also resulted in the formation of an organic layer on the soil surface over the past 20 years, which has important ramifications for long term crop production in the subarctic where the mean annual temperature is <0 °C.     

降雨条件下地表糙度对片蚀的影响及其变化

为了进一步明确地表糙度在片蚀过程中的效应,该文通过室内人工模拟降雨的方法,就场降雨和连续降雨条件下,地表糙度对片蚀的影响及其变化进行了研究。结果表明,场降雨条件下,实施人为管理措施坡面的径流与产沙量均低于对照坡面;在雨强0.67 mm/min条件下,随地表糙度的增加,径流量与侵蚀量呈先减小、后趋于稳定的变化趋势;而在雨强1.63 mm/min条件下,随地表糙度的增加,径流量与产沙量却呈一直减小的变化趋势。在雨强0.67 mm/min条件下,耙耱地、人工掏挖和等高耕作坡面的地表糙度均呈减小的变化趋势,而人工锄耕坡面的地表糙度呈增加的变化趋势;在雨强1.63 mm/min条件下,人工掏挖和等高耕作坡面的地表糙度呈减小的变化趋势,人工锄耕、耙耱地坡面的地表糙度却呈增加的变化趋势;对照坡面地表糙度的变化,与耙耱地相反。连续降雨条件下,在前二次降雨作用下,坡面的径流量与产沙量随地表糙度的增加而逐渐减小,且均低于对照坡面;在第三次降雨条件下,径流与侵蚀产沙量变化较为复杂,且实施人为管理措施坡面均高于对照坡面。不同降雨条件下,实施人为管理措施坡面地表糙度对片蚀具有一定的抑制效应,且坡面片蚀的发展与地表糙度间的变化表现出相应的互动作用。该文研究结果为揭示地表糙度的侵蚀特征提供了一定的理论依据,同时也为黄土高原坡耕地的水土流失治理奠定理论基础。     

东北地区不同耕作方式农田土壤风蚀特征

为探究不同耕作方式农田土壤风蚀特征,揭示风蚀对表层土壤理化性质及养分含量的影响,以东北地区典型农田土壤(黑土和风沙土)为研究对象,通过野外集沙仪定点监测与室内理化分析等方法,对不同耕作方式(垄作、免耕)和不同地表覆盖措施(无覆盖、留茬、覆盖)下的土壤风蚀特征展开研究。结果表明:(1)风沙土的输沙量显著高于黑土,在0—100cm高度范围内风沙土的输沙量平均为黑土的168倍。随高度的上升输沙量急剧减少,其中0—10cm输沙量最大,占总输沙量的50%以上,40cm以上则无明显风蚀物;(2)不同耕作方式下,免耕农田土壤风蚀输沙量较垄作样地减少了66.0%~94.1%;而相同耕作措施下,不同地表覆盖的输沙量表现为无覆盖>留茬>覆盖,与无覆盖相比,留茬及秸秆覆盖下的输沙量可以减少90.3%~99.4%;(3)受风蚀影响,表层土壤颗粒、有机质及养分流失严重,其中风蚀物的砂粒含量是表层土壤的1.06~1.42倍,且10—20cm风蚀物中有机质、全氮和全磷含量均比表层土壤高;(4)通过修正风蚀方程(RWEQ)估算得出,垄作无覆盖(RTNF)风蚀模数高达181.7~86582.9t/(km^2·a),风蚀剧烈,而免耕覆盖(NTF)的风蚀模数仅为9.89t/(km^2·a),为微度风蚀。研究显示垄作及无覆盖方式下农田土壤风蚀程度剧烈,加剧了表层土壤颗粒和养分流失的风险,而免耕和地表覆盖能有效缓解风蚀危害。     

Tillage influence on redox potentials following rainfall

Tillage influences many soil properties which impact the oxygen flux into the soil profile. Rainfall can amplify the influence of tillage on relative aeration by differentially saturating the soil profile with water, and thus reducing oxygen flux into the soil. Understanding how tillage influences relative aeration following rainfall is important in order to evaluate the effect of soil physical properties on biological activity and the decomposition of organic compounds. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of rainfall on redox potential patterns for different tillage and residue management treatment combinations. Platinum electrodes, copper-constantan thermocouples, and tensiometers were installed in soil that had been under rototill/residue-incorporated or no-till/surface-residue treatments after 6 years of a continuing field experiment at depths of 7, 15, and 22 cm during a complete corn (Zea mays L.) growing season. Climatic and physical factors interacted to determined the impact of tillage on the redox potentials following rainfall.     

Twenty years of tillage research in subarctic Alaska: I. Impact on soil strength, aggregation, roughness, and residue cover

Soil properties and surface characteristics affecting wind erosion can be manipulated through tillage and crop residue management. Little information exists, however, that describes the impact of long term tillage and residue management on soil properties in the subarctic region of the United States. This study examines the impact of 20 years of tillage and residue management on a broad range of physical properties that govern wind erosion processes on a silt loam in interior Alaska. A strip plot experimental design was established in 1983 and included intensive tillage (autumn and spring disk), spring disk, autumn chisel plow, and no tillage with straw either retained on or removed from the soil surface. Soil and residue properties measured after sowing barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in May 2004 included penetration resistance, soil water content, shear stress, bulk density, random roughness, aggregate size distribution, and residue cover and biomass. No tillage was characterized by larger aggregates, greater soil strength (penetration resistance and shear stress), wetter soil, and greater residue cover compared to all other tillage treatments. Despite crop failures the previous 2 years, crop residue management influenced residue biomass and cover, but not soil properties. Autumn chisel and spring disk appeared to be viable minimum tillage options to intensive tillage in controlling erosion. Autumn chisel and spring disk promoted greater roughness, aggregation, and residue cover as compared with intensive tillage. Although no tillage appeared to be the most effective management strategy for mitigating wind erosion, no tillage was not a sustainable practice due to lack of weed control. No tillage also resulted in the formation of an organic layer on the soil surface over the past 20 years, which has important ramifications for long term crop production in the subarctic where the mean annual temperature is <0 °C.     

Effect of planting date and tillage system on soybean root growth

Soil erosion and moisture retention are major concerns of soybean growers. Conservation tillage provides residue cover to reduce soil loss and water evaporation. This study was conducted on a Tiptonville silt loam near Portageville, MO, USA. to determine the effect of tillage system and planting date on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] root growth and distribution. Tillage systems were conventional (clean) tillage, ridge tillage, and no‐tillage. ‘Essex’ soybean was planted on 14 May, 15 June, and 7 July in 1992 and 12 May, 2 June, and 21 June in 1993. Roots were observed 30 and 60 days after emergence (DAE) using a minirhizotron system. Stand density was not affected by tillage in either year or by planting date in 1992. Tillage did not effect rooting depth in either year. In 1992, rooting depth 30 DAE was greater for the 14 May planting date than for either of the other two planting dates. No other planting date effects on rooting depth were found. Among soil depths, root length density (RLD) was greatest for the 14 to 26 cm depth in 1992 and for the 0 to 13 cm depth in 1993. Neither tillage system nor planting date affected RLD in either year and there was no interaction between these main effects and soil depths. The largest changes in RLD (CRLD) were observed in the 14 to 26 cm and 27 to 39 cm depths in 1992 and the 0 to 13 cm depth in 1993. Tillage did not planting date in 1992 and the 12 May and 2 June planting dates in 1993 produced the highest yields. Tillage did not affect yield and there was no interaction between tillage and planting date.     

民勤绿洲灌区保护性耕作对土壤风蚀的影响

[目的]研究绿洲灌区保护性耕作对土壤风蚀的影响,评估保护性耕作在该区防治农田土壤风蚀的作用,为揭示相关机理提供参考。[方法]以甘肃省民勤治沙综合试验站为例,通过野外风洞试验,以传统耕作为对照,分析保护性耕作对风速廓线、风沙流结构(输沙量)、风蚀量的影响。[结果]保护性耕作近地表风速降低,大风时近地表风速随高度增加仍均匀增大,与传统耕作迅速增大不同,从而阻止风沙流结构出现"象鼻效应",输沙量在0—20 cm减小最为明显,土壤风蚀量减小。随试验风速的增大,保护性耕作土壤风蚀减小的程度越大。[结论]绿洲灌区保护性耕作能有效防止土壤风蚀,其中,立茬地表风速降低最多,输沙量、风蚀量较小,实施简便,适宜推广应用。     

坡耕地地表糙度对降水分配的实验研究

地表糙度指地表微小的高低起伏变化,是人为土地管理与土壤侵蚀共同作用的结果,可以影响降雨过程中水分转化与土壤侵蚀过程。该文以直线坡为对照,借助3种常见耕作管理措施（人工锄耕、人工掏挖与等高耕作）产生不同水平的地表糙度,结合人工模拟降雨试验研究地表糙度水分转化效应。结果表明:长历时人工降雨条件下,地表糙度可以强化降雨向土壤水分转化。其强化入渗作用表现为:增加地表填洼量,增大入渗水头与入渗深度,滞后产流时间,削减径流量,进而提高入渗率及水分转化率。坡耕地地表糙度与填洼量成指数关系,与平均入渗率及水分转化率成对数关系。     

耕作侵蚀及其对土壤肥力和作物产量的影响研究进展

在坡耕地景观内,由于农耕工具和重力作用而引起的耕作位移使土壤发生向下坡运动或向上坡运动(依赖于耕作方向),导致净余土壤量向下坡传输、堆积,重新分配,从而形成耕作侵蚀。试验研究表明耕作侵蚀是坡耕地的主要侵蚀形式之一,耕作侵蚀发生最严重的区域是坡度较大、坡体短的坡耕地。该文就耕作侵蚀的概念、发生机理、典型的耕作侵蚀模型的发展,以及耕作侵蚀对土壤肥力和作物产量影响的研究现状作了简要论述,特别总结了针对中国的地貌和耕作工具特征而进行的耕作侵蚀的研究成果。指出在一定的景观范围内,耕作侵蚀是十分严重的,甚至其严重程度已经超过了水蚀。但是相对于水蚀而言,耕作侵蚀研究还很少,因此加强耕作侵蚀的研究是十分必要的。只有这样才能正确评价农耕地侵蚀状况,准确制定土壤保持措施和采用减少耕作侵蚀力的耕作工具,从而有效地控制土壤侵蚀。     

Wind erosion roughness index response to observation spacing and measurement distance

The cumulative shelter angle distribution (CSAD) is a physically-based roughness index that can be used to estimate the amount of soil surface impacted by saltating sand grains which produce wind erosion. But little is known of how observation spacing and other measurement factors affect CSAD estimates. This study was designed to determine the effect of observation spacing and range of influence (distances within which calculations are made) on CSAD parameters. Soil surface roughness measurements were made using a laser profile meter on a chiselled sandy clay loam soil after seven levels of simulated precipitation applied at four intensities. In this study, the different rainfall amounts and intensities were used only to create different roughness levels. Calculations were made on replicated plots using five observation spacings ranging from 4 to 48 mm in directions parallel and perpendicular to the tillage direction and ranges of influence of 150, 300, 400 and 600 mm. Calculations of roughness using different observation spacings and range of influence produced significant differences (P≤0.05) in CSAD estimates. Each observation spacing tested was different from all others. Ranges of influence of 300 mm or more produced similar CSAD parameter values. Estimates of the fraction of the soil surface susceptible to wind erosion decreased as the observation spacing decreased. When measured parallel to tillage, 92% of the soil surface was susceptible to abrasion when the observation spacing was 48 mm but 54% of the surface was susceptible when the observation spacing was 6 mm, suggesting roughness elements as small as 6 mm offer protection to the soil surface if they are nonerodible.     

垦植方式对山地果园水土流失的影响

应用径流小区法,长期（1996-2006）定位研究福建中部尤溪县垦植方式对山地果园水土流失的影响,结果表明：1）该地区11年平均年降雨量1575.5mm,平均年蒸发量1461.1mm,5月、6月、8月是强降雨高发期,也是水土流失防治的关键期;2）在山地果园开发中,平台开垦的径流系数为0.0688,明显小于顺坡开垦（0.2865）;3）植草能使果园0-30cm土层的土壤含水量提高0.8％-0.9％;4）顺坡清耕区侵蚀模数为2388.2t／（km^2·a）,梯台清耕区土壤侵蚀量达10.3kg/m,土壤侵蚀主要源于台壁受冲刷,顺坡植草区、梯台植草区基本不发生土壤侵蚀。     

东北黑土区典型坡面耕作侵蚀定量分析

东北黑土区水土流失主要集中在坡耕地,以往研究多关注水蚀而忽略了耕作侵蚀的存在。为印证并定量描述黑土耕作侵蚀,该文采用物理示踪法,测定了典型坡耕地耕作位移量及其分布格局。结果表明:铧式犁耕作后示踪剂沿耕作方向发生扩散,上坡耕作示踪剂集中分布在0~20 cm范围,而下坡耕作示踪剂集中分布在0~20和50~150 cm。一次耕作引起的耕作位移量为32.68~134.14 kg/m,耕作迁移系数234 kg/m。坡度是影响耕作位移的重要因素,二者呈显著的正相关关系,且对上坡耕作的影响大于下坡耕作。研究区耕作年侵蚀速率0.4~11.0 Mg/(hm2·a),凸起的坡背、坡肩处及坡度较大的位置侵蚀严重。虽然黑土区坡度较小,但由于耕作深度大,速度快,耕作侵蚀严重,应引起足够重视。     

Influences of tillage operations on soil translocation over sloping land by hoeing tillage

Very few studies have investigated the factors affecting soil displacement and tillage erosion by hoeing tillage. This study adopted a magnetic tracer method to investigate the influences of hoe form and tillage depth on soil translocation over steep hillslopes in Southwest China using a new type of magnetic tracer, i.e., ilmenite powder. Ilmenite powder enhanced the magnetic sensitivity of soil at the end position of tracer distribution, and improved the accuracy and efficiency of tillage translocation measurements. Tillage translocation by wide and perforated hoes was found to be significantly correlated with slope gradient (P < 0.01), however, no significant correlation was found for narrow and bidentate hoe tillage (P > 0.05). Compared with wide hoes, the tillage erosion rates resulting from the use of narrow, perforated and bidentate hoes were reduced by 12.4%, 11.0%, and 16.3%, respectively, indicating that changes in hoe forms resulted in a marked decrease in downslope soil translocation and tillage erosion. Tillage erosion rate decreased by 64% when the tillage depth was reduced from 0.26 to 0.14 m. These results suggest that innovations in hoe form and reductions in tillage depth are important means to manage tillage erosion due to hoeing.     

Soil erosion in Norway. An overview of measurements from soil loss plots

Abstract. Since 1980 soil erosion by water on agricultural areas has been measured in plot experiments conducted at the Department of Soil and Water Sciences at the Agricultural University of Norway. Meltwater in spring is the most serious erosive agent but rainfall on nearly saturated soil and hare soil also has a considerable erosive effect. Erosion as a result of heavy rainfall in the growing season occurs occasionally. A high proportion of water-stable aggregates and a high content of clay and humus are characteristics of a soil with good resistance to emsion. Tillage has a strong influence on soil loss and it has been found that spring tillage reduces the annual soil loss by 90% compared with autumn ploughing.     

北京市保护性耕作防治土壤风蚀的效果研究

对北京市昌平区耕地少耕、残茬覆盖防治风蚀效果的试验研究结果表明:与传统的秋翻耕地相比,少耕、残茬覆盖能够减小农田土壤风蚀量,尤其对减小18m/s以上大风侵蚀效果显著。秋翻地风蚀量是留茬地风蚀量的几倍甚至几十倍,残茬量对风蚀量的影响有一临界值,当地表覆盖的残茬量达到这个数值时风蚀量即明显减小。土壤中大粒径团聚体含量的增加能够减小风蚀量。我国北方雨水量较少的地区,降雨后形成地表结皮,如果结皮后长时间不再降雨导致地表干燥和土块少,反而会使风蚀量增大。土壤含水率和地表残茬覆盖共同影响着土壤的风蚀量。     

黄土区坡耕地土壤结皮对入渗的影响

黄土高原地区,坡面土壤水分是生态建设的关键问题。以黄土高原坡耕地人为管理方式为背景,在室内人工模拟降雨条件下采用等高耕作和人工掏挖两种措施,并且设计直线坡作为对照,研究不同耕作措施下土壤结皮的形成特征,同时从降雨-入渗的角度研究两种类型结皮(结构结皮和沉积结皮)对坡面土壤水分入渗的影响。研究结果表明:土壤结皮阻碍坡面土壤水分入渗,结皮坡面产流时间早,且土壤累积入渗量明显低于无结皮坡面;采用Kostiakov模型、Horton模型、蒋定生模型对坡面土壤水分入渗过程进行优化模拟的结果表明蒋定生模型适用于描述本研究坡面土壤水分入渗的特征;耕作措施造成的微地形对土壤结皮的类型有很大影响,在洼地径流携带泥沙堆积形成沉积结皮,地势较高处降雨雨滴直接打击形成结构结皮。研究两种类型结皮发现,沉积结皮相对于结构结皮密度高且孔隙度低,并且两种类型结皮对坡面土壤水分入渗的影响存在差异,沉积结皮平均减渗效应为37.13%,结构结皮平均减渗效应为19.79%,因此,沉积结皮更大程度影响坡面土壤水分入渗。     

作物残茬对农田土壤风蚀的影响

通过对不同留茬高度对地表风速的影响以及留残茬(保护性耕作主要方式)、旋耕和常规翻耕3种耕作方式对土壤风蚀的影响进行比较研究,得出如下结果:留茬高度对地表风速的影响程度不明显,仅与地面有无留茬有关,留茬20cm左右即可有效降低地表风速,减少田间扬沙,抵抗土壤风蚀,是比较适宜的留茬高度;留茬(保护性耕作)、旋耕和常规翻耕3种耕作方式对田间扬沙情况的影响差异明显,其中在60cm高度以内,留茬比常规翻耕减少田间扬沙量34.9%,比旋耕方式减少61.5%,因此,留茬(保护性耕作)是一种有效防止农田土壤风蚀的耕作方式。