青海海北高寒嵩草草甸系统水分利用效率特征

系统水分利用效率(WUE)是高寒草甸生态系统碳水耦合及植被演替的重要指标,但其时间格局和主要环境因素仍不清楚。基于青藏高原东北隅高寒嵩草草甸的涡度相关仪器观测的CO_2和H_2O通量数据,分析了2015年植被生长季(4月-10月)的系统水分利用效率(总初级生产力/植被蒸腾)的变化特征和主要环境影响因子。结果表明,总初级生产力(GPP)和植被蒸腾具有显著的单峰季节趋势,与群落叶面积指数(LAI)显著相关。生长季日均WUE为3.24g C·kg H_2O~(-1),没有显著的季节动态,呈现出"保守型"的特征。增强回归树的结果表明光合光量子通量密度(PPFD)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)和净辐射(Rn)是其主要调控因素,与WUE显著指数负相关(r~2>0.40,p<0.001)。     

高寒草地西北针茅生长发育特征及与气象因子的关系

利用1999～2009年连续11年的定位观测数据,研究了高寒草地西北针茅的生长发育特征与气象因子的关系。结果表明,在3月中旬,如果气温升高,返青日会推迟,这主要因为高温促使土壤水分蒸发,而土壤干旱阻碍返青;返青后,如果≥0℃的积温不足或累计日照时数不足,针茅的抽穗期会推迟;开花期的当日平均气温在10～20℃,如果抽穗-...     

藏北高寒植被群落物种多样性与土壤环境因子的关系

用样带法研究了藏北高寒植被群落物种多样件及其与土壤环境因子之间的关系,对3类高寒植被多样性指数和7个土壤指标进行相关性分析和回归分析.结果表明:从高寒草原到高寒荒漠植被,群落组成逐渐趋于简单化;土壤环境因子影响多样件指数,高寒植被土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮、全磷和多样性指数及丰富度指数有极显著(P＜0.01)正关系;均匀...     

高寒草甸退化对土壤电导率变化影响的研究

土壤电导率是表征土壤水溶性盐的一个重要指标,可反映土壤盐渍化程度.为了研究高寒草甸退化对土壤电导率的影响,以三江源区未退化高寒草甸和退化高寒草甸为研究对象,系统分析了退化高寒草甸的植被特征和土壤特征与土壤电导率的相互关系.结果表明:高寒草甸退化会对土壤电导率产生显著负影响,且土壤电导率与评价高寒草甸的退化指标植被盖度、...     

祁连山海北高寒草甸紫外辐射与气象要素的关系

分析2003年祁连山海北高寒草甸地区UV-A,UV-B变化特征,以及与气象要素的相关性,并依有关要素模拟计算了UV-A,UV-B。结果表明:UV-A,UV-B日、年变化明显,年内6月达最高,12月最低。UV-A,UV-B年总量分别为138.11,35.14 M J/m2。UV-A,UV-B占DR的比例也有明显的日、年变化,中午前后(夏季)高。早晚(冷季)低,年内分别为2.17%,0.54%。UV-A,UV-B与诸多的气象因子具有一定的显著性相关,但不能说明这些气象因子与UV有直接的影响作用,事实上是受DR影响的结果。采用DR,5 cm土壤温度为预报因子,建立影响UV-A,UV-B的旬相关模拟方程,具有极显著的二元线性回归检验水平。     

我国荒漠植被生产力动态及其与水热因子的关系

为了探讨近30 a来我国干旱区荒漠植被的净初级生产力(NPP)及其与水热因子相关性随时间的变化,运用CASA(Carnegie Ames Stanford approach)模型估算我国荒漠植被1982—2015年生长季的NPP,并运用线性回归和GIS空间分析方法分析了NPP的时空变化特征,利用滑动相关系数分析了荒漠植被NPP与水热因子的关系。结果表明：① 单位面积NPP均值为42 g·m^-2·a^-1,NPP整体水平较低。空间上呈西北部、东部边缘较高,中部、南部和中东部较低的分布特征。② 荒漠植被NPP年均总量为5.783×1013g·a^-1。从荒漠植被NPP的年际变化来看,1982—2015年中国荒漠植被NPP总量以1.64×1012g·(10a)^-1的线性速率（P=0.054）上升,荒漠植被生长状况总体上不断改善,但总量趋势呈现阶段性变化,1982—1993年荒漠植被NPP总量呈极显著增长态势（1.25×1012 g·a^-1,P<0.01）; 1993—2006年NPP总量呈极显著降低态势（-6.42×1011 g·a^-1,P<0.01）; 2006—2015年NPP总量缓慢增长（1.70×1011 g·a^-1,P>0.05）。从空间变化来看,47.65%的荒漠植被NPP呈增加态势,主要分布在阿拉善高原、天山北麓、塔里木盆地西部边缘、柴达木盆地的东南边缘、阿尔金山南麓和昆仑山脉。③ 从荒漠植被NPP与各气候因子之间的相关关系随时间的变化来看,NPP与气温的滑动相关系数随时间的变化保持为负相关,与降水、干燥度的滑动相关系数保持为正相关,与太阳总辐射的滑动相关系数随时间变化并未表现出显著的变化趋势。总体上,荒漠植被与水热因子的相关关系在研究时段均有进一步减弱的态势,即荒漠植被NPP对气候因子的变化愈来愈不敏感。     

草甸草原土壤含水量对地上生物量的影响

天然草地土壤贮存的水分与降水的多少密切相关,本文通过分析内蒙古草甸草原的土壤水分与地上生物量之间的相互关系发现,土壤水分含量在整个生长季节中表现出“U”形曲线的变化特点,表层土壤的水分含量波动剧烈,对降水反应迅速,下层土壤水分含量波动幅度较小,30-40层土壤水分对植物的生长具有重要意义。     

围栏与不同放牧强度对东祁连山高寒草甸植被和土壤的影响

在东祁连山高寒草地,对围栏7年和不同放牧强度的草地进行了物种数、地上生物量、地下生物量、土壤理化性质等研究。结果表明,围栏7年的高寒草地鲜草产量为425.8 g·m-2,显著高于夏季中牧159.3 g·m-2和夏季重牧91.0 g·m-2,但与冬季轻牧、夏季轻牧差异不显著。围栏条件下的物种数为26.3种·16 m-2,显著低于其他放牧条件下的物种数,但显著高于夏季重牧条件下的物种数23.0种·16 m-2;轻度或重度放牧都会使物种数减少,夏季中牧下的物种数最高(33.5种·16 m-2)。在0~10 cm的表层土壤中,围栏7年的草地根系生物量显著高于其他放牧强度。随着放牧强度的增加,根系生物量在0~10 cm土壤中呈下降趋势,在30~40 cm土壤中则表现为升高趋势。围栏7年的土壤容重低于其他放牧强度下的土壤容重,但差异不显著;夏季重牧的土壤容重显著高于围栏7年和其他放牧强度的土壤容重。随着放牧强度的增加,0~10 cm土壤碱解氮增加,围栏7年草地最低。围栏封育可有效改善和恢复草地植被,但不能长时间禁牧不进行放牧利用。合理的放牧能够维护高寒草甸草地生态系统功能、促进物种丰富度和土壤营养的均衡。     

祁连山海北高寒草甸地区UV-B的气候变化特征

分析祁连山海北高寒草甸地区2002年太阳总辐射(Eg)、UV-B及UV-B占Eg比例的气候变化特征。结果表明:海北站地区UV-B较强,日瞬时最高接近10W.m-2,日总量最高达0.204MJ.m-2;日、年变化依Eg的日、年变化具有显著的正相关关系。UV-B与Eg的比值(η),不论是日变化还是年变化表现明显,一日间早晚低,中午高,一年间6月最高,冬季的12月低,与太阳高度角的变化具有一定的正相关关系。年平均η约为0.54%,植物生长期的5~9月约为0.65%。在海北高寒草甸地区Eg和UV-B的年总量分别达6387.436 MJ.m-2和35.981 MJ.m-2。     

高寒草甸上应用狼毒净后续5年狼毒及牧草产量变化趋势研究

近年来,狼毒（Stellera chamaejasme Linn.）已成为高寒草甸上主要毒杂草之一,严重影响了草地畜牧业的发展。为了有效防除狼毒,在高寒草甸上喷施750 mL/ hm2剂量的狼毒净,结果表明：该药剂对狼毒的防治效果明显,施药后第2年防效达97.4%,施药后续5年内防效都保持在90%以上,短期内不会成灾;施药后单子叶牧草增产明显,施药后第2年增产率达17.5%,第3年到第5年增产率分别为19.6%、18.1%和16.0%,增产幅度稳定。双子叶牧草在施药当年和第2年无明显增产效果,施药后的第3年、第4年和第5年分别增产15.1%、17.2%和14.2%,增产效果明显。     

Degradation leads to dramatic decrease in topsoil but not subsoil root biomass in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau,China

Understanding the effects of degradation on belowground biomass (BGB) is essential for assessment of carbon budget of the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau, China. This ecosystem has been undergoing serious degradation owing to climate change and anthropogenic activities. This study examined the response of the vertical distribution of plant BGB to degradation and explored the underlying mechanisms in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. A field survey was conducted in an alpine meadow with seven sequential degrees of degradation in the Zoige Plateau on the Tibetan Plateau during the peak growing season of 2018. We measured aboveground biomass (AGB), BGB, soil water content (SWC), soil bulk density (SBD), soil compaction (SCOM), soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (STN), soil total phosphorus (STP), soil available nitrogen (SAN), and soil available phosphorus (STP) in the 0-30 cm soil layers. Our results show that degradation dramatically decreased the BGB in the 0-10 cm soil layer (BGB_0-10) but slightly increased the subsoil BGB. The main reason may be that the physical-chemical properties of surface soil were more sensitive to degradation than those of subsoil, as indicated by the remarked positive associations of the trade-off value of BGB_0-10 with SWC, SCOM, SOC, STN, SAN, and STP, as well as the negative correlation between the trade-off value of BGB_0-10 and SBD in the soil layer of 0-10 cm. In addition, an increase in the proportion of forbs with increasing degradation degree directly affected the BGB vertical distribution. The findings suggest that the decrease in the trade-off value of BGB_0-10 in response to degradation might be an adaptive strategy for the degradation-induced drought and infertile soil conditions. This study can provide theoretical support for assessing the effects of degradation on the carbon budget and sustainable development in the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau as well as other similar ecosystems in the world.     

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on growth, biomass production and N-uptake of torpedograss (Panicum repens L.)

A glasshouse study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different rates (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 kg ha^?1) of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application on the growth, biomass production and N‐uptake efficiency of torpedograss. The growth responses of torpedograss to the N application were significant throughout the observation periods. Torpedograss grown for 60 days obtained the highest total biomass of 23.0 g plant^?1 with an application of 200 kg ha^?1 N, followed by 20.4 g plant^?1 with an application of 100 kg ha^?1 N; when it was grown for 90 days a significantly higher biomass of 102.3–106.0 g plant^?1 was obtained with the 200–400 kg ha^?1 N than the biomass (68.0 g plant^?1) obtained with the fertilizer applied at a lower rate. When the torpedograss was grown for 130 days the highest biomass was 230.0 g plant^?1 with the 400 kg ha^?1 N application, followed by a biomass of 150.0 g plant^?1 with the 200 kg ha^?1 N application, but the above‐ground shoot in all treatments was over mature for animal food. The ratio of the above‐ground shoot to the underground part increased with the increase in N application up to 400 kg ha^?1 during the 90 days after planting (DAP), but the above‐ground shoot biomass was the same with the 200 and 400 kg ha^?1 N. The agronomic efficiency of the N application decreased to 5–38 with the increase in N application to 400 kg ha^?1, which was less than half the agronomic efficiency with the 200 kg ha^?1 N. The agronomic efficiency of N was very low (5–22) during the 60 DAP, which indicated that the N application would not be economically viable in this period for torpedograss as a pasture, and short‐duration plants could be cultivated in torpedograss‐infested fields to minimize weed‐crop competition. The nitrogen concentration (%) in the torpedograss increased with the increase in N application, but N‐uptake efficiency was the opposite and the value was very low with the 400 kg ha^?1 N. The above results lead us to conclude that the N application rate of 200 kg ha^?1 is the most effective for torpedograss growth.     

荒漠草原不同时间尺度下垫面水分消耗与气象植被因子的关系

利用大型称重式蒸渗仪2012—2018年连续观测数据,系统解析了希拉穆仁荒漠草原植物生长季（4—10月）不同时间尺度蒸散发（ET)与气象植被因子之间的关系。研究表明：（1）小时、日和月尺度上,始终与ET保持高度相关的气象植被因子包括风速（P<0.01）、空气温度（P<0.01）和降水量（P<0.01）;（2）结合不同时间尺度主控因子,利用多元回归定量表征了小时、日、月尺度的下垫面ET变化特征,经验方程决定系数分别为0.94（P<0.01）、0.42（P<0.01）、0.82（P<0.01）,小时和月尺度上的经验方程可较好地反映希拉穆仁荒漠草原下垫面耗水特征;（3）ET与降水差值显示,2012—2018年希拉穆仁荒漠草原植物生长季（4—10月）水汽交换以下垫面水分消耗为主,8月份发生干旱事件的概率最大。     

Spatiotemporal variation in vegetation net primary productivity and its relationship with meteorological factors in the Tarim River Basin of China from 2001 to 2020 based on the Google Earth Engine

Vegetation growth status is an important indicator of ecological security. The Tarim River Basin is located in the inland arid region of Northwest China and has a highly fragile ecological environment. Assessing the vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) of the Tarim River Basin can provide insights into the vegetation growth variations in the region. Therefore, based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform, we studied the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation NPP in the Tarim River Basin (except for the eastern Gobi and Kumutag deserts) from 2001 to 2020 and analyzed the correlations between vegetation NPP and meteorological factors (air temperature and precipitation) using the Sen slope estimation method, coefficient of variation, and rescaled range analysis method. In terms of temporal characteristics, vegetation NPP in the Tarim River Basin showed an overall fluctuating upward trend from 2001 to 2020, with the smallest value of 118.99 g C/(m²?a) in 2001 and the largest value of 155.07 g C/(m²?a) in 2017. Regarding the spatial characteristics, vegetation NPP in the Tarim River Basin showed a downward trend from northwest to southeast along the outer edge of the study area. The annual average value of vegetation NPP was 133.35 g C/(m²?a), and the area with annual average vegetation NPP values greater than 100.00 g C/(m²?a) was 82,638.75 km², accounting for 57.76% of the basin. The future trend of vegetation NPP was dominated by anti-continuity characteristic; the percentage of the area with anti-continuity characteristic was 63.57%. The area with a significant positive correlation between vegetation NPP and air temperature accounted for 53.74% of the regions that passed the significance test, while the area with a significant positive correlation between vegetation NPP and precipitation occupied 98.68% of the regions that passed the significance test. Hence, the effect of precipitation on vegetation NPP was greater than that of air temperature. The results of this study improve the understanding on the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation NPP in the Tarim River Basin and the impact of meteorological factors on vegetation NPP.     

日光温室嫁接黄瓜需水规律的研究

研究了日光温室盆栽黄瓜开花前期、结瓜初期、结瓜盛期及结瓜后期不同土壤水分条件对黄瓜蒸腾量和产量的影响,得出黄瓜的耗水规律、产量与水分之间的函数关系。结果表明:黄瓜对水分的消耗呈现开花前期与结瓜初期少、结瓜盛期多、结瓜后期少的变化规律,耗水高峰出现在盛瓜期;黄瓜总产量与总耗水量之间呈二次抛物线关系,最佳灌水量为399.8mm,最高产量为83028kg/hm2;水分生产函数的敏感指数按结瓜盛期、结瓜后期、结瓜初期、开花前期的顺序依次降低,与黄瓜耗水规律相一致。     

Effects of long-term warming on the aboveground biomass and species diversity in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China

Ecosystems in high-altitude regions are more sensitive and respond more rapidly than other ecosystems to global climate warming.The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP)of China is an ecologically fragile zone that is sensitive to global climate warming.It is of great importance to study the changes in aboveground biomass and species diversity of alpine meadows on the QTP under predicted future climate warming.In this study,we selected an alpine meadow on the QTP as the study object and used infrared radiators as the warming device for a simulation experiment over eight years(2011-2018).We then analyzed the dynamic changes in aboveground biomass and species diversity of the alpine meadow at different time scales,including an early stage of warming(2011-2013)and a late stage of warming(2016-2018),in order to explore the response of alpine meadows to short-term(three years)and long-term warming(eight years).The results showed that the short-term warming increased air temperature by 0.31℃and decreased relative humidity by 2.54%,resulting in the air being warmer and drier.The long-term warming increased air temperature and relative humidity by 0.19℃and 1.47%,respectively,and the air tended to be warmer and wetter.The short-term warming increased soil temperature by 2.44℃and decreased soil moisture by 12.47%,whereas the long-term warming increased soil temperature by 1.76℃and decreased soil moisture by 9.90%.This caused the shallow soil layer to become warmer and drier under both short-term and long-term warming.Furthermore,the degree of soil drought was alleviated with increased warming duration.Under the long-term warming,the importance value and aboveground biomass of plants in different families changed.The importance values of grasses and sedges decreased by 47.56%and 3.67%,respectively,while the importance value of weeds increased by 1.37%.Aboveground biomass of grasses decreased by 36.55%,while those of sedges and weeds increased by 8.09%and 15.24%,respectively.The increase in temperature had a non-significant effect on species diversity.The species diversity indices increased at the early stage of warming and decreased at the late stage of warming,but none of them reached significant levels(P>0.05).Species diversity had no significant correlation with soil temperature and soil moisture under both short-term and long-term warming.Soil temperature and aboveground biomass were positively correlated in the control plots(P=0.014),but negatively correlated under the long-term warming(P=0.013).Therefore,eight years of warming aggravated drought in the shallow soil layer,which is beneficial for the growth of weeds but not for the growth of grasses.Warming changed the structure of alpine meadow communities and had a certain impact on the community species diversity.Our studies have great significance for the protection and effective utilization of alpine vegetation,as well as for the prevention of grassland degradation or desertification in high-altitude regions.     

基于多植被指数模型的草地地上生物量协同估算

以青海省金银滩草原为研究区,采用Sentinel-2卫星影像结合地面实测数据进行草地地上生物量估算研究。分析了18种典型植被指数与生物量的拟合关系,通过精度评价和敏感性分析确定了不同植被指数模型的适用范围,并提出基于多植被指数模型的协同估算方案来提高草地生物量的制图精度,尝试克服传统单变量植被指数模型适用范围受限的问题。结果表明：18种植被指数与生物量的最优拟合模型呈现幂函数和指数函数两种类型,其中幂函数模型中CI_green (Green chlorophyll index)所对应的估算精度最高,且当生物量高于0.65 kg·m^-2时适用性最强;指数函数模型中NDII（Normalized difference infrared index）所对应的估算精度最高,且当生物量低于0.65 kg·m^-2时适用性最强,且NDII与CI_green模型的适用范围具有互补性。提出的多植被指数协同估算模型对应的R²_cv达到了0.61,RMSE_cv为0.226 kg·m^-2,相对于单植被指数模型精度明显提高,R²_cv增加7.0%以上,RMSE_cv减小超过3.8%。综上,提出的多指数模型协同估算方案充分考虑了不同指数模型的适用范围,提高了牧草生物量的估算精度。     

黑河中游植被覆盖率变化趋势及其驱动因子分析

利用2002~2011年的黑河干流中游归一化值被指数数据获得植被覆盖率变化趋势,选取合适的NDVI阈值将整个区域划分为"绿洲区"和"荒漠区",并分别探讨了地下水埋深、中游耗水量及累积降水量对两种区域面积和植被覆盖率变化的影响。结果表明:黑河干流中游植被覆盖率整体呈增长趋势,由2002年的32%增长到了2011年的36%,对植被覆盖率增长贡献最大的因素为绿洲区扩张,10年间绿洲区面积占比增长了10%;影响绿洲扩张的主要因素为地下水位埋深和中游耗水量,绿洲区植被覆盖率变化较小,可忽略其影响。荒漠区植被覆盖率的变化主要受累积降水量影响。利用地下水位埋深、中游耗水量、累积降水量可预测区域植被覆盖率的变化趋势,区分人类活动和气候变化对区域植被覆盖率的影响是可行的。