高寒草甸退化对土壤电导率变化影响的研究

土壤电导率是表征土壤水溶性盐的一个重要指标,可反映土壤盐渍化程度.为了研究高寒草甸退化对土壤电导率的影响,以三江源区未退化高寒草甸和退化高寒草甸为研究对象,系统分析了退化高寒草甸的植被特征和土壤特征与土壤电导率的相互关系.结果表明:高寒草甸退化会对土壤电导率产生显著负影响,且土壤电导率与评价高寒草甸的退化指标植被盖度、...     

不同沙漠化程度高寒草甸的土壤理化性质特征

黄河源区由于过度放牧,引起高寒草甸不同程度的沙漠化。随沙漠化程度的增加,容重和pH值逐渐升高,有机碳(SOC)和全氮(N)逐渐降低。在不同土壤层的分布中,容重和pH值的分布特征为:0-10 cm<10-20 cm<20-30 cm,SOC和全N的分布特征为:0-10 cm>10-20 cm>20-30 cm。适度放牧有利于SOC和全N的积累,过度放牧容易引起土壤沙漠化,阻碍畜牧业的可持续发展。     

玛曲高寒草地沙化对土壤理化特性的影响

以玛曲高寒草地处于不同沙化发展阶段的潜在沙化地、轻度沙化地、中度沙化地和重度沙化地为研究对象,阶地作为对照,对0～60 cm土壤剖面的机械组成和土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷以及速效钾含量进行了测定,分析结果表明:1)随草地沙化程度的加剧,不同类型沙化草地的黏粒和粉粒含量迅速下降,细砂粒含量逐渐下降而粗砂粒含量逐渐上升。2)随草地沙化程度的加剧,不同程度沙化草地的有机碳和全N含量呈逐渐下降趋势。3)从不同程度沙化草地各层土壤的养分含量来看,阶地和潜在沙化地各土层有机碳和全N含量随土层深度加深逐渐下降,中度沙化地、重度沙化地各土层有机碳和全N含量呈现基本稳定的状态。     

祁连山海北高寒草甸地区UV-B的气候变化特征

分析祁连山海北高寒草甸地区2002年太阳总辐射(Eg)、UV-B及UV-B占Eg比例的气候变化特征。结果表明:海北站地区UV-B较强,日瞬时最高接近10W.m-2,日总量最高达0.204MJ.m-2;日、年变化依Eg的日、年变化具有显著的正相关关系。UV-B与Eg的比值(η),不论是日变化还是年变化表现明显,一日间早晚低,中午高,一年间6月最高,冬季的12月低,与太阳高度角的变化具有一定的正相关关系。年平均η约为0.54%,植物生长期的5~9月约为0.65%。在海北高寒草甸地区Eg和UV-B的年总量分别达6387.436 MJ.m-2和35.981 MJ.m-2。     

银川平原草甸湿地土壤养分特征与植物响应

为探究草甸湿地土壤养分特征,阐明草甸湿地土壤养分对植物养分的影响,在银川平原选取3种生境的草甸湿地(沼泽草甸、典型草甸和盐生草甸)作为研究对象,通过野外调查、实验室分析,结合经典统计学方法对土壤养分及植物养分进行分析。结果表明:①水平梯度上,除全磷(TP)外,3种草甸湿地之间土壤养分含量在土层020cm变化显著(P<0.05)。②在垂直梯度上,全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)在盐生草甸中垂直变化不显著(P>0.05),但在典型草甸与沼泽草甸垂直方向上波动幅度较大;TP在草甸湿地土壤中垂直变化不显著(P>0.05);速效磷(AP)与速效钾(AK)在草甸湿地表层具有一定程度的富集效应,并且在不同草甸湿地土层垂直方向上变化显著(P<0.05)。③土壤中C、N和P含量的变化趋势一致;AK与土壤P具有显著的相关性(P<0.05)。④草甸湿地植物养分均表现为N限制,其中C∶N、C∶P与土壤养分呈负相关,植物N∶P受土壤有机碳(SOC)、AN影响较为显著。     

高寒草地主要类型土壤因子特征及对地上生物量的影响

以新疆巴音布鲁克高寒草地五种主要草地类型的实测数据为依据,探讨了土壤因子随环境变化的特点及其对地上生物量之间的影响。结果表明:沼泽高寒草甸土壤含水量最大,有机质和速效N、P、K的含量都最高。高寒草原土壤含水量最小,有机质和速效养分的含量最低。土壤含水量与速N存在显著正相关,速P与速N和速K之间分别存在显著正相关,速K和有机质存在显著正相关。土壤含水量和速N含量是影响地上生物量的主要土壤因子,回归方程分别为Y=379.954X+28.238(F=12.562,P<0.05)和Y=0.864X-122.874(F=21.352,P<0.05)。     

玛曲高寒草甸风沙环境与沙化类型研究

玛曲县高寒草甸沙化是青藏高原地区发生沙化的典型案例,其成因、趋势和治理一直受到极大关注。利用三维激光扫描仪,结合野外监测和室内分析等方法,揭示了区域风沙环境,结合区域沉积物粒度与形态特征,依据沙物质来源复杂程度将沙化类型划分为风蚀坑沙化类型和复杂沙化类型。结果表明:区域全年输沙势为164.34VU,合成输沙势为91.57 VU,合成输沙方向132.37°,风向变率0.56,属于中比率低风能环境。综合风蚀坑沙化类型周边风蚀坑与积沙区的长度比、体积比、长轴线、与区域主风向吻合程度及沉积物粒度特征,可知风蚀坑是该沙化类型区域积沙的主要贡献者。在现代沙化过程中,复杂沙化类型除周边风蚀区、活化沙丘以及沙化草地等为区域积沙贡献沙物质外,黄河河道也为区域积沙提供一定量的沙物质。     

围栏与不同放牧强度对东祁连山高寒草甸植被和土壤的影响

在东祁连山高寒草地,对围栏7年和不同放牧强度的草地进行了物种数、地上生物量、地下生物量、土壤理化性质等研究。结果表明,围栏7年的高寒草地鲜草产量为425.8 g·m-2,显著高于夏季中牧159.3 g·m-2和夏季重牧91.0 g·m-2,但与冬季轻牧、夏季轻牧差异不显著。围栏条件下的物种数为26.3种·16 m-2,显著低于其他放牧条件下的物种数,但显著高于夏季重牧条件下的物种数23.0种·16 m-2;轻度或重度放牧都会使物种数减少,夏季中牧下的物种数最高(33.5种·16 m-2)。在0~10 cm的表层土壤中,围栏7年的草地根系生物量显著高于其他放牧强度。随着放牧强度的增加,根系生物量在0~10 cm土壤中呈下降趋势,在30~40 cm土壤中则表现为升高趋势。围栏7年的土壤容重低于其他放牧强度下的土壤容重,但差异不显著;夏季重牧的土壤容重显著高于围栏7年和其他放牧强度的土壤容重。随着放牧强度的增加,0~10 cm土壤碱解氮增加,围栏7年草地最低。围栏封育可有效改善和恢复草地植被,但不能长时间禁牧不进行放牧利用。合理的放牧能够维护高寒草甸草地生态系统功能、促进物种丰富度和土壤营养的均衡。     

北京平原土壤机械组成和抗风蚀能力的分析

土壤遇风起沙是风沙活动产生的最根本原因,它的基本点有二:一是具有足以使砂粒产生运动的一定强度的起沙风;二是土壤颗粒小、质地干燥疏松,具有遇风起沙产生运动的属性。本文分析了北京土壤的机械组成特征和结构性能等。叙述了在永定河边部一些地块的野外风沙观测和沙风洞试验,证实土壤结构性、干松程度、植被覆盖状况是决定土壤抗风蚀性能的三要素。最后,试用不易蚀因子含量评价北京平原土壤的抗风蚀能力。     

禁牧对祁连山冰沟流域高山草甸土有机碳及理化性质和酶活性的影响

在青海省祁连山冰沟流域的高山草甸土上,选择放牧与禁牧2个样品采集区,研究了禁牧对祁连山冰沟流域高山草甸土有机碳及理化性质和酶活性的影响。结果表明:高山草甸土遭到放牧牲畜连续3年的啃食和践踏后,植被覆盖度明显降低,归还到土壤中的生物量和枯落物积累量减少,0~20 cm土层有机质含量、有机碳密度、总孔隙度、团聚体、田间持水量、氮磷钾和酶活性降低,容重、CaCO_3和可溶性盐增加,但20 cm以下土层这些性质变化不大。放牧与禁牧比较,0~20 cm土层土壤容重、可溶性盐和CaCO_3分别增加14.15%、6.35%和1.27%;有机碳含量、有机碳密度、总孔隙度、团聚体和田间持水量分别降低29.76%、22.82%、9.45%、6.49%和7.69%;全氮、全磷、全钾、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶分别降低25.97%、15.56%、12.17%、33.77%、26.11%、42.00%、29.31%。放牧对有机碳、容重、孔隙度、田间持水量、可溶性盐、氮磷钾和酶活性影响深度为20 cm,对团聚体影响深度为40 cm。     

开都河下游灌区不同土地利用类型土壤质地与土壤盐分关系探讨

通过野外调查,实地测点以及土壤采样分析,以开都河流域下游绿洲为研究区,利用SPSS与DPS等软件对盐分与土壤质地进行ANOVA和多重比较分析。研究结果表明：（1）土壤是以粉粒为主的质地组成。粉粒百分含量分别为0～10 cm层62．65％,10～30 cm层60．31％,30～50 cm层55．93％;0～10 cm、10～30 cm与30～50 cm表层土壤中盐分离子的均值呈现SO42－＞CL－＞Mg2＋＞Ca2＋。（2）四种土地利用类型各粒级机械组成变异系数范围分别为林地8％～62％、耕地4％～37％、园地2％～40％、未利用地15％～52％。变异系数较高;四种土地利用类型总盐的均值从高到低依次为未利用地、耕地、园地和林地。（3）不同土地利用类型粉粒差异明显,均达到显著性水平（ P＜0．05）。（4）土壤粘粒与HCO3－、Cl－、SO42－呈显著性相关（ P＜0．05）;粉粒与HCO3－离子含量呈极显著相关（ P＜0．01）。     

Effects of warming and clipping on plant and soil properties of an alpine meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China

Climate warming and livestock grazing are known to have great influences on alpine ecosystems like those of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP) in China. However, it is lacking of studies on the effects of warming and grazing on plant and soil properties in these alpine ecosystems. In this study, we reported the related research from manipulative experiment in 2010–2012 in the QTP. The aim of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of warming and clipping on plant and soil properties in the alpine meadow ecosystem. Infrared radiators were used to simulate climate warming starting in July 2010, while clipping was performed once in October 2011 to simulate the local livestock grazing. The experiment was designed as a randomized block consisting of five replications and four treatments: control(CK), warming(W), clipping(C) and warming+clipping combination(WC). The plant and soil properties were investigated in the growing season of the alpine meadow in 2012. The results showed that W and WC treatments significantly decreased relative humidity at 20-cm height above ground as well as significantly increases air temperature at the same height, surface temperature, and soil temperature at the depth of 0–30 cm. However, the C treatment did not significantly decrease soil moisture and soil temperature at the depth of 0–60 cm. Relative to CK, vegetation height and species number increased significantly in W and WC treatment, respectively, while vegetation aboveground biomass decreased significantly in C treatment in the early growing season. However, vegetation cover, species diversity, belowground biomass and soil properties at the depth of 0–30 cm did not differ significantly in W, C and WC treatments. Soil moisture increased at the depth of 40–100 cm in W and WC treatments, while belowground biomass, soil activated carbon, organic carbon and total nitrogen increased in the 30–50 cm soil layer in W, C and WC treatments. Although the initial responses of plant and soil properties to experimental warming and clipping were slow and weak, the drought induced by the downward shift of soil moisture in the upper soil layers may induce plant belowground biomass to transfer to the deeper soil layers. This movement would modify the distributions of soil activated carbon, organic carbon and total nitrogen. However, long-term data collection is needed to further explain this interesting phenomenon.     

氮添加对天山高寒草原土壤酶活性和酶化学计量特征的影响

为探究氮添加对高寒草原生态系统土壤酶活性的影响,于2018年在中国科学院巴音布鲁克草原生态系统研究站,选择4个氮添加水平(对照,N0,0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;低氮,N1,10 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;中氮,N3,30 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;高氮,N9,90 kg·hm^-2·a^-1),开展土壤酶活性对氮添加响应的研究,分析土壤酶活性对氮添加的响应特点,土壤酶化学计量比以及土壤酶活性与土壤环境因子的关系。结果表明:与对照相比,氮添加在N3水平显著增加β-1,4葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β-D-纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)和β-1,4木糖苷酶(βX)酶活性(P<0.05),N1和N3水平显著增加碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性(P<0.05),N3水平显著降低多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性(P<0.05),氮添加对亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)活性影响不显著,N3水平下显著增加N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性(P<0.05)。相关分析表明,8种土壤酶活性均与土壤有机碳(SOC、NAG除外)和总磷(TP)显著相关,与土壤总氮(TN)不相关。研究区土壤酶活性C∶N∶P化学计量比为1∶1∶1.2,与全球生态系统的土壤酶活性C∶N∶P的比值1∶1∶1相偏离,表明该研究区土壤微生物生长受磷素限制。冗余分析(RDA)进一步揭示出土壤有机碳和土壤全磷含量是影响土壤酶活性的主要因子。     

Non-growing season soil CO2 efflux and its changes in an alpine meadow ecosystem of the Qilian Mountains,Northwest China

Most soil respiration measurements are conducted during the growing season.In tundra and boreal forest ecosystems,cumulative,non-growing season soil CO2 fluxes are reported to be a significant component of these systems' annual carbon budgets.However,little information exists on soil CO2 efflux during the non-growing season from alpine ecosystems.Therefore,comparing measurements of soil respiration taken annually versus during the growing season will improve the accuracy of estimating ecosystem carbon budgets,as well as predicting the response of soil CO2 efflux to climate changes.In this study,we measured soil CO2 efflux and its spatial and temporal changes for different altitudes during the non-growing season in an alpine meadow located in the Qilian Mountains,Northwest ChinaField experiments on the soil CO2 efflux of alpine meadow from the Qilian Mountains were conducted along an elevation gradient from October 2010 to April 2011.We measured the soil CO2 efflux,and analyzed the effects of soil water content and soil temperature on this measure.The results show that soil CO2 efflux gradually decreased along the elevation gradient during the non-growing season.The daily variation of soil CO2 efflux appeared as a single-peak curve.The soil CO2 efflux was low at night,with the lowest value occurring between 02:00-06:00.Then,values started to rise rapidly between 07:00-08:30,and then descend again between 16:00-18:30.The peak soil CO2 efflux appeared from 11:00 to 16:00.The soil CO2 efflux values gradually decreased from October to February of the next year and started to increase in March.Non-growing season Q10(the multiplier to the respiration rate for a 10℃ increase in temperature) was increased with raising altitude and average Q10 of the Qilian Mountains was generally higher than the average growing season Q10 of the Heihe River Basin.Seasonally,non-growing season soil CO2 efflux was relatively high in October and early spring and low in the winter.The soil CO2 efflux was positively correlated with soil temperature and soil water content.Our results indicate that in alpine ecosystems,soil CO2 efflux continues throughout the non-growing season,and soil respiration is an important component of annual soil CO2 efflux.     

Volume fractal dimension of soil particles and relationships with soil physical-chemical properties and plant species diversity in an alpine grassland under different disturbance degrees

Fractal geometry is an important method in soil science,and many studies have used fractal theory to examine soil properties and the relationships with other eco-environmental factors.However,there have been few studies examining soil particle volume fractal dimension in alpine grasslands.To study the volume fractal dimension of soil particles(D) and its relationships with soil salt,soil nutrient and plant species diversity,we conducted an experiment on an alpine grassland under different disturbance degrees:non-disturbance(N 0),light disturbance(L),moderate disturbance(M) and heavy disturbance(H).The results showed that(1) Ds varied from 2.573 to 2.635 among the different disturbance degrees and increased with increasing degrees of disturbance.(2) Shannon-Wiener diversity index,Pielou's evenness index and Margalef richness index reached their highest values at the M degree,indicating that moderate disturbance is beneficial to the increase of plant species diversity.(3) In the L and M degrees,there was a significant positive correlation between D and clay content and a significant negative correlation between D and soil organic matter(SOM).In the H degree,D was significantly and positively correlated with total salt(TS).The results suggested that to a certain extent,D can be used to characterize the uniformity of soil texture in addition to soil fertility characteristics.(4) For the L degree,there was a significant negative correlation between D and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index;while for the M degree,there was a significant negative correlation between D and Pielou's evenness index.     

Effects of different plantation types on soil properties after vegetation restoration in an alpine sandy land on the Tibetan Plateau,China

Large areas of Artemisia ordosica Krasch., Caragana korshinskii Kom., and Caragana intermedia Kuang and H. C. Fu plantations were established on moving sand dunes in the Gonghe Basin(northeastern Tibetan Plateau) for vegetation restoration. Elevating our understanding of the changes in soil characteristics after the establishment of different plantation types can be useful in the context of combating desertification. To assess the effects of these plantation types on the restoration of sandy land, we measured soil physical-chemical properties at four depths(0–5, 5–10, 10–20, and 20–50 cm) in each of the three plantation types and also in non-vegetated moving sand dunes(as control sites). Generally, the establishment of A. ordosica, C. korshinskii and C. intermedia plantations on sand dunes has greatly ameliorated soil quality in the Gonghe Basin. Specifically, relative to the moving sand dunes, shrub plantation has increased the silt and clay contents, total porosity and water holding capacity, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium contents. The calculated soil quality index suggested that in the Gonghe Basin, C. intermedia is the best choice for soil amelioration. In all the three plantation types, soil amelioration mainly occurred in the shallow depths.