不同硝化抑制剂对稻季N2O排放、NH3挥发和水稻产量的影响

为了筛选出在水稻生产中应用效果更佳的硝化抑制剂，探讨三种不同硝化抑制剂对水稻季N2O排放、NH3挥发、水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。本研究在太湖地区开展水稻季田间小区试验，在尿素中分别添加化学合成硝化抑制剂2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶（CP）和3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（DMPP）以及生物硝化抑制剂对羟基苯丙酸甲酯（MHPP）。结果表明，与单施尿素处理相比，尿素添加三种硝化抑制剂能显著减少N2O排放总量，抑制效果表现为DMPP（31.71%）>MHPP（30.40%）>CP（27.83%），不同硝化抑制剂间减排效果无显著差异；添加硝化抑制剂均显著增加了NH3挥发总量，促进作用表现为CP（58.7%）>DMPP（40.3%）>MHPP（25.3%），不同硝化抑制剂间差异显著；添加硝化抑制剂的增产幅度为MHPP（4.9%）>CP（3.3%）>DMPP（1.1%），不同硝化抑制剂间无显著差异，氮肥表观利用率显著增加，表现为MHPP（15.7%）>CP（13.8%）>DMPP（10.9%），但不同硝化抑制剂间无显著差异；综合考虑活性气态氮损失量和水稻产量，三种硝化抑制剂相比单施尿素均显著增加了单位产量活性气态氮排放强度，增加幅度表现为CP（50.3%）>DMPP（35.0%）>MHPP（17.8%），CP显著高于DMPP和MHPP。综合比较，生物硝化抑制剂MHPP在水稻生产中增效减排的作用优于化学合成硝化抑制剂CP和DMPP，但在生产应用中要与其他NH3挥发减排措施相结合，更好的发挥其增效减排潜力，推动农业绿色可持续发展。     

控释氮肥与水溶肥配施减少设施土壤N2O排放的机理

【目的】控制N₂O排放是提高氮肥利用和环境效益的一个重要任务。在滴灌条件下,研究以控释氮肥替代尿素基施减少设施土壤N₂O排放的机制,并探讨减少氮肥投入的可能性。【方法】在大棚内布设小区试验,供试番茄品种为‘盛世辉煌’,氮肥40%基施,60%分3次随水滴灌追施。试验以不施氮肥为对照 (CK),设:常规化肥用量 (基施尿素,总N量440 kg/hm2,U);常规化肥用量减氮20% (基施尿素,总N量376 kg/hm2,–20%U);控释氮肥常规用量 (基施控释氮肥,总N量440 kg/hm2,CRU);控释氮肥常规用量减氮20% (基施控释氮肥,总N量376 kg/hm2,–20%CRU) 4个处理。施底肥后15天内每天取气体样1次;追肥后每2天取气体样1次,连续取样3次;其余时间间隔5～7天取气体样1次。静态箱–色谱法测定土壤N₂O排放通量;在定植后40、80和120天取土样测定土壤理化性质;用实时荧光定量PCR检测相关功能基因数量变化;收获后测产。【结果】控释氮肥与水溶肥配施导致基肥N₂O排放峰值出现时间从第8～13天延迟到第28～32天,并且显著降低了其N₂O排放峰值,所有处理追水溶肥后均在3～5天出现N₂O排放峰值,而控释氮肥与水溶肥配施降低了此阶段N₂O排放峰值。相同氮肥施用量条件下,控释氮肥与水溶肥配施显著降低了基肥期土壤N₂O排放通量和累积排放量,降低了追肥期土壤N₂O排放通量和累积排放量,显著降低了番茄生长季土壤NH₄+-N和NO₃?-N含量与微生物功能基因AOA amoA、AOB amoA和nirK数量,降低了nirS数量。与U处理相比,CRU处理增加番茄产量和经济效益,生长季土壤N₂O累积排放量减少了24.8%,差异显著,同时显著降低了N₂O排放强度;与–20%U处理相比,–20%CRU处理增加番茄产量和经济效益,N₂O累积排放量减少了22.1%,亦显著降低了N₂O排放强度 (P < 0.05)。【结论】在常规用氮量和减氮20%用量下,以缓释氮肥代替尿素基施,不仅可显著增加番茄的产量和效益,还显著推迟了番茄生长初期N₂O释放高峰的出现,减少了整个生育期N₂O的排放强度和累积排放量。其主要原因在于缓释氮肥有效控制了土壤中NH₄+-N和NO₃?-N含量的变化,进而减少了与硝化和反硝化相关的微生物数量。在使用缓释肥做基肥时,适当减少氮肥投入不会降低番茄的产量。     

菜地追施猪粪沼液后NH3和N2O排放特征及氮损失率

将厌氧发酵残留物作为肥料还田是其资源化利用的有效途径,但国内外对其还田后氨气（NH3）和氧化亚氮（N2O）的排放特征及氮素利用率的报道较少。本研究通过微区试验,探讨了冬季和夏季大棚菜地追施猪粪沼液（DPS）后NH3和N2O的排放速率及氮素损失率。结果发现, 追施DPS后菜地NH3挥发激增,通常发生在施肥后的48 h 内;而N2O排放量在第一次施肥后大幅增加,随后逐步趋于稳定。追施DPS的处理其NH3和N2O的排放量均显著高于施用化肥的处理,冬季和夏季二者的损失量分别占肥料总量的16.4%～23.2%和24.7%～27.5%。土壤温度、水分和pH对沼液中氮素以NH3和N2O的形式损失的影响较大。     

控释肥施用对小麦生长期N2O排放的影响

通过田间试验,采用静态箱法研究不同施氮水平下控释肥和尿素(N 0、100、200、270 kg hm-2)对麦季N2O排放的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,整个小麦生长季N2O排放量均随尿素和控释肥施用量的增加呈指数增加(32%～164%,p<0.05),但控释肥处理增加程度则较尿素处理缓和;施用控释肥可以有效抑制小麦生长季N2O排放(p<0.05),控释肥对N2O的减排量随着施氮量的增加而增加。小麦产量随尿素施用量的增加呈抛物线增加(24%～43%,p<0.05),随控释肥施用量的增加亦呈抛物线增加(30%～45%,p<0.05);与施用相同水平尿素相比,施用控释肥的小麦产量略有增加,但无显著差异(p>0.05)。单位产量N2O排放量随尿素施用量的增加而呈指数增加(31%～114%,p<0.05),随控释肥施用量的增加而呈抛物线增加(2%～50%,p<0.05);施用控释肥可以有效抑制小麦生长季单位产量N2O排放(p<0.05),控释肥对单位产量N2O的减排量随着施氮量的增加而增加。各处理N2O排放量与土壤水分存在显著正相关(p<0.05),与土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度和土温不呈明显线性关系(p>0.05)。     

施氮方式与添加脲酶/硝化抑制剂对稻季NH3挥发和N2O排放的影响

【目的】分析施肥方式及添加脲酶/硝化抑制剂对稻田NH₃挥发和N₂O排放的影响,基于稻田NH₃和N₂O减排的效果评价优化施肥措施的可行性。【方法】在太湖地区开展为期两年的稻季田间小区试验,供试脲酶抑制剂为N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT),硝化抑制剂为对羟基苯丙酸甲酯(MHPP),用量为施氮量的1%。设置6个处理：1)不施氮肥对照(CK);2)表施尿素N 300 kg/hm² (当地常规施肥,CN);3)表施尿素N 225 kg/hm²(RNB);4)尿素N 225 kg/hm²,50%表施,50%深施(RND);5)表施尿素N 225 kg/hm²+NBPT+MHPP(RNB+DI);6)尿素N 225 kg/hm²+NBPT+MHPP,50%表施,50%深施(RND+DI)。每次施肥后两周内,用密闭式抽气法监测稻田NH₃挥发,在水稻生育期内用静态箱—气相色谱法监测稻田N...     

抑制剂对海南土壤中硝化作用及N2O排放的影响

通过室内培养试验研究4种肥料增效剂对尿素在海南土壤中氮素转化和N₂O排放的影响,以期筛选出适合海南土壤的氮肥增效剂类型。培养试验设单施尿素（CK）、尿素 + 长效复混肥添加剂（加入尿素量的8‰,NAM）、尿素 + 双氰胺（加入尿素量的3.5%,DCD）、尿素 + 3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（加入尿素量的1%,DMPP）、尿素 + 2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶（加入尿素量的8‰,NMAX）5个处理。在培养过程中定期测定土壤理化性质、铵态氮和硝态氮含量以及N₂O排放量的变化,以分析不同增效剂对土壤氮素形态及N₂O排放的影响。结果表明:添加增效剂处理土壤的pH、有机质、全氮和速效钾等均与CK无显著差异,但土壤速效磷含量显著降低。培养过程中,除DCD外,DMPP、NAM和NMAX处理铵态氮浓度一直处于较低水平,而土壤硝态氮含量缓慢增长,显示出明显的硝化抑制效果。与CK处理相比,添加抑制剂处理土壤N₂O浓度峰值延后,累计排放量显著降低,但不同抑制剂间差异不显著。综合比较硝化抑制作用及N₂O减排效果,可以认为添加长效复混肥添加剂（NAM）、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（DMPP）和2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶（NMAX）等抑制剂的肥料适宜应用于海南水稻土。     

追氮方式对夏玉米土壤N2O和NH3排放的影响

【目的】研究氮肥与硝化抑制剂撒施及条施覆土三种追施氮肥方式下土壤N2O和NH3排放规律、 O2浓度及土壤NH4+-N、 NO2--N和NO3--N的时空动态,揭示追氮方式对两种重要环境气体排放的影响及机制。【方法】试验设置3个处理: 1)农民习惯追氮方式撒施(BC); 2)撒施添加10%的硝化抑制剂(BC+DCD); 3) 条施后覆土(Band)。 3个处理均在施肥后均匀灌水20 mm。在夏玉米十叶期追施氮肥后的15天(2014年7月23日至8月8日)进行田间原位连续动态观测,并在玉米成熟期测定产量及吸氮量。采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤N2O排放量,土壤气体平衡管-气相色谱法测定土壤N2O浓度,PVC管-通气法测定土壤NH3挥发,土壤气体平衡管-泵吸式O2浓度测定仪测定土壤O2浓度。【结果】农民习惯追氮方式N2O排放量为N 395 g/hm2,NH3挥发损失为N 22.9 kg/hm2,同时还导致土壤在一定程度上积累了NO2--N。与习惯追氮方式相比,添加硝化抑制剂显著减少N2O排放89.4%,使NH3挥发略有增加,未造成土壤NO2--N的累积。条施覆土使土壤N2O排放量显著增加将近1倍,但使NH3挥发显著减少69.4%,同时造成施肥后土壤局部高NO2--N累积。条施覆土的施肥条带上土壤NO2--N含量与N2O排放通量呈显著正相关。土壤气体的O2和N2O浓度受土壤含水量控制,当土壤WFPS大于60%时,020 cm土层中的O2浓度明显降低,而N2O浓度增加,土壤N2O浓度和土壤O2浓度间呈极显著负相关。各处理地上部产量及总吸氮量差异不显著。【结论】土壤NO2--N的累积与铵态氮肥施肥方式密切相关,NO2--N的累积能够促进土壤N2O的排放,且在条施覆土时达到显著水平(P0.05)。追氮方式对N2O和NH3两种气体的排放存在某种程度的此消彼长,添加硝化抑制剂在减少N2O排放的同时会增加NH3挥发,条施覆土在显著减少NH3挥发的同时会显著增加土壤N2O排放。在条施覆土基础上添加硝化抑制剂,有可能同时降低N2O排放和NH3挥发损失,此推论值得进一步研究。     

农田土壤N2O生成与排放影响因素及N2O总量估算的研究

综述了国内外农田土壤N2 O生成与排放及其影响因素、N2 O排放测定技术及总量估算等方面的研究进展 ,指出硝化与反硝化过程均可产生N2 O ,而影响硝化、反硝化过程的土壤水分含量、温度、pH、有机碳含量和土壤质地等是影响农田土壤N2 O生成与排放的重要因素。根据我国各地农田土壤N2 O排放通量测定结果及相应模型分析 ,初步估算全国农田土壤N2 O年排放总量为N 398Gg ,约占全球农田土壤排放总量的 1 0 % ,其中旱田N2 O年排放总量为N 31 0Gg ,水田为N 88Gg。     

土壤水分状况对CH4氧化,N2O和CO2排放的影响

实验室培育试验表明，土壤氧化ＣＨ４，排放Ｎ２Ｏ和ＣＯ２的最佳水分含不量。水稻土氧化ＣＨ４的最佳水分含同于半干旱草地土壤，均接近于土壤环境常年水分含量。水稻土Ｎ２Ｏ排放量随着水分含量的下降而增加，半干旱草地土壤则随着水分含量的下降而减少，表明背离土壤环境上水分含量越远，Ｎ２Ｏ的排放量越大。因而，ＣＨ４氧化和Ｎ２Ｏ排放对土壤水分含量的反应呈极显著的负相关性。ＣＯ２排放的最佳水分含量接近或高于ＣＨ４氧化     

菜地氮肥用量与N2O排放的关系及硝化抑制剂效果

通过连续种植四季蔬菜近一年的大田试验,探究高施氮水平和低氮肥利用率的蔬菜生产系统中,N2O排放量与氮肥施用量之间的定量关系及其机理,并研究硝化抑制剂减少菜地N2O排放的效果.结果表明,在氮肥施用水平为N 0～1 733 kg hm-2a-1间,无论氮肥中是否添加硝化抑制剂,N2O总排放量与氮肥施用量均呈指数函数关系,即氮肥施用量高时,N2O排放率也高.在各氮肥水平处理下,硝化抑制剂均能降低N2O排放,抑制率为8.75％ ～ 25.28％,且这种减排效果随着施氮量增加而增加.在氮肥施用量为N 300或400 kg hm-2季-1时,施用硝化抑制剂减少N2O排放所带来的效益略高于其成本,因此,即使不考虑氮肥利用率的提高等因素,施用硝化抑制剂仍是一种有利的选择.     

Long-term application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on N2O emissions, soil quality and crop production in a sandy loam soil

A long-term field experiment was established to determine the influence of mineral fertilizer (NPK) or organic manure (composed of wheat straw, oil cake and cottonseed cake) on soil fertility. A tract of calcareous fluvo-aquic soil (aquic inceptisol) in the Fengqiu State Key Experimental Station for Ecological Agriculture (Fengqiu county, Henan province, China) was fertilized beginning in September 1989 and N₂O emissions were examined during the maize and wheat growth seasons of 2002-2003. The study involved seven treatments: organic manure (OM), half-organic manure plus half-fertilizer N (1/2 OMN), fertilizer NPK (NPK), fertilizer NP (NP), fertilizer NK (NK), fertilizer PK (PK) and control (CK). Manured soils had higher organic C and N contents, but lower pH and bulk densities than soils receiving the various mineralized fertilizers especially those lacking P, indicating that long-term application of manures could efficiently prevent the leaching of applied N from and increase N content in the plowed layer. The application of manures and fertilizers at a rate of 300 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ significantly increased N₂O emissions from 150 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in the CK treatment soil to 856 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in the OM treatment soil; however, there was no significant difference between the effect of fertilizer and manure on N₂O emission. More N₂O was released during the 102-day maize growth season than during the 236-day wheat growth season in the N-fertilized soils but not in N-unfertilized soils. N₂O emission was significantly affected by soil moisture during the maize growth season and by soil temperature during the wheat growth season. In sum, this study showed that manure added to a soil tested did not result in greater N₂O emission than treatment with a N-containing fertilizer, but did confer greater benefits for soil fertility and the environment.     

生物炭施用下中国农田土壤N2O排放的Meta分析

为明确施加生物炭对中国农田土壤N_2O排放的影响和主要控制因素,以公开发表的试验数据为研究对象,采用Meta-analysis法定量分析了施加生物炭条件下,气候、土壤性质、田间管理方式、生物炭性质与施加量对土壤N_2O排放的影响,并对各影响因素进行通径分析。结果表明,当年降雨量≥600 mm时,生物炭显著降低土壤N_2O排放量(P0.05),且随年降雨量的增加而增强;当年日照时数大于1 000 h时,生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果随年日照时数的增加而减弱。当土壤p H≥6.5时,生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果随土壤p H的增加呈先增后减趋势;在壤土中施加生物炭对N_2O的减排效果显著(P0.05),而砂土和黏土不显著(P0.05)。生物炭对覆膜土壤N_2O的减排效果优于不覆膜土壤;生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果随施氮肥量增加而减弱,而随生物炭比表面积的增加而增强。当生物炭C/N处于30~500时,生物炭施用下土壤N_2O排放量显著降低(P0.05);当生物炭施加量处于20~160 t×hm-2时,生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果随施加量增加而增强。生物炭对土壤N_2O减排的影响存在显著的区域性特征,对华南、华东、华中和东北地区影响显著(P0.05),而对西北地区不显著(P0.05);施氮肥量、生物炭施加量、年均温和年降雨量是影响生物炭减排效果的最主要因素,这些因素的相互作用共同影响生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果。该研究可为生物炭在我国农区的推广应用和农田N_2O减排提供参考。     

No-till only increases N2O emissions in poorly-aerated soils

Denitrification rates are often greater in no-till than in tilled soils and net soil-surface greenhouse gas emissions could be increased by enhanced soil N₂O emissions following adoption of no-till. The objective of this study was to summarize published experimental results to assess whether the response of soil N₂O fluxes to the adoption of no-till is influenced by soil aeration. A total of 25 field studies presenting direct comparisons between conventional tillage and no-till (approximately 45 site-years of data) were reviewed and grouped according to soil aeration status estimated using drainage class and precipitation during the growing season. The summary showed that no-till generally increased N₂O emissions in poorly-aerated soils but was neutral in soils with good and medium aeration. On average, soil N₂O emissions under no-till were 0.06 kg N ha⁻¹ lower, 0.12 kg N ha⁻¹ higher and 2.00 kg N ha⁻¹ higher than under tilled soils with good, medium and poor aeration, respectively. Our results therefore suggest that the impact of no-till on N₂O emissions is small in well-aerated soils but most often positive in soils where aeration is reduced by conditions or properties restricting drainage. Considering typical soil C gains following adoption of no-till, we conclude that increased N₂O losses may result in a negative greenhouse gas balance for many poorly-drained fine-textured agricultural soils under no-till located in regions with a humid climate.     

Elevated CO2 stimulates N2O emissions in permanent grassland

To evaluate climate forcing under increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, feedback effects on greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide (N₂O) with a high global warming potential should be taken into account. This requires long-term N₂O flux measurements because responses to elevated CO₂ may vary throughout annual courses. Here, we present an almost 9 year long continuous N₂O flux data set from a free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) study on an old, N-limited temperate grassland. Prior to the FACE start, N₂O emissions were not different between plots that were later under ambient (A) and elevated (E) CO₂ treatments, respectively. However, over the entire experimental period (May 1998–December 2006), N₂O emissions more than doubled under elevated CO₂ (0.90 vs. 2.07 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ under A and E, respectively). The strongest stimulation occurred during vegetative growth periods in the summer when soil mineral N concentrations were low. This was surprising because based on literature we had expected the highest stimulation of N₂O emissions due to elevated CO₂ when mineral N concentrations were above background values (e.g. shortly after N application in spring). N₂O emissions under elevated CO₂ were moderately stimulated during late autumn–winter, including freeze–thaw cycles which occurred in the 8th winter of the experiment. Averaged over the entire experiment, the additional N₂O emissions caused by elevated CO₂ equaled 4738 kg CO₂-equivalents ha⁻¹, corresponding to more than half a ton (546 kg) of CO₂ ha⁻¹ which has to be sequestered annually to balance the CO₂-induced N₂O emissions. Without a concomitant increase in C sequestration under rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, temperate grasslands may be converted into greenhouse gas sources by a positive feedback on N₂O emissions. Our results underline the need to include continuous N₂O flux measurements in ecosystem-scale CO₂ enrichment experiments.     

氮肥水平对稻田细菌群落及N2O排放的影响

作为土壤氮素转化的驱动者,微生物群落结构关系着稻田氮素利用及温室气体N_2O排放等问题。本研究分别基于高通量测序和荧光定量PCR技术,分析了不同氮肥水平[CK(不施氮)、N(施N 180 kg·hm-2)、2/3N(施N 120 kg·hm-2)、1/3N(施N 60 kg·hm-2)]下稻田细菌群落及硝化反硝化关键微生物功能基因丰度的变化。结果显示:氮肥水平提高增加了稻田细菌物种丰富度Chao1指数和群落多样性Shannon指数,改变了细菌群落组成,其中与硝化作用相关的硝化螺菌门Nitrospirae和嗜酸的醋杆菌门Acidobacteria的相对丰度随氮肥水平提高而增加,但甲烷氧化菌Methylosinus的相对丰度随氮肥水平提高而降低。氮肥水平对稻田硝化作用关键微生物氨氧化细菌amo A基因丰度的影响较大,0~5 cm和10~20 cm深度土层中的amo A基因丰度均随氮肥用量增加而提高;反硝化作用关键微生物功能基因nir S、qno B和nos Z的丰度在不施肥处理(CK)中显著低于施肥处理(1/3N、2/3N和N)(P0.05),但1/3N、2/3N和N处理的稻田nir S基因丰度没有明显差异;0~5 cm土层中qno B和nos Z基因丰度存在随氮肥水平提高而增加的趋势,10~20 cm土层中nos Z基因丰度在2/3N和N处理下显著高于1/3N处理(P0.05)。N处理的稻田N_2O排放通量显著高于2/3N及1/3N处理(P0.05),后者又显著高于CK处理(P0.05)。相关分析结果表明稻田N_2O排放通量与0~5 cm土层中硝化螺菌门Nitrospirae相对丰度及10~20 cm土层中amo A基因丰度存在显著相关性(P0.05,n=10)。综上所述,氮肥水平提高增加了稻田细菌群落多样性,促进了稻田N_2O排放,且本研究稻田中硝化作用微生物群落及丰度变化与稻田N_2O排放的关系更为密切。     

氮肥用量和脲酶抑制剂对滴灌马铃薯田氧化亚氮排放和氨挥发的影响

【目的】 氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放是氮素损失的重要途径。内蒙古阴山北麓滴灌马铃薯田种植面积大,普遍存在过量施肥的问题。研究适宜的氮肥用量,利用脲酶抑制剂来抑制氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放,对提高当地氮肥利用率和减缓环境压力具有重要意义。 【方法】 田间试验分两年在内蒙古武川县两个村庄进行,供试地块种植马铃薯,采用滴灌技术。2015年设置4个处理,分别为:不施氮 (CK);优化施氮模式,施N 180 kg/hm2 (Opt);优化施氮减半模式,施N 90 kg/hm2 (OptR);农民传统施肥量,施N 270 kg/hm2 (Con)。2016年试验处理根据2015年的结果进行调整,设置4个处理:不施氮 (CK);优化施氮添加脲酶抑制剂模式,施N 162.6 kg/hm2 (OptI);优化施氮模式, 施N 162.6 kg/hm2 (Opt);农民传统施肥量,施N 320 kg/hm2 (Con)。分别采用静态暗箱法和通气法采集氧化亚氮和氨气,每次施肥后,两天采集一次气体样品,氧化亚氮连续取样三次,氨气持续取样直至气体含量低于仪器检测值下限。 【结果】 氨挥发速率在施入尿素后第1～5 d出现峰值。Con处理2015和2016年氨挥发的最大峰值分别是13.2 mg/(m2·d) 和5.3 mg/(m2·d),氨挥发累积量分别为N 3.61和3.96 kg/hm2;Opt处理的最大峰值分别为8.69 mg/(m2·d) 和3.19 mg/(m2·d),累积挥发量分别为N 3.11和2.72 kg/hm2;OptR处理氨挥发速率最大峰值为5.63 mg/(m2·d),氨挥发累积量为2.66 kg/hm2,OptI处理氨挥发速率最大峰值为3.67 mg/(m2·d),氨挥发累积量为2.50 kg/hm2。氨挥发累积量随着氮肥用量的增加而增多,Con处理的氨挥发量显著高于其他处理;氧化亚氮排放量在施入尿素后第3 d达到峰值,Con处理2015和2016年的氧化亚氮排放峰值分别达到0.3 mg/(m2·d) 和0.2 mg/(m2·d),氧化亚氮累积排放量分别为N 1.96和1.18 kg/hm2,显著高于其他处理;Opt处理两年的排放最大峰值均为0.11 mg/(m2·d),氧化亚氮累积排放量为N 0.95、0.69 kg/hm2;OptR的氧化亚氮排放量最大峰值为0.09 mg/(m2·d),累积量为0.90 kg/hm2。OptI的氧化亚氮排放量最大峰值为0.12 mg/(m2·d),氧化亚氮累积量为0.66 kg/hm2。相比Opt,OptI处理的氨挥发和氧化亚氮累积排放量分别降低了11.8%和16.7%,但未达到显著水平。氨挥发速率与土壤温度呈显著正相关,土壤温度的升高会显著增加氨挥发速率,土壤湿度的增加会抑制氨挥发速率,影响不显著。氧化亚氮的排放与土壤湿度呈显著正相关,土壤中水分增加会显著增加氧化亚氮的排放量,土壤温度与氧化亚氮排放成负相关,影响未达到显著水平。 【结论】 与农民传统施肥模式相比,优化施氮模式可显著降低氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放量,添加脲酶抑制剂未达到显著降低尿素氨挥发量和氧化亚氮排放的效果。土壤湿度和土壤温度在一定程度上影响着氨挥发速率和氧化亚氮的排放通量。在供试地区马铃薯田的施肥管理中,推荐可有效地降低氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放量的优化施氮模式。      

生物质炭对酸性菜地土壤N2O排放及相关功能基因丰度的影响

【目的】 生物质炭显著影响土壤氧化亚氮 (N₂O) 排放,但关于其相关微生物机理的研究相对匮乏,尤其是生物质炭对酸性菜地土壤N₂O排放的微生物作用机理。本文通过研究氮肥配施生物质炭对酸性菜地土壤N₂O排放以及硝化和反硝化过程相关功能基因丰度的影响,探讨酸性菜地土壤N₂O排放与功能基因丰度的关系,阐释生物质炭对酸性菜地土壤试验N₂O排放的微生物作用机理。 【方法】 在田间一次性施入生物质炭 40 t/hm2,试验连续进行了3年,共9茬蔬菜。设置4个处理:对照 (CK)、氮肥 (N)、生物质炭 (Bc) 和氮肥 + 生物质炭 (N + Bc)。在施用后第三年,采集土壤样品进行室内培养,应用荧光定量PCR技术检测硝化过程氨氧化古菌 (AOA)、氨氧化细菌 (AOB) 功能基因amoA和反硝化过程亚硝酸还原酶基因 (nirK、nirS) 以及N₂O还原酶基因 (nosZ) 等相关功能基因丰度,同时监测土壤pH值、无机氮 (铵态氮、硝态氮) 含量及N₂O排放。 【结果】 与CK相比,生物质炭 (Bc) 处理的土壤有机碳 (SOC) 提高了27.1%,总氮 (TN) 提高了8.2%,amoA-AOB基因丰度显著降低了11.0%,nosZ基因丰度增加了21.2% (P < 0.05),N ₂O排放没有显著变化 (P > 0.05)。与CK相比,施用氮肥 (N) 显著降低土壤pH ( P < 0.05),显著增加土壤无机氮含量、 nirK、nirS和nosZ功能基因丰度以及土壤N₂O累积排放量 (P < 0.05)。与N处理相比,生物质炭与氮肥联合施用 (N + Bc) 处理显著增加 amoA-AOA、amoA-AOB、nirK、nirS和nosZ基因丰度,增幅分别为68.1%、39.3%、21.1%、19.8%、48.4% (P < 0.05),但 ( nirK + nirS)/nosZ的比值降低,同时N₂O累积排放量显著降低33.3% (P < 0.05)。室内培养期间N ₂O排放峰出现在1～5 d,N和N+Bc处理排放速率分别为 N 1.70 × 103和1.76 × 103 ng/(kg·h)。相关分析结果显示,N₂O排放速率与氧化亚氮还原酶的标记基因nosZ基因拷贝数 (P < 0.05)、NH ₄+-N含量 (P < 0.01) 呈显著正相关,与pH呈显著负相关 ( P < 0.01)。 【结论】 在菜地生态系统中氮肥和生物质炭联合施用可以有效缓解菜地土壤酸化,减少菜地土壤N₂O排放,主要归因于反硝化作用nosZ基因丰度增加,(nirK + nirS)/nosZ比值降低。      

Compaction effects on CO2 and N2O production during drying and rewetting of soil

The effects of compaction on soil porosity and soil water relations are likely to influence substrate availability and microbial activity under fluctuating soil moisture conditions. We conducted a short laboratory incubation to investigate the effects of soil compaction on substrate availability and biogenic gas (CO₂ and N₂O) production during the drying and rewetting of a fine-loamy soil. Prior to initiating the drying and wetting treatments, CO₂ production (−10 kPa soil water content) from uncompacted soil was 2.3 times that of compacted soil and corresponded with higher concentrations of microbial biomass C (MBC) and dissolved organic C (DOC). In contrast, N₂O production was 67 times higher in compacted than uncompacted soil at field capacity. Soil aeration rather than substrate availability (e.g. NO₃⁻ and DOC) appeared to be the most important factor affecting N₂O production during this phase. The drying of compacted soil resulted in an initial increase in CO₂ production and a nearly two-fold higher average rate of C mineralization at maximum dryness (owing to a higher water-filled pore space [WFPS]) compared to uncompacted soil. During the drying phase, N₂O production was markedly reduced (by 93-96%) in both soils, though total N₂O production remained slightly higher in compacted than uncompacted soil. The increase in CO₂ production during the first 24 h following rewetting of dry soil was about 2.5 times higher in uncompacted soil and corresponded with a much greater release of DOC than in compacted soil. MBC appeared to be the source of the DOC released from uncompacted soil but not from compacted soil. The production of N₂O during the first 24 h following rewetting of dry soil was nearly 20 times higher in compacted than uncompacted soil. Our results suggest that N₂O production from compacted soil was primarily the result of denitrification, which was limited by substrates (especially NO₃⁻) made available during drying and rewetting and occurred rapidly after the onset of anoxic conditions during the rewetting phase. In contrast, N₂O production from uncompacted soil appeared to be primarily the product of nitrification that was largely associated with an accumulation of NO₃⁻ following rewetting of dry soil. Irrespective of compaction, the response to drying and rewetting was greater for N₂O production than for CO₂ production.