基于遥感和GIS的农牧交错带生态资产定量评估——以宁夏盐池县为例

自2003年宁夏全境实行禁牧政策以来,处于农牧交错带的盐池县生态与环境变化受到广泛关注。利用2000年、2005年、2010年TM/ETM⁺和MODIS NDVI数据,定量反演生态参数,计算3个时点的生态资产,评估禁牧政策的环境影响。结果表明：盐池县生态资产总值分别为1.62×10⁸、2.15×10⁸、2.70×10⁸元;生态系统服务功能中水土保持价值比重最大,其中贡献最大的土地利用/覆盖类型为占研究区总面积最大的草地;单位面积生态资产价值最高的为旱地,10 a间生态资产总体呈递增趋势,东南部黄土丘陵区增幅明显,说明过去10 a来禁牧政策有助于生态资产的增加,环境质量总体趋好。     

近20 a塔里木河干流区土地利用变化特征

基于GIS技术及景观生态学原理,利用塔里木河干流区4期（1990年、2000年、2005年和2008年）土地利用遥感影像解译数据,研究近20 a塔里木河干流区土地利用的变化特征。结果表明：塔里木河治理后的10 a干流耕地面积增加了1.03×10⁵ hm²,耕地动态度增加较大,盐碱地面积增加了7.13×10⁴ hm²,较治理前增速呈减缓态势;草地面积约减小了4.91×10⁵ hm²,林地、水域面积呈先增加后减小的趋势,但两者动态度减小。沙地、盐碱地的动态度减小,表明塔里木河综合治理基本抑制了干流区盐碱地、沙地面积增加的速度。同时,土地利用类型转移的方向主要是草地、林地、耕地、沙地之间的相互转化。塔里木河综合治理引起干流区水资源的再分配,对耕地、林地和盐碱地面积的变化影响较大;从各景观类型指标分析,聚集度指数明显降低,说明景观破碎度和连通性降低;而多样性指数和均匀度指数增加,表明区域景观异质性增加,稳定性增大。这些变化可能导致土壤表层积盐,沼泽地面积减少。本研究将有助于对综合治理工程的实施效果进行综合评估。     

塔里木河干流河道生态需水量研究

基于有序聚类法,在对1957-2006年塔里木河干流径流序列受人类活动显著影响突变点判别的基础上,对干流新渠满、乌斯满和恰拉3个水文断面河道逐月最小生态需水量和适宜需水量进行计算。结果表明：① 近50 a来,人类活动对干流水资源影响程度不断增大,1976年前的径流量可以近似看作自然状态;② 新渠满、乌斯满和恰拉河道年最小需水量分别为17.68×10⁸ m³、10.02×10⁸ m³和3.29×10⁸ m³,年适宜需水量分别为35.65×10⁸ m³、18.23×10⁸ m³和7.00×10⁸ m³;③一般用水期（10月至翌年3月）保证新渠满、乌斯满和恰拉河道最小需水量5.33×10⁸ m³、3.77×10⁸ m³和1.32×10⁸ m³,用水敏感期（4-9月）保证适宜需水量28.99×10⁸ m³、13.70×10⁸ m³和5.09×10⁸ m³即可确保干流河道生态系统健康。     

祁连山地区土地利用变化对碳储量的影响及经济价值估算

人类活动是土地利用变化的主要驱动因素，土地利用/覆盖变化通过影响陆地生态系统的结构和功能间接影响生态服务价值。本文基于土地利用转移矩阵和动态度分析了2000—2020年祁连山地区土地利用变化特征，应用InVEST模型估算了祁连山地区生态系统的碳储量，结合复利现值公式估算了各时期碳储量经济价值。结果表明：(1)2000—2020年草地和未利用地是祁连山地区的主要土地利用类型，占土地利用类型总面积80%以上，且两者之间转换最为显著。因人类活动加剧和城市化进程的推进，祁连山地区林地和未利用地面积减少，其他地类面积增加；(2)由于该地适宜的地理环境、植被保护力度的加强与人工管理的作用，2000—2020年祁连山地区碳储量增加44.26×10⁴t，并呈“西北低，东南高”的空间分布特征，与土地利用类型分布显著相关。其中，耕地、草地和水域碳储量增加73.1×10⁴t，林地和未利用地碳储量减少28.8×10⁴t;(3)2000—2020年祁连山地区碳储量经济价值由2325.9×10⁶元增加至3908.8×10     

塔里木河流域旱灾发生规律

通过1949-2010年塔里木河流域干旱灾害资料,研究了塔里木河流域干旱灾害的频次和旱情,采用波谱分析方法进行了周期分析。结果表明：1949-2010年,塔里木河流域有记载的干旱灾害共59次,平均每1.04 a发生1次。在59次的灾害中,特大旱灾、重大旱灾、中度旱灾、轻度旱灾分别为10次、25次、11次、13次,分别占16.96%、42.37%、18.64 %和22.04%,3级以上大旱灾共发生35次,平均每1.75 a发生1次,占干旱灾害发生年总数的59.32%。塔里木河流域1990-2010年受旱率超过20% 的有14 a,受旱率和成灾率最高的年份为1993年,分别为37.5%和17.3%。受旱率超过 25%、成灾率超过15%的有3 a,分别是1993、2001年和2002年,平均7 a一遇;每5 a不同级别平均受旱面积依次为2.65×10⁵、2.22×10⁵、3.23×10⁵ hm²和3.53×10⁵ hm²; 平均成灾面积分别为1.22×10⁵、1.05×10⁵、1.78×10⁵hm²和2.31×10⁵hm²。塔里木河流域在1950-2010年存在准2 a、准3 a、准6 a、准13 a的周期,且准2 a、准3 a的周期相当显著,置信度分别达99%和95%。     

宁夏水土保持生态补偿优先区识别

水土保持服务功能下的生态补偿优先区识别的研究，对建立适宜当地生态发展的水土保持生态补偿体系具有重要参考意义。以宁夏为研究区，运用InVEST模型评估水源涵养、土壤保持和碳储存三项主要水土保持服务功能，并进行价值化表达；综合考虑各区县生态补偿优先级和生态脆弱性指数，对全区水土保持生态补偿优先区进行空间识别。研究表明：2000年、2010年、2020年宁夏水土保持价值分别为2478.9×10⁸元、2661.7×10⁸元、2958.5×10⁸元，总体呈现不断增长趋势；在空间上呈现南高北低的空间分布特征，其最高值位于泾源县，最低值位于金凤区；全区20 a来水土保持优先补偿区动态变化差异较小，补偿优先区主要位于生态价值高、经济落后的南部地区，而生态补偿次级优先区则位于中部和北部生态价值较低、经济水平较高区域。对生态补偿优先区进行补偿能够有效提高生态补偿的效率，促进区域生态环境和经济社会可持续发展。     

汾河流域土地利用变化及生态环境效应

选取汾河流域为研究区，采用土地利用动态度、地学信息图谱、生态价值指数和植被覆盖度综合分析研究区2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年及2018年土地利用变化及生态环境影响效应问题。结果表明：（1）2000—2018年，流域建设用地、林地呈现增长趋势，增长面积分别为1350.90 km²、85.50 km²，增长率分别为92.83%、0.96%；耕地、草地出现小幅下降趋势，缩减面积分别为729 km²、674.10 km²，缩减率分别为-5.02%、-7.63%；水域及未利用土地维持多年平均水平，平均面积为297 km²、7.92 km²。空间格局呈现建设用地、耕地集中于流域核心区，草地、林地集中于边缘区的分异特征。（2）各时序综合土地利用动态度、土地转移图谱、土地利用涨落势变化近似，显著变化区主要位于流域盆地及其与山地过渡区，多年综合土地利用动态度为4.34%，单一土地利用动态度及土地利用涨势幅度最高的是建设用地及林地。（3）基于不同的主导土地利用...     

基于InVEST模型的祁连山国家级自然保护区土壤保持现状与功能

运用InVEST模型,对甘肃祁连山自然保护区土壤保持现状与功能进行了定量评估,分析了不同土地利用、海拔高度、坡度以及土壤类型下的保土状况。结果表明：2015年甘肃祁连山自然保护区土壤侵蚀量与土壤保持量分别为1.67×10⁸ t、4.21×10⁸ t。从侵蚀面积来看,保护区以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,占总面积的63.95%;虽草地的土壤保持能力弱于其他自然植被类型,但草地是土壤保持总量最高的土地利用类型;不同海拔梯度下的土壤保持总量随海拔增加呈现先增后减的趋势,保护区内海拔2 500~3 500 m的土壤保持功能最好;栗钙土的土壤保持量最高,黑毡土在草原土壤类型中土壤保持强度较低;坡度为15°~25°的区域土壤保持量最大,占土壤保持总量的31.93%;甘肃祁连山保护区生态系统减少泥沙淤积和减少土地废弃的价值分别为5.76×10⁸元和1.44×10⁸元,保护区内林草地保肥价值为9.03×10¹⁰元。     

关中-天水经济区农田生态系统服务价值评价

生态系统服务价值作为一种潜在的经济效益,常被人们忽略,造成经济价值在无形中大量损失,本研究目的在于定量分析生态系统的服务价值。在GIS和RS的支持下,根据生态系统服务评价理论,采用生态经济学方法,计算2007年关中-天水经济区范围内农田生态系统的生态服务价值量。关中-天水经济区农田生态系统的总价值量为2.392×1012元,其中负价值为2.457×1011元,正负价值比例达10.88∶1。咸阳市的农田生态系统服务价值贡献率最大,占46%,其次是渭南市,占20%;渭南市的生态负价值贡献率最大,其次是铜川市。总体上看,关中-天水经济区农田生态系统服务价值呈现一定的空间区域差异,表现为平原服务价值高,山地服务价值低。服务价值高低主要受地势、综合地理条件、农业种植技术及环境污染程度的影响。     

莱氏绿僵菌Mr006鉴定及对草地贪夜蛾致病力

收集草地贪夜蛾致病性莱氏绿僵菌,丰富昆虫病原真菌资源,为草地贪夜蛾绿色防控生防制剂开发提供依据。采用形态学和ITS-r DNA序列分析相结合的方法对菌株Mr006进行了鉴定,以浸渍法生物测定了该菌株对草地贪夜蛾幼虫和蛹的致病力,并进行了田间应用效果评价。结果表明,分离的Mr006菌株鉴定为莱氏绿僵菌;该菌株对草地贪夜蛾幼虫、蛹均有致病力,用孢子浓度为1×10⁷孢子/mL接种后,1～5龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别为91.16%、88.38%、70.71%、53.03%和22.73%,蛹的校正死亡率为76.26%;对草地贪夜蛾1～5龄幼虫和蛹的LC₅₀分别为3.55×10⁴、8.23×10⁴、3.63×10⁶、4.16×10⁷、4.23×10⁸和2.57×10⁵孢子/mL;用孢子浓度为1×10⁸孢子/mL接种后,1～5龄幼虫和蛹的LT₅₀值分别缩短至3.47、3.94、4.90、...     

黄土高原森林草原区退耕还林还草土壤保持效应评估

黄土高原地处生态过渡带和环境脆弱区,区内大范围的土壤侵蚀严重影响了当地的生态环境。以黄土高原森林草原区为研究对象,应用修正通用土壤流失方程,根据2000、2005、2010年气象数据及土地利用等数据,从不同坡度、植被覆盖度、土地利用类型评估了黄土高原森林草原区退耕还林还草工程的土壤保持效应。结果表明,(1)随着退耕还林还草工程的实施,林地和草地面积明显增加,分别增加2 219.41 km~2、2 205.27 km~2,研究区植被覆盖度逐渐改善。(2)2000—2010年土壤保持量增加2.41亿t,单位面积土壤保持量由3 033.15 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1)增加至5 114.86 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1),土壤保持效应显著提升。(3)研究区土壤保持效应与植被覆盖度呈正相关关系,在不同土地利用类型中,林地、草地和耕地具有较高的土壤保持效应,单位面积土壤保持量分别为5 405.57、3 598.41、3 078.81 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1)。退耕还林还草工程的实施提升了区域的土壤保持效应,但是,区内东北部由于矿产资源开采导致的植被破坏、地表塌陷以及土壤侵蚀问题亟待解决。     

基于RS与GIS的定西市安定区土地利用变化与土壤侵蚀研究

利用1993年和2005年两期的遥感影像数据,在GIS软件支持下,计算了定西市安定区的植被覆盖度和土地利用类型;利用栅格数字高程模型DEM,计算安定区的地表坡度,最终对安定区的土壤侵蚀进行分级.定量分析了定西市安定区的土地利用及土壤侵蚀的时空动态特征,研究结果表明:12年来林草地、建设用地、水域面积增加,其中林草地和建...     

基于InVEST模型的祁连山国家级自然保护区土壤保持现状与功能

运用InVEST模型,对甘肃祁连山自然保护区土壤保持现状与功能进行了定量评估,分析了不同土地利用、海拔高度、坡度以及土壤类型下的保土状况。结果表明:2015年甘肃祁连山自然保护区土壤侵蚀量与土壤保持量分别为1. 67×10^8t、4.21×10^8t。从侵蚀面积来看,保护区以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,占总面积的63.95%;虽草地的土壤保持能力弱于其他自然植被类型,但草地是土壤保持总量最高的土地利用类型;不同海拔梯度下的土壤保持总量随海拔增加呈现先增后减的趋势,保护区内海拔2 500~3 500 m的土壤保持功能最好;栗钙土的土壤保持量最高,黑毡土在草原土壤类型中土壤保持强度较低;坡度为15°~25°的区域土壤保持量最大,占土壤保持总量的31.93%;甘肃祁连山保护区生态系统减少泥沙淤积和减少土地废弃的价值分别为5. 76×10^8元和1. 44×10^8元,保护区内林草地保肥价值为9. 03×10^10元。     

拮抗内生细菌Bacillus mojavensisZA1在马铃薯根内及根际的定殖动态及其对土壤微生物的影响

利用GFP标记和平板分离法研究了拮抗内生细菌Bacillus mojavensisZA1在马铃薯根内及根际的定殖动态及其对土著微生物的影响。结果表明,标记菌株ZA1-gfp在土壤中定殖数量为3.7×10⁴~7.3×10⁴cfu/g;马铃薯根际为3.0×10³~1.5×10⁵cfu/g,根内为49~630cfu/g;马铃薯的根部横切面、根毛和根表皮等部位均观察到发绿色荧光的菌株ZA1-gfp菌体或聚集菌落。利用灌根法施入生防菌后,土壤中细菌、放射菌数量显著增加(P<0.05),土壤真菌数量在中期下降;土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量分别在相对稳定范围内(数据之间差异不显著)消长。该结果说明菌株ZA1-gfp能够在马铃薯根内及根际定殖且不影响土壤中土著微生物的群落稳定性。     

Scenario simulation of water retention services under land use/cover and climate changes: a case study of the Loess Plateau,China

Comprehensive assessments of ecosystem services in environments under the influences of human activities and climate change are critical for sustainable regional ecosystem management. Therefore, integrated interdisciplinary modelling has become a major focus of ecosystem service assessment. In this study, we established a model that integrates land use/cover change (LUCC), climate change, and water retention services to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations of water retention services in the Loess Plateau of China in the historical period (2000-2015) and in the future (2020-2050). An improved Markov-Cellular Automata (Markov-CA) model was used to simulate land use/land cover patterns, and ArcGIS 10.2 software was used to simulate and assess water retention services from 2000 to 2050 under six combined scenarios, including three land use/land cover scenarios (historical scenario (HS), ecological protection scenario (EPS), and urban expansion scenario (UES)) and two climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, where RCP is the representative concentration pathway). LUCCs in the historical period (2000-2015) and in the future (2020-2050) are dominated by transformations among agricultural land, urban land and grassland. Urban land under UES increased significantly by 0.63×10³ km²/a, which was higher than the increase of urban land under HS and EPS. In the Loess Plateau, water yield decreased by 17.20×10⁶ mm and water retention increased by 0.09×10⁶ mm in the historical period (2000-2015), especially in the Interior drainage zone and its surrounding areas. In the future (2020-2050), the pixel means of water yield is higher under RCP4.5 scenario (96.63 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario (95.46 mm), and the pixel means of water retention is higher under RCP4.5 scenario (1.95 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario (1.38 mm). RCP4.5-EPS shows the highest total water retention capacity on the plateau scale among the six combined scenarios, with the value of 1.27×10⁶ mm. Ecological restoration projects in the Loess Plateau have enhanced soil and water retention. However, more attention needs to be paid not only to the simultaneous increase in water retention services and evapotranspiration but also to the type and layout of restored vegetation. Furthermore, urbanization needs to be controlled to prevent uncontrollable LUCCs and climate change. Our findings provide reference data for the regional water and land resources management and the sustainable development of socio-ecological systems in the Loess Plateau under LUCC and climate change scenarios.     

Impact of land use/cover changes on carbon storage in a river valley in arid areas of Northwest China

Soil carbon pools could become a CO_2 source or sink, depending on the directions of land use/cover changes. A slight change of soil carbon will inevitably affect the atmospheric CO_2 concentration and consequently the climate. Based on the data from 127 soil sample sites, 48 vegetation survey plots, and Landsat TM images, we analyzed the land use/cover changes, estimated soil organic carbon(SOC) storage and vegetation carbon storage of grassland, and discussed the impact of grassland changes on carbon storage during 2000 to 2013 in the Ili River Valley of Northwest China. The results indicate that the areal extents of forestland, shrubland, moderate-coverage grassland(MCG), and the waterbody(including glaciers) decreased while the areal extents of high-coverage grassland(HCG),low-coverage grassland(LCG), residential and industrial land, and cultivated land increased. The grassland SOC density in 0–100 cm depth varied with the coverage in a descending order of HCGMCGLCG.The regional grassland SOC storage in the depth of 0–100 cm in 2013 increased by 0.25×1011 kg compared with that in 2000. The regional vegetation carbon storage(S_(rvc)) of grassland was 5.27×10~9 kg in2013 and decreased by 15.7% compared to that in 2000. The vegetation carbon reserves of the under-ground parts of vegetation(S_(ruvb)) in 2013 was 0.68×10~9 kg and increased by approximately 19.01%compared to that in 2000. This research can improve our understanding about the impact of land use/cover changes on the carbon storage in arid areas of Northwest China.     

Land use/land cover change responses to ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of Tarim River,China

The Tarim River is the longest inland river in China and is considered as an important river to protect the oasis economy and environment of the Tarim Basin. However, excessive exploitation and over-utilization of natural resources, particularly water resources, have triggered a series of ecological and environmental problems, such as the reduction in the volume of water in the main river, deterioration of water quality, drying up of downstream rivers, degradation of vegetation, and land desertification. In this study, the land use/land cover change (LUCC) responses to ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River were investigated using ENVI (Environment for Visualizing Images) and GIS (Geographic Information System) data analysis software for the period of 1990-2018. Multi-temporal remote sensing images and ecological water conveyance data from 1990 to 2018 were used. The results indicate that LUCC covered an area of 2644.34 km² during this period, accounting for 15.79% of the total study area. From 1990 to 2018, wetland, farmland, forestland, and artificial surfaces increased by 533.42 km² (216.77%), 446.68 km² (123.66%), 284.55 km² (5.67%), and 57.51 km² (217.96%), respectively, whereas areas covered by grassland and other land use/land cover types, such as Gobi, bare soil, and deserts, decreased by 103.34 km² (14.31%) and 1218.83 km² (11.75%), respectively. Vegetation area decreased first and then increased, with the order of 2010<2000<1990<2018. LUCC in the overflow and stagnant areas in the lower reaches of the Tarim River was mainly characterized by fragmentation, irregularity, and complexity. By analyzing the LUCC responses to 19 rounds of ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River from 2000 to the end of 2018, we proposed guidelines for the rational development and utilization of water and soil resources and formulation of strategies for the sustainable development of the lower reaches of the Tarim River. This study provides scientific guidance for optimal scheduling of water resources in the region.     

Response of ecosystem service value to land use/cover change in the northern slope economic belt of the Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang, China

Land use/cover change (LUCC) is becoming more and more frequent and extensive as a result of human activities, and is expected to have a major impact on human welfare by altering ecosystem service value (ESV). In this study, we utilized remote sensing images and statistical data to explore the spatial-temporal changes of land use/cover types and ESV in the northern slope economic belt of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China from 1975 to 2018. During the study period, LUCC in the study region varied significantly. Except grassland and unused land, all the other land use/cover types (cultivated land, forestland, waterbody, and construction land) increased in areas. From 1975 to 2018, the spatial-temporal variations in ESV were also pronounced. The total ESV decreased by 4.00×10⁸ CNY, which was primarily due to the reductions in the areas of grassland and unused land. Waterbody had a much higher ESV than the other land use/cover types. Ultimately, understanding the impact of LUCC on ESV and the interactions among ESV of different land use/cover types will help improve existing land use policies and provide scientific basis for developing new conservation strategies for ecologically fragile areas.