氟吡呋喃酮对红火蚁的毒力及其亚致死效应

为评估新型新烟碱类杀虫剂氟吡呋喃酮对红火蚁Solenopsis invicta的毒力及其亚致死效应，通过点滴法和胃毒法测定氟吡呋喃酮对红火蚁工蚁的毒力，并使用饲喂法评估亚致死浓度的氟吡呋喃酮对红火蚁蚁群增长、取食能力、爬行速率和攀附能力以及拒食作用的影响。结果显示，氟吡呋喃酮对红火蚁的致死中量和致死中浓度分别为0.51μg/头和61.14μg/mL。20μg/mL氟吡呋喃酮处理红火蚁14 d后，其死亡率达到100.00%，糖水消耗量、蝗虫消耗量也显著降低。4μg/mL氟吡呋喃酮处理红火蚁21 d后，其死亡率为43.26%，显著高于对照组的27.32%，蝗虫消耗量在处理28 d后显著低于对照组。双向选择测定结果显示，在1～7 d内红火蚁对20μg/mL和4μg/mL的氟吡呋喃酮糖水溶液并不会产生拒食行为，但20μg/mL和4μg/mL氟吡呋喃酮会显著降低红火蚁的攀附率和爬行速率。表明氟吡呋喃酮是一种对红火蚁具有较好防控潜力、可用于开发成毒饵的药剂。     

2017年褐飞虱和白背飞虱田间种群对氟吡呋喃酮的抗性监测

氟吡呋喃酮是拜耳作物科学公司开发的一种新型新烟碱类杀虫剂。为探究氟吡呋喃酮在水稻稻飞虱上的应用前景,采用稻苗浸渍法测定了采自中国7省10地的褐飞虱田间种群和5省8地的白背飞虱田间种群对氟吡呋喃酮的抗性。结果表明:10个地区的褐飞虱田间种群对氟吡呋喃酮表现为低等至中等水平抗性(抗性倍数RR=6.1~17.4),其中江西南昌、河南信阳、安徽六安和浙江杭州种群表现为中等水平抗性(RR=10.1~17.4);相反,白背飞虱除湖北孝感田间种群对氟吡呋喃酮表现为低水平抗性(RR=6.3)外,其他7个地区的田间种群均保持敏感(RR=1.1~3.6)。本研究揭示了中国褐飞虱和白背飞虱田间种群对氟吡呋喃酮的敏感性现状,可为合理应用氟吡呋喃酮防控稻飞虱提供理论依据。     

CO2浓度倍增下氟吡呋喃酮对西花蓟马保护酶和解毒酶活性的影响

为探究大气CO₂浓度升高条件下西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis对新烟碱类杀虫剂氟吡呋喃酮的生理代谢机制,在正常(400μL/L)和倍增(800μL/L)CO₂浓度下采用浸渍法测定氟吡呋喃酮对西花蓟马的毒力,研究氟吡呋喃酮低致死剂量LC₂₀处理对西花蓟马超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、羧酸酯酶(carboxylesterase,CarE)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(glutathione-S-transferase,GST)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,AChE)活性的影响。结果表明,CO₂浓度倍增条件下,氟吡呋喃酮对西花蓟马的致死中浓度LC₅₀为293.78 mg/L,仅为400μL/L CO₂浓度下的60.53%。在2个CO₂浓度下,氟吡呋喃酮LC_20<...     

氟吡呋喃酮与8种杀虫剂复配对温室白粉虱的联合毒力

为了筛选出对温室白粉虱高效的农药复配组合,本试验选择9种杀虫单剂对田间采集的温室白粉虱进行了毒力测定,并利用共毒因子和共毒系数对氟吡呋喃酮与8种杀虫剂复配组合的联合毒力进行评价,同时对筛选出的药剂进行田间药效试验。结果表明：杀虫单剂毒力测定中,LC₅₀最低的为鱼藤酮,最高的为螺虫乙酯,48 h LC₅₀分别为0.43μg/mL和78.59μg/mL;毒力大小顺序为鱼藤酮>氟啶虫胺腈>除虫菊素>苦参·印楝素>d-柠檬烯>氟吡呋喃酮>啶虫脒>高效氯氰菊酯>螺虫乙酯。共毒系数大于120的复配组合为氟吡呋喃酮与d-柠檬烯5∶1、氟吡呋喃酮与苦参·印楝素1∶2和1∶5,共毒系数分别为268.31、247.80和241.46,LC₅₀分别为5.76、4.51μg/mL和4.34μg/mL。氟吡呋喃酮与d-柠檬烯5∶1复配增效作用明显,为最佳配比。田间药效试验表明,10 d后,17%氟吡呋喃酮可溶液剂与1%苦参·印楝素乳油、5%d-柠檬烯可溶液剂复配对温室白粉虱的防效达到83.5%～83...     

氟啶虫胺腈等11种杀虫剂对瓜蚜的毒力及协同增效作用

为探寻防治瓜蚜的高效协同增效药剂组合,采用叶片带虫浸渍法测定了氟啶虫胺腈等11种杀虫剂对瓜蚜的毒力。结果表明:处理后24 h,氟啶虫胺腈对瓜蚜的毒力最高,吡蚜酮最低,LC₅₀值分别为10.15和369.63 mg/L;48 h时依然是氟啶虫胺腈毒力最高,而高效氯氟氰菊酯最低,LC₅₀值分别为2.35和117.57 mg/L。在此基础上进行协同增效药剂筛选,结果表明:按质量比计,氟啶虫酰胺与吡蚜酮1 : 1、氟吡呋喃酮与吡蚜酮1 : 5、氟啶虫胺腈与吡蚜酮1 : 3、氟吡呋喃酮与高效氯氟氰菊酯1 : 5、氟啶虫胺腈与高效氯氟氰菊酯1 : 5几种组合的增效作用显著,共毒系数分别达1 271、820、561、1 277和478。研究结果可为田间瓜蚜的高效化学防治提供科学依据。     

新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂亚致死效应的研究进展

蜜蜂是一种经济型昆虫,其授粉作用在农业生产、濒临植物保护等方面具有重要意义。新烟碱类杀虫剂的广谱性、高效性、对哺乳动作的低毒性使得这类药剂备受人们关注,被广泛使用在农业生产生活中。近年来,新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的潜在威胁也成为研究的热点,特别是对蜜蜂亚致死效应的研究。本文简要介绍了新烟碱类杀虫剂的应用概况及其作用机理,重点阐述了亚致死剂量的新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂生长发育及行为等的影响,并提出了几个有待进一步研究解决的问题,以期为我国新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的安全性评价工作提供参考信息。     

欧洲食品安全局确认氟虫腈对蜜蜂有风险

欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)的一项评估表明,杀虫剂氟虫腈处理玉米种子对蜜蜂产生很高的急性风险,主要原因为粉尘。报告指出,由于缺乏资料,还没有完成杀虫剂通过其他作物和暴露途径对蜜蜂影响的评估,但认为该药在蔬菜上使用对蜜蜂低风险。巴斯夫(BASF)回应称,该评估并没有确认氟虫腈登记使用有任何新的风险,并指出除杀虫剂之外,还应考虑其他复杂因素对蜜蜂健康的影响。关于此事的最新进展是欧盟委员会针对三种新烟碱类杀虫剂     

桔小实蝇成虫高效防治药剂室内筛选

本研究在室内采用棉球饲喂法,测定4种登记药剂、6种果园常用药剂和1种新型杀虫剂对桔小实蝇成虫的毒力,以评价其防治效果。室内筛选结果表明,4种登记药剂吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对桔小实蝇具有较好的效果,推荐最高浓度剂量药后72 h校正死亡率均可达到100.00%。果园常用药剂中,乙基多杀菌素、藜芦碱对桔小实蝇效果较好,推荐最高浓度剂量药后72 h校正死亡率均达到100.00%;高效氯氰菊酯对桔小实蝇的效果较差,药后72 h校正死亡率仅为75.00%;氟啶虫胺腈、氯虫苯甲酰胺、苦参碱药后72 h对桔小实蝇基本无效。新药氟吡呋喃酮药后72 h对桔小实蝇的效果较好,校正死亡率达到92.86%。7种高效药剂的室内毒力结果表明,24 h、48 h和72 h甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、藜芦碱和乙基多杀菌素的毒力一直大于其他药剂,噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、氟吡呋喃酮和阿维菌素的毒力在不同时间段差异较大。噻虫嗪、阿维菌素、吡虫啉,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、藜芦碱、乙基多杀菌素和氟吡呋喃酮均对桔小实蝇表现出理想防治效果,建议合理选用防治药剂,注意药剂的轮换使用,延缓桔小实蝇田间抗药性发生,提高防治效...     

认真贯彻《农药管理条例》规范企业生产经营

江苏常隆化工有限公司的主要产品有：氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂(如灭多威、异丙威等)：拟除虫菊酯系列杀虫剂(如高效氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯等)：磺酰脲类除草剂(如苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆等);酰胺类除草剂(如乙草胺、丙草胺等);杂环类杀虫剂(如吡虫啉、啶虫脒等);生物激素类杀虫剂(如噻嗪酮等);其他杀虫剂、杀菌剂、除草剂(烯酰吗啉、噻菌灵、异丙隆、克螨特、烯唑醇、杀螨隆等)．并生产各类制剂。     

新疆B型烟粉虱对不同类型杀虫剂的抗性与分析

应用浸叶法研究了新疆B型烟粉虱对4类不同作用机制杀虫剂的抗药性。结果表明,被测种群对氯氰菊酯和联苯菊酯的抗性指数分别为2100～6200和1000～2200,属于高抗性;对氯化烟酰类杀虫剂产生了低至中等抗性,对吡虫啉的抗性指数为4～86,且抗性指数呈上升趋势,对噻虫嗪的抗性指数为10～22,对啶虫脒的敏感性最佳;对昆虫生长调节剂吡丙醚的抗性指数为22～54;对阿维菌素仍然表现敏感。由此认为,拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂在新疆已不再适用于烟粉虱的防治,而对受抗药性影响较小的氯化烟酰类杀虫剂(如吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和啶虫脒)、昆虫生长调节剂吡丙醚以及阿维菌素等新型杀虫剂,仍然可以限制性地在不同化合物间交替使用。     

Toxic and repellent effects of cypermethrin on the honeybee: Laboratory,glasshouse and field experiments

Cypermethrin is highly toxic to the honeybee Apis mellifera ligustica. The action of the chemical is rapid (within 2 days) and it has no long-term effects. The sensitivity of the bees increases with decrease in breeding temperature and with increasing age of the insect. The commercial formulation ‘QCymbush’ is repellent to bees: the effect appears to be due to the formulation ingredients because cypermethrin itself is not repellent. A floral odour lost its natural attractiveness in the presence of ‘Cymbush’. The repellency appears to persist for some 2 days after treatment, during which time the bees learnt to avoid the crop. No residues of cypermethrin were found in the hive products (pollen, wax or honey), nor in the oilseed rape at harvest.     

Wind tunnel studies on spray deposition on leaves of tree species used for windbreaks and exposure of honey bees

A wind tunnel study was conducted to determine pesticide deposition on commonly used windbreak tree species used as spray drift barriers and associated exposure of honey bees. Although it has been known that windbreaks are effective in reducing chemical drift from agricultural applications, there is still an enormous information and data gap on details of the dependence of the mechanism on the biological materials of the barriers and on standardization of relevant assessment methods. Beneficial arthropods like honey bees are adversely affected by airborne drift of pesticides. A study was initiated by first establishing a wind tunnel to create a controlled environment for capture efficiency work. Suitable spray parameters were determined after a preliminary study to construct and develop a wind tunnel protocol. A tracer dye solution was sprayed onto the windbreak samples and honey bees located in the wind tunnel at various simulated wind speeds. Analysis of data from this work has shown that needle-like foliage of windbreak trees captures two to four times more spray than broad-leaves. In addition, it was determined that, at lower wind speeds, flying bees tend to capture slightly more spray than bees at rest.     

Is Apis mellifera more sensitive to insecticides than other insects?

BACKGROUND: Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are among the most important pollinators in natural and agricultural settings. They commonly encounter insecticides, and the effects of insecticides on honey bees have been frequently noted. It has been suggested that honey bees may be (as a species) uniquely sensitive to insecticides, although no comparative toxicology study has been undertaken to examine this claim. An extensive literature review was conducted, using data in which adult insects were topically treated with insecticides. The goal of this review was to summarize insecticide toxicity data between A. mellifera and other insects to determine the relative sensitivity of honey bees to insecticides. RESULTS: It was found that, in general, honey bees were no more sensitive than other insect species across the 62 insecticides examined. In addition, honey bees were not more sensitive to any of the six classes of insecticides (carbamates, nicotinoids, organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids and miscellaneous) examined. CONCLUSIONS: While honey bees can be sensitive to individual insecticides, they are not a highly sensitive species to insecticides overall, or even to specific classes of insecticides. However, all pesticides should be used in a way that minimizes honey bee exposure, so as to minimize possible declines in the number of bees and/or honey contamination. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

农药对蜜蜂的影响及毒理学机制研究进展

农药在现代农业生产中发挥着积极作用,但是农药使用不当则会对重要授粉昆虫如蜜蜂等造成负面影响。本文主要围绕农药对蜜蜂的急性毒性、亚致死剂量农药对蜜蜂生长发育和行为的影响,农药对蜜蜂的联合作用,以及新烟碱类杀虫剂与蜜蜂烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的相互作用、农药对蜜蜂毒性差异的机理、农药对蜜蜂解毒代谢相关酶活性及其他生理生化指标的影响、植物化学物质在调控蜜蜂对农药耐受性中的作用等方面的研究进展进行了综述,以期为农药的合理使用及提高其对蜜蜂的安全性提供参考。     

Experiences in controlling resistant pollen beetle by type I ether pyrethroid Trebon 30 EC in Germany

Oil seed rape (OSR) is an important crop in Germany with a long growing history. Due to the prevalence of various springtime pests an average of two pyrethroid applications are made. Pyrethroid resistance in Germany was found locally in 2003, widespread distribution of resistance was observed in 2006, a year of very strong pest pressure. Field trials in 2005 and the following years and laboratory analysis showed good control of resistant pollen beetle ( Meligethes aeneus ) by type I ether pyrethroid etofenprox, the active substance of Trebon 30 EC. Etofenprox differs significantly from common pyrethroids, which are usually ester pyrethroids including an α-amino-group and halogen substitutions. Trebon 30 EC has comparable efficacy on all important OSR pests but it has superior efficacy on resistant pollen beetle compared to common pyrethroids. To cope with pyrethroid resistance of pollen beetle, three different modes of action (MOA)s are postulated, which may be type I pyrethroids, neonicotinoids and organophosphates (OPs). Because type I pyrethroids, such as Trebon 30 EC, perform well at low temperatures, have a broad spectrum of activity, are considered as not to be toxic to bees, and give a high level of control of resistant pollen beetle, they will have an important role in the insecticide spraying regime of OSR.     

Learning performances of honeybees (Apis mellifera L) are differentially affected by imidacloprid according to the season

To establish the sublethal concentrations domain, acute and chronic oral tests were conducted on caged honeybee workers (Apis mellifera L) using imidacloprid and a metabolite, 5-OH-imidacloprid, under laboratory conditions. The latter showed a 48-h oral LD50 value (153 ng per bee) five times higher than that of imidacloprid (30 ng per bee). Chronic feeding tests indicated that the lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC) of imidacloprid and of 5-OH-imidacloprid on mortality of winter bees were 24 and 120 microg kg(-1) respectively. Behavioural effects of imidacloprid and 5-OH-imidacloprid were studied using the olfactory conditioning of proboscis extension response at two periods of the year. Winter bees surviving chronic treatment with imidacloprid and 5-OH-imidacloprid had reduced learning performances. The LOEC of imidacloprid was lower in summer bees (12 microg kg(-1)) than in winter bees (48 microg kg(-1)), which points to a greater sensitivity of honeybees behaviour in summer bees, compared to winter bees.     

中国主要蜜源作物上登记的农药品种及其中杀虫剂对蜜蜂的初级风险评估

对目前中国主要蜜源作物上登记的农药品种进行了梳理,并采用现有的风险评估标准方法,对其中毒死蜱、吡虫啉等共61种杀虫剂对蜜蜂的风险进行了初级评估。结果表明:在58种喷雾施用的杀虫剂中,35种对蜜蜂的风险商值均大于1,风险为不可接受;其余23种的风险商值小于1,风险为可接受;所评估的6种土壤或种子处理内吸性杀虫剂中,5种对蜜蜂的风险商值大于1,风险为不可接受,仅氯虫苯甲酰胺的风险商值小于1,风险为可接受。但由于文中是以药剂在所登记作物上的单次最高施药剂量为暴露量进行的初级评估,并未考虑农药在花粉、花蜜中的降解及降雨引起的淋洗损耗,以及施药时间与作物花期之间的关系等影响因素,因而使得评估结果具有较大的保守性。研究结果一方面可为这些农药的合理使用和管理提供参考,另一方面提示了目前中国关于农药对蜜蜂的初级风险评估程序需进一步优化。     

Risk assessment for honey bees and pesticides—recent developments and ‘new issues’

In 2008, major areas of discussion at the ICPBR Bee Protection Group meeting were the development of a honey bee risk assessment scheme for systemic pesticides and revision of the test guidelines for semi‐field and field studies. The risk assessment scheme for systemic pesticides is based on analysis of conditions for exposure of bees to residues. These are based on a stepwise approach, starting with simple calculations based on existing data in dossiers and progressing to higher‐tier semi‐field and field studies (the guidelines for these have been modified in line with this). The proposed scheme has been tested with data packages of high‐ and low‐risk PPPs. A future area of interest for the group may be the risks posed by guttation fluid containing systemic pesticides. A recent paper on ‘Translocation of neonicotinoid insecticides from coated seeds to seedling guttation drops: a novel way of intoxication for bees’ has focused significant interest on the possible risks posed by the presence of residues of systemic pesticides in guttation fluid to water‐collecting honey bees. The occurrence of guttation and the presence of pesticide residues in the fluid are discussed, together with remaining questions that will need to be addressed in answering whether such a route of exposure may pose a risk to honey bees. © Crown copyright 2010. Reproduced with permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd.     

亚致死浓度噻虫嗪对意大利蜜蜂工蜂的生存风险分析

噻虫嗪是一类较第一代新烟碱类杀虫剂更广谱、高效、低毒的农药,但它对意大利蜜蜂工蜂的生存风险尚不明确。本研究通过糖水混毒法测定了噻虫嗪对意大利蜜蜂新出房蜂(1 d)、哺育蜂(7 d)和采集蜂(22 d)的48 h急性经口毒性,确定其各自的亚致死浓度LC5、LC15和LC25,并分别研究了其在3个亚致死浓度下的生存风险。结果表明,新出房蜂、哺育蜂和采集蜂48 h后LC50分别为248.13、64.18和44.20ng/g。新出房蜂经LC5和LC15处理后其平均存活寿命与对照均无显著差异,经LC25处理后其平均存活寿命与对照缩短19.0 d。哺育蜂经LC5处理后其平均存活寿命与对照均无显著差异,经LC15和LC25处理后其平均存活寿命与对照分别缩短9.2和15.0 d。采集蜂经LC5和LC15处理后其平均存活寿命与对照均无显著差异,经LC25处理后其平均存活寿命与对照缩短10.9 d。上述结果表明噻虫嗪的使用可能会对蜜蜂的生存存在较大风险,因此,建议相关管理部门加强噻虫嗪在中国的田间残留监测,开展半田间和田间条件下噻虫嗪对意大利蜜蜂的风险评价工作。     

Impact of alpha-cypermethrin on honey bees foraging on spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus) flowers in field conditions

BACKGROUND: Cruciferous oil-bearing crops have gained in importance worldwide. The expansion of the growing area of these crops has caused a proliferation of pests. Exposure to organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides has been associated with bee poisoning in food crops. This study examines the repellent effect of alpha-cypermethrin on the number of foraging honey bees, Apis mellifera L., on fields of spring oilseed rape, Brassica napus L. var. oleifera. RESULTS: The first experiment was conducted on differently sprayed 10 m(2) experimental plots where alpha-cypermethrin was applied at different times. Another experiment was conducted on a 4 ha seed production field divided into two parts: one part was treated with alpha-cypermethrin and the other was not treated with this insecticide. The results show that there was no difference in the number of honey bees between alpha-cypermethrin-treated and untreated patches. The result persisted through three observation years, regardless of varying flower and honey bee densities. CONCLUSION: No repellent effect of the insecticide on honey bees was found even 24 h after spraying. The density of oilseed rape flowers most likely played a major role in choosing the foraging area.