水稻细胞间磷酸盐高效循环再利用的机制解析

磷是作物生长发育必需的大量矿质营养元素.由于磷酸盐易被土壤所固定的特性,往往需要大量施用磷肥来满足作物需求,这造成了田间磷肥利用效率低且带来环境污染风险.提高作物体内磷素利用效率,减少对外界磷素供应的依赖是磷素养分高效的重要途径.目前,大量研究解析了作物磷素信号调控网络及其调控磷素吸收的分子生理机制,但针对作物自身磷素...     

缺磷胁迫对黄瓜体内磷运输及再分配的影响

本研究用营养液培养法定量地测定并计算了在正常供磷及缺磷后不同时间黄瓜植株体内磷的分布及再运输。缺磷处理５天后,新生叶和根系中的吸磷量明显增加,分别占植株总吸磷量的３６．１％和１３．５％,而相应的正常供磷植株的新生叶和根系中的吸磷量仅分别占植株总吸磷量的２２．４％和６．３４％,而且缺磷植株根系的生长显著快于供磷的植株。缺磷胁迫１０天后,植株地上部生长受到明显抑制,老叶中的磷通过韧皮部运向新生叶以保证新生器官的生长,使新生叶中磷的浓度比老叶中高４７％,但缺磷植株根系中磷的累积量下降不多。本研究还定量证明了即使在正常供磷条件下,随着生长时间的延长,也有大量的磷由老叶运向新叶。不论缺磷与否,植株新生叶和根中磷的浓度都保持最高,但缺磷和供磷植物体中磷的分配模式不同。     

无机有机肥磷配施对作物产量及土壤磷形态变化

采用盆栽模拟生物试验,研究等量施磷条件下无机有机肥磷不同配比处理对作物产量及土壤磷形态的影响.结果表明:无机肥磷:有机肥磷为80∶20的处理较100∶0处理前两季小麦和水稻产量略低,后两季小麦和大豆产量显著增高;80∶20处理的土壤活性有机磷和中等活性有机磷含量分别比100∶0处理增加60.0％和51.7％; 80:20处理的铁磷和闭蓄态磷含量较100∶0处理显著降低,铝磷和钙磷含量变化不大;80∶20和70∶30处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、磷含量均显著高于100∶0处理.因此,80∶20处理是本试验条件下无机有机肥磷配施的最佳比例,可为农业生产上提供借鉴.     

水稻根系果胶去甲酯化促进细胞壁磷再利用的机制探究

在缺磷条件下,水稻根系细胞壁中的果胶组分能促进细胞壁磷的再利用,而其中的潜在机制仍有待进一步的研究。选取粳稻品种Nipponbare(Nip)和籼稻品种Kasalath(Kas)作为试验材料,研究了在缺磷条件下,水稻内源磷可利用水平的变化及其差异,并探究了产生这种差异的原因。结果表明:在缺磷处理后,水稻体内的可溶性磷含量迅速降低,而Nip根系和地上部的可溶性磷含量均一直高于Kas。同时Nip根系中释放出了更多的细胞壁磷,说明相对于Kas而言,Nip的内源磷再利用能力更强。缺磷胁迫时,与Kas相比,Nip可通过提高根系中的果胶甲酯酶活性,维持较低的果胶甲酯化度。体外试验又表明,甲酯化度越低的果胶,活化难溶态磷的能力越强。综上,缺磷胁迫下,水稻可通过提高根系果胶甲酯酶活性,将细胞壁的果胶甲酯化度维持在较低水平,从而促进细胞壁磷的释放来增加体内的可溶性磷含量,以供其他部位再利用。     

不同基因型植物低磷胁迫适应机理的研究进展

提高磷(P)效率的途径之一是选择在P胁迫下能实现高产的新的基因型植物。阐述了低P胁迫下植物根的粗细,根毛的数量和密度,侧根的数量,根系特异分泌物种类数量的差异,酸性磷酸酶活性等形态和生理方面的适应性反应,与耐低P有关的基因定位、克隆的研究进展,揭示了植物低P胁迫时的适应机制。     

磷胁迫条件下油菜、肥田萝卜对难溶性磷的活化与利用

通过砂培试验研究了北方食用油菜和南方绿肥作物肥田萝卜两种植物在缺磷胁迫条件下对难溶性磷酸盐Ca₃(PO₄)₂和AlPO₄的活化利用情况。试验结果表明,在仅供应一种难浴性磷酸盐时,油菜和肥田萝卜对磷酸铝和磷酸三钙都有较大程度的活化与利用。在施用AlPO₄时肥田萝卜地上部吸磷量达到供应等磷量水溶性磷酸盐时的90％;在施用Ca₂(PO₄)₂时油菜地上部吸磷量达到供应等磷量水溶性磷酸盐时的49％。植物干物重的测定结果说明,在缺磷时,难溶性的Ca₃(PO₄)₂及AlPO₄对油菜和肥田萝卜均有促进生长的作用。但是,油菜与肥田萝卜对Ca₃(PO₄)₂和AlPO₄的活化利用程度却存在着一定差异。表现为油菜对Ca₃(PO₄)₂的利用能力强,而肥田萝卜对AlPO₄的利用能力强。     

植物磷转运蛋白基因及其表达调控的研究进展

土壤有效磷的缺乏是限制植物生长发育的主要因素之一,植物对于磷素营养的吸收及转运主要是通过不同家族的磷转运蛋白来进行的。在外部介质严重缺磷的环境中,植物体自身会通过诱导或增强磷素转运蛋白基因的表达量提高其对根际和共生菌根菌丝磷素的吸收和利用,同时外界环境中的其他一些因素也会影响磷转运蛋白基因的表达调控。近年来,随着分子生物学技术和植物基因组学的快速发展,国内外有关磷素转运蛋白的分子研究也在不断深入,并取得了一系列令人振奋的成果。本文简述了近年来高等植物磷素转运蛋白基因的克隆、表达、调控及其可能存在的相互作用,并对进一步的研究作了展望。     

磷的吸收转运机制研究进展

磷对动物来说具有重要的生理功能。它主要以无机磷的形式在小肠和肾脏近端小管上皮细胞的刷状缘膜被吸收和重吸收,它的吸收转运过程是一个借助于钠磷协同转运蛋白与钠离子一起的主动转运过程,并且磷的吸收受很多因素的调节。在充分了解磷的吸收转运机制以后既可以保证动物以最佳状态生长,又可以使由于磷造成的环境污染降到最低。本文就磷的吸收转运机制最新研究进展进行了概述。     

不同磷形态对两种磷效率小麦根系指标与根际特征差异的影响

磷高效基因型小麦的筛选,对于高效合理地利用生物有效性低的土壤磷源有着极其重要的意义.本文以典型的磷高效型小麦小偃54和磷低效型小麦京411为研究对象,采用石英砂砾培养的方式种植40d,通过测定小麦的生物量、含磷量、根系形态、根系酸化能力和酸性磷酸酶活性,探索了两种磷效率小麦根系形态和生理特征对两种不同无机磷源磷酸铁(FePO4)和有机磷源植酸钠(Na-Phytate)的响应.结果表明:施用FePO4时,与京411相比磷高效型小麦小偃54表现出根长显著伸长、pH值显著降低和根系吸收质子显著减少的适应性反应,根系生物量和根冠比显著低于京411,小偃54的根系生物量仅为京411的83％,并且在此施肥条件下,两种小麦的地上生物量低于无磷处理.小偃54的磷高效性在施用Na-Phytate时可以得到体现.施用Na-Phytate会导致小偃54的根长伸长、根尖数增加与单位根鲜重酸性磷酸酶的分泌量增加.两种小麦苗龄为40d时对Na-Phytate的利用效率显著高于FePO4,其表现为小偃54在Na-Phytate处理下的地上生物量和含磷量为FePO4处理的148％和336％,京411的地上生物量和含磷量为FePO4处理的146％和391％.FePO4与Na-Phytate混施时两种小麦的生物量和含磷量并未比单施Na-Phytate高,由上述结果可知两种小麦对介质中不同磷源的利用机制不同.     

Upland rice genotypes evaluation for phosphorus use efficiency

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the most important yield‐limiting factors in acid soils in various parts of the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and P‐use efficiency of 20 upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes at low (0 mg P kg^‐1), medium (75 mg P kg^‐1), and high (150 mg P kg^‐1) levels of applied P on an Oxisol. Plant height, tillers, shoot and root dry weight, shoot‐root ratio, P concentration in root and shoot, P uptake in root and shoot, and P‐use efficiency were significantly (P<0.01) affected by level of soil P as well as genotype. Shoot weight and P uptake in shoot were found to be the plant parameters most sensitive to P deficiency, suggesting that these two parameters may be most suitable for screening rice genotypes for P‐use efficiency under greenhouse conditions.     

冬小麦磷肥利用率主要影响因素的研究

在大量田间试验及土壤、植株分析测定基础上,建立影响磷肥利用率的各个主要因子变化规律的函数模型,从动态的角度研究影响磷肥利用率各因素之间的关系。结果表明,施磷量越大,磷利用率越低;土壤速效磷高,磷的利用率也低。只有合理地搭配氮肥、钾肥实现平衡施肥,才能使磷的利用率达到一个较高的水平。     

Evaluation of common bean genotypes for phosphorus use efficiency

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate phosphorus (P)‐use efficiency of 10 promising genotypes of common bean (Phaseoius vulgaris L.) with short and normal growth duration. The genotypes were grown on an Oxisol at 25 mg P kg^‐1 (low P) and 150 mg P kg^‐1 (high P) of soil. Shoot and root dry weight, root length, P concentration in the shoot, and P uptake in the shoot were significantly (P<0.01) affected by soil P concentration and genotype. However, P level did not effect root length and genotype had no effect on root dry weight. On the basis of P‐use efficiency (mg dry weight of shoot/mg P accumulated in the shoot) genotypes were classified as efficient and responsive (ER), efficient and nonresponsive (ENR), nonefficient and responsive (NER), and nonefficient and nonresponsive (NENR). From a practical point of view, genotypes which produce a lot of dry matter in a soil with a low P level, and respond well to added P are the most desirable because they are able to express their high yield potential in a wide range of P environments. Novo Jalo and Pérola genotypes fall into this group. Genotypes Irai, Jalo Precoce and L93300166 fall into the ENR group. Genotypes Carioca, Rosinha G‐2, and Xamengo were classified NER, whereas, genotypes L93300176 and Diamante Negro were classified as NENR. There were no differences between short and normal growth duration genotypes in P‐use efficiency.     

低植酸作物遗传改良途径与磷资源高效利用

[目的]磷是作物生长发育所必需的营养元素.在植物体内,磷多以植酸形式储存在成熟籽粒中.非反刍动物,包括人类,无法消化植酸来获取磷及植酸螯合的有益元素,籽粒中收获的大量磷素进入人及动物排泄物,不仅造成磷资源浪费,也加大了环境风险.因此,培育籽粒低植酸品种是改善作物营养品质、降低磷素环境风险的重要途径.本文综述作物籽粒磷的...     

Increased plant density with reduced nitrogen input can improve nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat while maintaining grain yield

ABSTRACT

Plant density and nitrogen (N) input level have notable effects on root development, distribution in the soil profile, and in turn, N-uptake of winter wheat. Our study objectives were to identify whether a high yield can be maintained with a reduced N input by increasing plant density. Field studies were conducted during four successive seasons (2014–2015, 2015–2016, 2016–2017, and 2017–2018) using a widely planted cultivar, Tainong18. Two regimes of N fertilization (180 kg ha^?1 and 240 kg ha^?1) and three planting densities (135, 270, and 405 plants per m²) were used. Higher plant density led to increased root length density (RLD) and enhanced N uptake from the whole soil profile. The RLD in the soil profile at 0–1.2 m, 0–0.4 m, and 0.4–0.8 m decreased while in the 0.8–1.2 m layer it increased in response to reduced N input. The combined effects of higher plant density and lower N input resulted in reduced N uptake, a lower nitrogen nutrition index (NNI), unchanged grain yield, and improved N use efficiency. In conclusion, it is possible and sustainable to maintain a high wheat yield with reduced N input by increasing plant density.     

Magnesium-fortified phosphate fertilizers improve nutrient uptake and plant growth without reducing phosphorus availability

Magnesium (Mg) deficiency can significantly limit crop yield and quality. Separate application of straight Mg fertilizer is unattractive because of additional labor costs. Meanwhile, bulk blending Mg with other macronutrient fertilizers is also a suboptimal solution because bulk blended fertilizers often yield poor nutrient distributions. One rapid and economical alternative to alleviating Mg deficiency is to co-granulate macronutrient fertilizers with Mg. However, few commercial products have implemented this approach. One of the barriers hindering the production of Mg-fortified phosphorus (P) fertilizers is the assumption that precipitation of P with Mg will reduce P solubility. In this study, four Mg compounds, anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), magnesium oxide (MgO), anhydrous magnesium chloride (MgCl₂), and dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂), were co-granulated with mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), and their granule strength, Mg and P availabilities, and agronomic effectiveness were evaluated. Results showed that there were no significant differences in P solubility between Mg-fortified MAP and MAP treatments. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that the Mg species after co-granulation were boussingaultite (Mg(NH₄)₂(SO₄)₂·6H₂O), schertelite (Mg(NH₄)₂H₂(PO₄)₂·4H₂O), magnesium hydrogen phosphate (Mg(H₂PO₄)₂), and dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂). A pot experiment using an acidic soil demonstrated an average 9.6-fold increase in shoot Mg uptake, 3.0-fold increase in shoot P uptake, and 3.2-fold increase in soybean shoot dry matter in Mg-fortified MAP treatments, compared to those in MAP treatment. The current study provides a simple, effective, and low-cost approach for the addition of Mg to macronutrient fertilizers, to minimize Mg deficiency.     

Modifying land management in order to improve efficiency of rainwater use in the African highlands

Water scarcity and drought in Africa are often in the news. The widespread tendency to relate farmers’ notion of drought to changes in the occurrence of dry spells is misguided: several recent studies have yielded little evidence of an increase in the length and/or frequency of such spells. The farmers’ concept of drought is contextual and an indirect result of land degradation. Plant production suffers because water is not available due to deteriorated physical properties of soil. Farmers’ perception of drought refers to the Green Water Use Efficiency (GWUE), i.e. the fraction of rain that is used for plant transpiration. GWUE in Africa is remarkably low: in sub-Saharan Africa, only 15% of the terrestrial rainwater is used by plants for the production of food, fodder and fibre. Although a millet crop grown under traditional circumstances uses only 50 mm in transpiration, the crop frequently suffers from agricultural drought due to excessive losses of rainwater.A range of land management practices is available to help improve GWUE. They can be classified according to their function. Hedgerow barriers and terraces can mitigate runoff; infiltration rates below hedgerows in Kenya were found to be three to eight times higher than where the crop was grown. Mulch that triggers soil fauna can improve water availability; mulching with straw from a local perennial grass in Burkina Faso doubled the water use efficiency from 1 kg mm⁻¹ without fauna to 2 kg mm⁻¹ with fauna. Water harvesting and water–nutrient synergy can improve water use; in case permeable barriers combined with the use of compost Sorghum yield in Burkina Faso was 2.3 times higher than in the control plots and the plots with the barriers only.Green water deserves more attention from policy makers, planners, land users, water engineers and managers.     

Low-molecular weight organic acids improve plant availability of phosphorus in different textured calcareous soils

Understanding the role of organic acids on phosphorus (P) sorption capacity of soils is very important for its economic and friendly management. Combining P application with low-molecular weight organic acids could result in its higher plant availability for prolonged time. Therefore, citric and oxalic acid (at the rate of 1.0 mM kg^?1 soil) were evaluated for their effect on P sorption capacity and its plant availability in two different textured calcareous soils. Organic acids decreased P sorption capacity and organic carbon partition coefficient (K_oc) whereas increased Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of P. Organic-acid-treated soils required lesser quantity of P fertilizer to produce soil solution P concentration optimum for plant growth (external P requirement [EPR_0.2]), that is, 0.2 mg L^?1. Citric acid was efficient than oxalic acid in the above effects. P sorption parameters of Freundlich model were negatively correlated with lime potential and ΔG whereas had positive correlation (P < 0.05) with EPR_0.2 and K_oc. Incubation with oxalic acid increased available P in loamy sand and loam soil by 20% and 30%, respectively. Thus, organic acids could help reduce application rate of P fertilizer through lowering its adsorption in highly P-fixing soils without compromise on yield.     

提高植物钾素利用效率的基因工程途径研究——以过表达ZmK2.1拟南芥为例

本文通过对13种植物（拟南芥，水稻，玉米，大豆，甜瓜，胡萝卜、葡萄、马铃薯、沙冬青、苜蓿、小花碱茅、黄瓜及杨树）中的Shaker型钾离子通道进行生物信息学聚类分析和氨基酸序列比对，选定C端区域反映C4植物特征的玉米气孔开放型钾离子吸收通道ZmK2.1，构建了过表达ZmK2.1的拟南芥株系（OE#3、OE#5、OE#11），同时以野生型Col-0为对照实验材料，研究过表达ZmK2.1拟南芥植株的钾素利用特征。实验采用固体培养基和水培培养相结合的方法，设置低钾（0.1 mol/L KCl）、中钾（1 mol/L KCl）及高钾（10 mol/L KCl）三个不同供钾水平，测定植株生物量、根长、钾含量、钾积累量、气孔导度、光合速率及蒸腾速率。研究结果：在钾充足条件下，过表达ZmK2.1拟南芥的根长、生物量、钾含量、钾积累量与对照相比，均显著增加。同时，过表达ZmK2.1基因的拟南芥气孔导度、光合速率、蒸腾速率显著提高。本研究结果表明：在供钾充足的条件下，通过基因工程手段过表达ZmK2.1基因可显著促进拟南芥植物的生长，并显著提高其钾素利用效率，这与ZmK2.1可显著增加植株的气孔导度，进而提高其光合效率和蒸腾速率密切相关。     

磷素子粒生产效率不同品种的小麦磷素吸收利用差异

盆栽试验研究了130份小麦不同生育时期的干物重、磷素含量、子粒产量等指标,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种按磷素子粒生产效率从低到高依次分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ 6个类型,研究不同类型磷素吸收利用的差异。结果表明: 1）供试品种的磷素子粒生产效率差异较大（CV=1660%）,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ类品种的平均磷素子粒生产效率为P 13629、15167、16916、18589、20132、24466 g/g。子粒产量随磷素子粒生产效率提高呈增加趋势（r=03203**）。2）不同生育时期,小麦植株磷浓度与吸磷量类型间差异显著或极显著。成熟期磷素子粒生产效率与植株磷浓度极显著正相关（r=06969**）,子粒产量与抽穗期、成熟期植株吸磷量显著或极显著相关（r=02966*、r=09271**）。3）不同生育时期磷素干物质生产效率的类间差异均达显著水平; 成熟期磷素干物质生产效率与磷素子粒生产效率极显著正相关 （r=07391**）。4）拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期干物重均表现出随磷素子粒生产效率增加而增加的趋势,成熟期尤为突出。拔节期成熟期磷素吸收量是影响子粒产量形成的重要因素,磷素子粒生产效率高的品种在拔节期后有较强干物质和子粒产量形成能力。