耕作侵蚀研究述评

耕作位移和耕作侵蚀主要是在重力作用下,由耕作工具触发的土壤侵蚀;是造成坡耕地土壤重新分布和坡耕地土壤侵蚀的重要过程之一;对坡面地形演化、土壤性质改变、土壤养分流失与重新分布、土地生产力降低、土壤碳储存变化等都有重要影响.在以往研究的基础上,总结耕作侵蚀的基本过程和机制、研究方法、影响因素和侵蚀速率的研究进展,讨论目前研究中的不足与未来可能的研究方向.不同于风蚀和水蚀,耕作侵蚀发生的动力条件是人为影响,而非自然发生的降水或风力;因而,其侵蚀过程和机制、研究方法、影响因素、侵蚀速率分布等均不同于风蚀和水蚀.耕作侵蚀主要受人为和自然因素的影响,人为因素驱动耕作侵蚀发生,坡面是耕作侵蚀的地形基础.人为因素主要有耕作工具特性、耕作方向、速度和深度等;自然因素主要包括坡面的形状和尺寸、地形、坡度和土壤性质等.强烈的耕作侵蚀主要发生在坡面上部和坡面曲率剧烈变化的部位.耕作侵蚀研究主要通过基于示踪技术的实测方法,结合模型预测开展.由于耕作侵蚀、风蚀和水蚀的研究方法各成体系,通用方法较少,因而,多营力侵蚀研究难度巨大.以137 Cs为代表的核素在研究水蚀、风蚀和耕作侵蚀中均表现出独特的优势,为区分多营力侵蚀中各种侵蚀的速率和贡献提供了新的可能.     

Rainfall simulator for tillage research in the tropics

A new concept is proposed that enables rainfall simulation to be carried out in the tropics, where technical facilities and know-how are usually limited. A rainfall simulator developed on the basis of this concept produced uniform rainfall intensities (uniformity coefficient, C_u, 0.8–1.0) of 4–5, 5–6, 6–7 and 7–8 mm/h on areas of 131, 88, 25 and 8.6 m², respectively. Possibilities of using the rainfall simulator for erosion research are discussed.     

Farmer field preparation and tillage practices. Implications for fertilizer technology research

The purpose of this paper is to show how information from diagnostic research on small farmer decision-making about land preparation and tillage pratices may be integrated into experimental research on the design and evaluation of fertilizer technology. Analysis of different land preparation and tillage practices used by farmers in cassava production in Cauca department, Colombia is utilized to develop a model of farmers' decision-making in the choice of tillage techniques.

The decision model indicates that manual tillage practices which involve only partial field tillage are a response to relatively fixed constraints, which imply that it may be difficult for farmers facing these constraints to adopt fertilizer technology which requires full field tillage. Variables associated with choice of tillage method are identified and related to implications for experimental evaluation of fertilizer technology and the distribution of benefits from this research. The findings illustrate that diagnostic research on the agro-socioeconomic constraints faced by small farmers can alert researchers to limiting factors which require recognition in the design and testing of agricultural technology, in order to facilitate rapid and effective adoption by a majority of small farmers.     

冷寒风沙区保护性耕作种植试验

该文对冷寒风沙区实施保护性耕作技术种植春小麦试验进行了评价和分析。试验结果表明在冷寒风沙区实施保护性耕作技术是可行的，取得了良好的增产效益、节本效益及社会效益。保护性耕作技术所用机具性能可靠，并能通过秸秆残茬覆盖的地表，实现化肥深施和免耕播种。试验结果为环京津数十个高原县的抗旱增收和治理沙尘暴提供了可靠的经验。     

Ridge tillage and contour natural grass barrier strips reduce tillage erosion

Large amounts of soil are eroded annually from tilled, hilly upland soils in the humid tropics. Awareness has been increasing that much of this erosion may be due to tillage operations rather than water-induced soil movement. This field study estimated soil translocation and tillage erosion for four tillage systems on Oxisols with slope gradients of 16–22% at Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. Soil movement was estimated using ‘soil movement tracers' (SMT) which consisted of painted 12-mm hexagonal steel nuts. The SMT were buried in three replicate plots of the following tillage treatments: (1) contour moldboard plowing in the open field (MP-open); (2) contour ridge tillage in the open field (RT-open); (3) contour moldboard plowing plus contour natural grass barrier strips (MP-strip); and (4) contour natural grass barrier strips plus ridge tillage (RT-strip). Two hundred SMT were placed at the 5-cm depth at 5-cm spacings on 10 rows and 20 columns in two microplots within each plot. The microplots were oriented with the boundaries running downslope and along the contour of each 8-m-wide × 38-m-long (downslope) tillage plot. After tilling the land for four successive corn (Zea mays L.) crops (20 tillage operations), the SMT were manually excavated and their positions recorded. Recovery of SMT ranged from 82% to 85%. Displacement of SMT was directly related to slope length, percent slope, and tillage method. Mean displacement distance of SMT during the four corn growing seasons was 3.3 m for MP-open, 1.8 m for RT-open, 1.5 m for the RT-strip, and 2.2 m for MP-strip. Based on tillage operations associated with two corn crops per year, mean annual soil flux was estimated to be 241, 131, 158 and 112 kg m⁻¹ for MP-open, RT-open MP-strip, and RT-strip, respectively. Compared to the mean annual soil loss for MP-open of 63 Mg ha⁻¹, soil loss was reduced by 30%, 45%, and 53% for the MP-strip, RT-open, and RT-strip systems, respectively. Both ridge tillage and natural grass barrier strips reduced soil displacement, soil translocation flux, and tillage erosion rates.     

A conservation tillage research update from the Coastal plain soil and water conservation research center of South Carolina: A review of previous research

In the U.S. Southeastern Coastal Plains conservation tillage (CT) became useful as a management system with the development of in-row subsoiling systems capable of planting into heavy residues. Research priorities associated with the development of CT included: reducing cover crop water loss, improving stand establishment, assessing nutrient and water management requirements, determining optimal subsoiling strategies, understanding long-term conservation tillage effects on soil properties, evaluating the interaction of crop residue removal with tillage systems, and documenting tillage impact on pests and beneficial organisms. Since the late 1970s the Coastal Plains Soil and Water Conservation Research Center in Florence, SC has made a concerted effort to study these interactions and alleviate them as obstructions to the use of CT management. These studies showed that for Coastal Plain soils such as Norfolk sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous thermic, Typic Paleudults) winter cover crops such as rye (Secale cereale L.) desiccated the soil profile by evapotranspiration in the spring. This delayed emergence and early season growth of corn (Zea mays L.) but not full-season soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Conservation tillage helped manage soil strength by gradually increasing soil organic matter content, restricting traffic patterns and maintaining higher soil water contents. Laboratory studies demonstrated a negative correlation (R²=0.85) between proctor soil strength and organic matter content. Conservation tillage affected nematode, Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Heliothis species populations. Alternate cropping systems using rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) as a winter crop or sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) either before soybean or after corn provided crop cover against potential soil loss from late autumn through early spring, when bare soil is exposed to intense rainfall. Water quality questions associated with CT have been raised but remain unanswered. Although CT can reduce runoff and erosion, the crop residues can support higher insect populations and pathogen inoculum levels, and thus prompt greater pesticide use. Quantifying relationships between soil strength, macropore formation and persistence, and water infiltration with surface and subsurface water quality is the focus of new long-term evaluations. The findings of these studies, published to date, are summarized in this paper.     

转变耕作方式对长期旋免耕农田土壤有机碳库的影响

土壤深松是解决长期旋免耕农田耕层浅薄化、亚表层（>15～30 cm）容重增加等问题的有效方法之一,而将长期旋免耕农田进行深松必然导致农业生态系统中土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon,SOC）及碳固定速率的变化。因此,为对比将长期旋免耕转变为深松前后农田土壤有机碳库变化,该研究利用连续12a 的旋耕和免耕长期定位试验以及在此基础上连续6 a旋耕-深松和免耕-深松定位试验,对比了转变耕作方式对农田土壤0～30 cm有机碳含量、周年累积速率及其固碳量的影响。研究结果表明,经过连续12 a的旋耕和免耕处理（2002－2014）,2014年免耕处理土壤0～30 cm有机碳储量比试验初期（2002年）提高38%,旋耕处理降低了30%,而对照常规处理无显著差异。免耕处理土壤0～30 cm有机碳储量比旋耕处理高约2.6倍（2014年）。长期免耕显著提高了土壤0～30 cm的有机碳含量,2002~2014年其土壤0～30 cm固碳量为16.69 t/hm2,但长期旋耕导致土壤0～30 cm SOC含量显著降低,表现为土壤有机碳的净损耗,年损耗速率为?0.75 t/hm2。而长期旋耕后进行深松（旋耕-深松处理）6年其土壤0～30 cm的有机碳含量较原旋耕处理提高32%～67%,且显著提高了土壤固碳量及周年累积速率;免耕-深松土壤0～30 cm的有机碳周年累积速率较免耕处理下降了42%。长期旋耕造成有机碳水平下降的条件下,将旋耕处理转变为深松处理在短期内更有利于促进土壤有机碳的积累,而将长期免耕处理转变为深松措施,降低了土壤有机碳的累积速率和固碳量。     

双轴旋耕碎土试验台设计与分层耕作试验

针对现有耕作试验台难以满足双轴耕作部件测试的需求、室内测试重塑土难以反映作业现场真实环境的问题,设计了一种集前轴正转抛土、后轴反转碎土功能于一体的双轴旋耕碎土田间移动式试验台,可实现前后刀轴相对位置及转速比的实时调整.阐述了整机工作原理,分析了前后刀轴相对位置的调节范围、碎土刀轴位置调节机构结构参数、旋耕刀轴调速装置的...