基于APSIM的旱地小麦叶面积指数模拟模型构建

为了解旱地小麦叶片生长规律,建立基于APSIM的小麦叶面积潜在生长率模型和叶面积水、氮协同生长率模型,并在田间试验修订参数的基础上,连接到APSIM平台,模拟小麦叶面积指数动态变化过程,采用相关性分析方法定量分析小麦叶面积指数的变化规律。结果表明：基于APSIM的小麦叶面积潜在生长率模型和叶面积水、氮协同生长率模型对旱地小麦生长指标LAI的模拟有较高精度。小麦全生育期内叶面积指数模拟值与实测值呈显著正相关,相关系数(R)为0.996,归一化均方根误差(NRMSE)范围在3.08%～9.38%,模型有效性指数(M_E)为0.594～0.956,均大于0.5。     

黑河流域叶面积指数的遥感反演

以黑河流域为研究区 ,探寻基于TM影像提取的植被指数 (VIs)与野外实测数据间叶面积指数 (LAI)的反演研究。结果表明 ,各植被指数与LAI均具有较高的相关性 ,整个研究区土壤调整植被指数 (SAVI)具有最高的LAI反演精度 ;把研究区分成绿洲区和山区 ,各种植被指数与LAI的相关系数和反演精度均有很大程度提高 ,同时得到绿洲区SAVI最适于反演LAI ,山区SR最适于反演LAI ,通过这种方式估算出黑河流域叶面积指数图。     

基于同化叶面积指数和条件植被温度指数的冬小麦单产估测

应用数据同化方法将遥感信息与作物生长模型融合,是估测区域作物产量的重要方法之一。以2008—2014年越冬后的冬小麦为研究对象,选择与作物长势、产量及水分胁迫信息密切相关的叶面积指数(LAI)和条件植被温度指数(VTCI),采用粒子滤波算法对CERES-Wheat模型模拟和遥感数据观测的LAI和VTCI实施同化,分别基于观测LAI和VTCI、同化LAI和VTCI构建冬小麦单产估测模型。结果表明,同化LAI变化趋势更加符合关中平原冬小麦的实际生长状况,同化VTCI能更好地反映冬小麦的水分胁迫程度。应用观测LAI和VTCI构建的估产模型决定系数为0.402,而单独应用LAI或VTCI单变量构建的估产模型决定系数分别为0.279和0.339,说明应用LAI和VTCI双变量构建的估产模型的精度优于单独应用LAI或VTCI单变量的精度。相比于观测LAI和VTCI构建的估产模型,基于同化LAI和VTCI构建的估产模型的决定系数从0.402提高到0.547。表明基于同化LAI和VTCI构建的估产模型的精度明显提高。     

旱地小麦产量对光温的响应分析

为探索光温协同作用对作物产量影响的机制和规律,文中运用APSIM模型模拟小麦产量对光照和温度变化的响应机制。研究结果表明:当温度不变时,小麦产量随光照升高呈开口向上的二次抛物线型变化,光照降低阈值点为3.23MJ/m2(日平均光照为17.89MJ/m2)。当光照小于17.89MJ/m2,光照对产量为负效应,每增加0.5MJ/m2,最大减产幅度高达7.1%,平均减产4.2%。当光照大于17.89MJ/m2,光照对产量为正效应,每增加0.5MJ/m2,最大增产幅度为2.9%,平均增产1.0%;当光照不变时,小麦产量与温度呈二次抛物线下降型变化,且温度对产量的贡献呈叠加递减效应。温度每升高0.5℃,最大减产幅度高达13.37%,平均减产7.31%。光照和温度二者之间存在正的互作效应,光照升高的增产效应不能补偿高温所导致的减产。     

基于APSIM模型的地膜覆盖与露地种植条件下旱地小麦灌浆过程模拟

准确模拟小麦籽粒干物质积累过程可为调控小麦生产提供技术支持。基于APSIM模型模拟数据和大田实测数据同步研究旱地冬小麦籽粒干物质积累过程,并在模型验证的基础上分析积温对小麦籽粒干物质积累过程的影响。APSIM-Wheat模型模拟地膜覆盖和露地种植在灌浆期各阶段粒重和籽粒灌浆速率的决定系数大于0.92,归一化均方根误差小于16.25%,有效性指数大于0.91,表明APSIM-Wheat模型在研究区模拟小麦灌浆过程具有较好的拟合度和适应性。地膜覆盖种植优于露地种植,两年度模型模拟地膜覆盖籽粒干物质日积累量模拟值高于露地5.23%,田间实测地膜覆盖的最大灌浆速率平均高于露地10.46%,快增期平均灌浆速率高于露地13.68%,千粒重平均高于露地2.50%。Logistic进一步分析表明,地膜覆盖种植有利于提前最大灌浆速率的时间,减少灌浆渐增期、缓增期的持续时间;其次,积温通过影响籽粒干物质日积累量进而影响灌浆速率,在灌浆期大气日积温、土壤日积温与籽粒干物质日积累量均呈极显著正相关关系。     

秸秆覆盖下旱地小麦收获指数降低的原因解析

结合田间试验与文献资料,分析了旱地秸秆覆盖条件下小麦收获指数降低的原因。结果表明,虽然大多数资料显示秸秆覆盖能够增加小麦产量,但是覆盖较常规耕作小麦收获指数下降最高达20%,这个现象不容忽视。其原因可能是：(1）小麦生育前期旺长消耗大量土壤水分,造成小麦后期严重的水分胁迫,影响籽粒灌浆。(2）小麦后期水分 胁迫可能引起冠层温度升高,导致热胁迫对籽粒灌浆不利;(3）旱地小麦氮肥播前一次施用方式有可能引起小麦后期氮营养不足,加速叶片衰老,影响花后光合产物形成,也不利于籽粒灌浆。     

不同大气校正模型对叶面积指数遥感反演精度的影响比较

分别利用6S模型和FLAASH模型对TM影像进行了大气校正,建立了两种校正模型下的叶面积指数(LAI)与多种植被指数(VI)间的线性与非线性统计回归关系,并从植被指数角度和大气校正模型角度对LAI-VI回归相关性进行了分析,最后通过验证数据组LAI预测值(Y)与LAI实测值(X)的RMSE均方根误差及Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数对各模型下的LAI反演结果进行了精度对比验证。结果表明:除RVI外,两种大气校正模型下的LAI与SAVI、MSAVI有良好的相关性,其中6S模型下的LAI-MSAVI一元二次多项式回归模型拟合优度最佳;不同大气校正模型对LAI-VI回归方程的相关性有显著影响,6S模型的LAI反演精度优于FLAASH模型;借助遥感技术定量提取植被生理参数时,应慎重选择适宜的大气校正模型。     

株型对冬小麦冠层叶面积指数与植被指数关系的影响研究

利用PROSAIL模型和地面实测数据分别探讨了冠层株型特征对建立VIs-LAI拟合模型的影响,并基于Beer定律分析了消光系数KVI随株型的变化特征,其中共考虑了3种株型品种(披散型、中间型、紧凑型),VIs则选用了增强型植被指数(EVI)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)以及比值植被指数(RVI)。结果表明,不同VIs与LAI间的相关性程度会受到株型特征的影响,而同一株型内部VIs与LAI的相关性较混合株型好。不同植被指数比较,EVI-LAI相关关系受株型的影响较大,划分株型后其复相关系数R2可提高30%以上;而NDVI-LAI相关关系受株型的影响较小,并且这种影响仅在LAI<3时略有表现,可能与NDVI在较高LAI时的饱和有关;RVI-LAI相关关系对株型变化的反映则稍强于NDVI,且当株型趋于紧凑型时,其拟合模型有从指数型向直线型转化的趋势。此外消光系数KVI会随株型趋于紧凑而降低,3种植被指数的消光系数符合:KNDVI>KEVI>KRVI。     

Effects of Acetochlor on Wheat Growth Characteristics and Soil Residue in Dryland

Gesunde Pflanzen - In this experiment, Jimai&nbsp;22 was used as test material to investigate the impacts of acetochlor on the growth characteri*stics of dryland wheat and its residue in wheat...     

Effect of Fungicides on Septoria nodorum and Wheat Green Leaf Area1

Fungicides applied at different growth stages were compared for the control of wheat glume blotch, caused by Septoria nodorum (Berk.) Berk. In glasshouse and small-scale field tests, 11 commercially used fungicides, when applied to fully emerged wheat ears, cv. Hobbit, gave only partial control of ear infection by spores applied immediately after spraying. They gave better control of infection of leaves by a similar inoculum. Larger field trials, moreover, indicated better foliar and ear disease control from fungicide applications made before ear emergence, compared with those applied later. In another field trial, nine fungicides were applied to replicated plots of winter wheat, cultivars Atou and Hobbit at GS 31, GS 39, GS 55 or GS 71. On five occasions from anthesis (25 June) until 30 July disease was assessed and green leaf area measured. The trial was harvested on 22 August 1980. Significantly greater yields and grain weights were obtained from plots sprayed with fungicide at GS 39 than from those sprayed at any other time or left unsprayed. Treatments made before symptoms of infection by S. nodorum developed (i.e. before GS 55) prolonged the duration of green leaf areas during the post-anthesis period. Grain weight and yield increases were related closely to the duration of green leaf area above 75 96, but not to the amount of green leaf area at any single assessment nor to the subsequent degree of disease development. The data on which this abstract is based form part of a continuing research programme, the results of which will be published in full at a later date. Full details on the 1980 results referred to above appear in the Annual Report of Long Ashton Research Station (1980).     

Infection of Linseed by Alternaria linicola; Effects of Inoculum Density, Temperature, Leaf Wetness and Light Regime

Controlled environment studies were conducted to determine the effects of inoculum density, temperature, leaf wetness and light regime on the infection of linseed by Alternaria linicola. The % cotyledons and leaves with symptoms, and the disease severity (% leaf area with symptoms) increased linearly when the inoculum density increased from 1×10³ to 1×10⁵ conidiaml^–1. The first symptoms appeared on cotyledons and leaves 4 and 6 days after inoculation, respectively. Eight hours of leaf wetness were sufficient to initiate the disease at 25°C but not at 15°C, when 10-h periods of leaf wetness were required. % leaf area with symptoms was lower at 15°C than that at 25°C irrespective of the leaf wetness periods tested. Interruption of a continuous leaf wetness period by a 12-h dry period, occurring at any time between 1 and 18h after inoculation, decreased the % cotyledons with symptoms and the disease severity, with the greatest reductions (60% and 100%, respectively) being observed when the dry period began 6h after inoculation. A. linicola conidia were able to exploit successive 12-h periods of leaf wetness cumulatively to infect linseed plants. Disease incidence and severity were positively correlated with the dark period following inoculation, but they were negatively related to the length of the initial light period. Our findings suggest that infection of linseed by A. linicola and further development of symptoms can occur under unfavourable environmental conditions.     

人工草地叶面积指教与地上生物量关系的初步研究

植物生物量的90-95%来自于太阳辐射。光能通过同化作用转化为化学能,成为植物生长发育的能量和物质基础。叶子是主要同化器官,叶片的多少,叶面积的大小都与植物同化能力的高低、光合产物的多少有着极为密切的关系。叶面积指数是植物在单位地面上的叶面积。它反映出群落在一定时空条件下光合作用系统的状况。它对群落的地上生物量有着明显的影响。自1947年Watson提出了叶面积指数的概念以来,国内外对农作物的叶面积指数研究很多。但对于在管理方法和经营方式与粮农作物有着很大差别的人工草地来说,有关叶面积指数的研究却不多见。在人工草地中叶面积指数与地上生物量之间的关系如何?这一问题的解     

水分胁迫对冬小麦叶片水分生理生态过程的影响

在不同的土壤水分条件下对冬小麦叶片水分生理因子进行了连续的测定，结果表明水分胁迫使作物光合、蒸腾的日变化进程提前，上午胁迫处理作物气孔导度大于非胁迫处理作物的气孔导度，这有助于胁迫处理的作物利用有限的土壤水分；蒸腾速率比光合速率对水分胁迫反应更为敏感，更易受气孔调节的影响。在不同的生育期，作物气孔阻力与0－40cm土层的土壤含水量相关性最大，可用二次曲线来拟合，0－40cm土层土壤含水量在0．25m^3m^-3左右时，气孔开度最大，此时气孔阻力为最小。     

Relationships Between Angular Leaf Spot, Healthy Leaf Area, Effective Leaf Area and Yield of Phaseolus vulgaris

Three field experiments were carried out with the bean cultivar Carioca Comum to investigate the relationships among visual and virtual severity of angular leaf spot (caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola), area under visual and virtual disease progress curves (AUDPC), healthy leaf area index on any given day (HLAI), healthy leaf area duration (HAD), healthy leaf area absorption (HAA), effective leaf area duration (ELAD), effective leaf area absorption (ELAA) and yield of Phaseolus vulgaris. To obtain a wide range of disease severities, the plots were sprayed with fungicide at different stages of plant growth (before, during and after flowering). Visual and virtual severity and AUDPC showed no significant correlation with yield. However, HAD, HAA, ELAD and ELAA were significantly correlated with yield. Variables that considered the effective leaf area (ELAD and ELAA) provided similar or better coefficients of determination (R²) than those that considered the remaining green leaf area only (HAD and HAA). Single-point models with HLAI, effective leaf area index (ELAI), intercepted radiation by healthy leaf area (HRI) and intercepted radiation by effective leaf area (EHRI) to estimate yield at various times during the crop season were developed. The slope of the relationship between yield and HLAI, ELAI, HRI and EHRI proved to be stable, regardless of planting date and bean growth stage (from R6 to R8).     

Evaluation of Wheat Leaf Rust Resistance Genes in 10 Wheat Genotypes

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Wheat leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) is one of the most important plant diseases in the world, and growing resistant cultivars is the most economical,...     

水分和温度对冬小麦和玉米免耕作产量影响的研究

本文对宁夏彭阳县旱地冬小麦、玉米的免耕作中水分和温度对产量的影响进行了探索。试验结果表明:播种前、后,旱地免耕作膜侧种植冬小麦处理比无地膜覆盖常规耕作处理的土壤含水量高,膜侧种植冬小麦生育后期土壤水分明显高于无地膜覆盖常规耕作处理。膜侧的土壤含水量高于膜内的土壤含水量,有利于膜侧冬小麦的生长。旱地免耕作膜侧冬小麦产量达3540kg/hm2,比对照增产78.8%,纯收益比对照提高79.7%。旱地玉米免耕作秸秆覆盖处理的土壤含水量明显高于常规耕作玉米处理的土壤含水量。覆盖1/2玉米秸秆、全部玉米秸秆处理的土壤平均含水量分别比常规耕作增加11.1%和9.8%。但是常规耕作有地膜覆盖,对耕层土壤的增温效果最好,而玉米秸秆覆盖对土壤增温的效果较差。覆盖1/2玉米秸秆、全部玉米秸秆处理产量分别比常规耕作减产25.4%和11.2%。     

Preinoculation Effects of Light Quantity on Infection Efficiency of Puccinia striiformis and P. triticina on Wheat Seedlings

ABSTRACT In a previous study under controlled conditions, a model was developed to predict the infection efficiency for the wheat leaf and stripe rust fungi based on temperature and dew period during the 24 h after inoculation. The two pathogens differed in their maximum infection efficiency under controlled conditions for temperature and dew period, the infection efficiency was 12 times greater for Puccinia triticina than for P. striiformis. In the present study, the model was validated by field results to predict P. triticina infection efficiency as a function of temperature and dew period only. However, this model failed to predict infection efficiency caused by P. striiformis in the field. The model was adapted to include the effects of light quantity on infection efficiency. Wheat seedlings, grown in climate-controlled rooms and exposed to various regimes of light duration and intensity for 24 h in either field or controlled conditions, were inoculated and incubated in climate-controlled rooms under optimal dew and temperature conditions. Quantity of natural or artificial light (light intensity x duration) received by the plants prior to inoculation enhanced infection efficiency of wheat seedlings inoculated by P. striiformis. Infection efficiency increased from 0.4 to 36% depending on the light quantity according to a Richards' function. For stripe rust, three environmental variables, preinoculation light quantity received by the plants, postinoculation temperature, and postinoculation dew period, were used for fitting a model for infection efficiency measured in the field.