保水剂的开发及应用进展

保水剂的开发及应用进展赵永贵（河南省科学院生物研究所，郑州４５０００３）水土资源是人类赖以生存和发展的物质基础。如何经济有效地利用土壤水分，克服干旱对植物生长的不利影响，是一项具有国际影响的科学研究课题。美国在６０年代初期首先研制和应用保水剂，作为“...     

作物生长指标与土壤水分状况及地温关系研究

作物生长指标与土壤水分、地温的关系是制定灌溉制度的重要依据,对于提高水分利用效率、改善作物生长状态具有重要的意义。根据试验资料重点分析土壤水分、土壤温度以及采用覆膜、保水剂等农艺措施对青贮玉米株高、茎粗和产量的影响,结果表明:对于喜热、喜水的青贮玉米使用覆膜技术最好,覆膜能同时提高地温和保持土壤水分,其次是使用保水剂浸种比使用沟施保水剂效果好;影响地温变化的主要因素是气温和土壤水分,充分灌溉在提供作物生长所需足够水分的同时,降低了地温,不利于作物生长,因此对于水资源相对紧缺的北方寒冷地区,可适当采用非充分灌溉。     

模拟降雨条件下保水剂对沙质土壤水分的影响

为了探究保水剂对沙质土壤水分的影响,采用室内重建土柱,在人工模拟降雨条件下研究不同用量保水剂对沙质土壤(0~30 cm)含水率的影响。结果表明:土壤含水率随着保水剂用量的增加而增加,保水剂用量为0.2%时不但省时省力,而且0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm 3个土层土壤含水率分别为45.42%、48.48%、46.16%,既能满足植物的生长需要,又能节省经济成本,可为干旱、半干旱区节水造林及保水剂的合理使用提供理论依据。     

保水剂在农业改土节水中的效应研究

综合模拟和田间试验,比较研究了保水剂在改良土壤结构、保持土壤水分和节水农业生产中的应用,分析了保水剂对不同作物效应、保水剂对马铃薯应用效果。研究表明,保水剂能有效改善土壤结构,提高土壤保水和释水能力;能有效促进作物生长、增加作物产量和提高水分利用效率。文中还讨论了保水剂应用的发展趋势和研究方向。     

凝胶状保水剂使用效果研究

保水剂凝胶是一种保证有效使用保水剂的重要措施。在黄土高原半干旱地区最干旱的春季,通过对比试验分析了在沙棘、杏树、梨树等幼树林中不同保水剂凝胶使用方法与使用量对土壤水分及杏树、梨树前期坐果率的影响,表明使用方法与使用量对土壤水分的维持和对果树生长有显著的影响。在试验的保水剂用量范围内(4 5～15 75kg)使用保水剂凝胶后土壤水分明显提高,提高幅度为5 %～4 8%。棒状保水剂凝胶在埋入土壤2 0天后,贮存的水分可在2 5 30cm半径范围内使得土壤水分比对照提高5 %～4 6 % ,在2 0天到30天内可维持在10 %左右。提高了果树的前期座果率,其中杏树提高2 0 %左右,梨树提高10 %左右。施用棒状保水剂凝胶比直接使用保水剂凝胶和土壤混匀施用维持土壤水分的效果显著,而且可以根据旱情反复吸水使用,是保水剂的一种简便使用方法     

玉米生育综合动力模拟模式研究Ⅰ.土壤水分影响子模式

利用气温、降水量和日照时数３个气象要素,建立了土壤水分动态模型。该模型具有简单、准确、使用因子和参数少等特点,易于在实际工作中应用。还考虑了土壤水分过多或过少对作物生长的不利影响,确定了干旱对玉米生育的影响函数,来评价干旱的胁迫作用,并给出了干旱指标和适宜灌溉量的确定方法。最后利用过去两年的观测资料对模式作了检验,效果很好。     

聚合物包膜控释肥料膜壳累积、降解及对土壤质量影响的研究进展

聚合物包膜控释肥料是实现化肥提质增效的新型肥料之一,其控释效果依赖于包膜材料。控释肥料养分释放后的残留膜壳是农业土地上微塑料的重要来源,膜壳及其降解产物是否对土壤质量安全造成影响尚不清楚。本文综合了国内外膜壳残留及其降解的研究进展,从聚合物包膜控释肥料残留膜壳在农田中的累积现状、降解性能研究及其对土壤物理–化学–生物学效应等土壤质量参数的影响进行了阐述,包括:1)现有文献指出,控释肥料膜壳在农田中的累积量与施用量基本相同,其在不同类型农田土壤及不同土层中的赋存、分布和累积现状不同;2)不同类型控释肥料膜壳在土壤中的降解过程主要与聚合物材质相关,降解率可通过聚合物材料改性来提高,其降解过程、产物及机制值得探索;3)控释肥料膜壳降解产物对土壤物理、化学、生物学性状及作物生长的影响程度取决于聚合物材料类型、累积量及土壤类型。短期内低浓度的膜壳累积对土壤理化性质、土壤生物及作物生长无不良影响,长期累积或高浓度下膜壳影响土壤质量变化的阈值亟需明确。据此,进一步提出,1)应广泛开展不同种类控释肥料膜壳在农田中的赋存、分布和累积的现场监测评估工作;2)开发控释肥料膜壳及其次级降解物分离提取、鉴定和定量表征的分析技术和方法,建立健全标准化方法;3)了解控释肥料膜壳及其降解产物在土壤中的去向和迁移过程及其对不同类型土壤及不同作物品种的影响,探寻膜壳残留量与效应之间的关系及其影响机制;4)研制开发天然、生物及可降解控释肥料膜材,研究膜壳降解与养分释放之间的相互关系,构建新型可生物降解控释肥料膜壳降解与养分释放关系数据模型,以期为聚合物包膜控释肥料的应用、开发及标准的制定提供科学依据。     

乙酰甲胺磷及其高毒代谢物甲胺磷在白菜中的残留动态

为明确乙酰甲胺磷在叶菜类蔬菜上使用后的环境安全性,采用气相色谱法比较研究了露地与设施栽培条件下乙酰甲胺磷及其高毒代谢物甲胺磷在白菜中的残留动态规律和最终残留。结果表明,按推荐使用剂量、2倍推荐使用剂量施药1次,乙酰甲胺磷在白菜中降解半衰期为2.060～3.203 d,大棚条件下降解速度慢于露地条件下降解速度;乙酰甲胺磷在降解过程中可代谢产生甲胺磷,作物中甲胺磷的残留量是乙酰甲胺磷代谢生成和甲胺磷本身降解两个过程共同作用的结果,施药几天后,出现一个甲胺磷残留的高峰;乙酰甲胺磷施用在白菜上可能会有较高的甲胺磷残留风险,尤其是大棚栽培方式、施药浓度高的情况下使用乙酰甲胺磷具有更高的甲胺磷残留风险。因此,在白菜等叶菜类蔬菜上应谨慎使用乙酰甲胺磷,露地栽培条件下的安全间隔期应延长为21 d,设施栽培条件下不宜使用。     

玉米生育综合动力模拟模式研究：Ⅰ,土壤水分影响子模式

利用气温，降水量和日照时数３个气象要素，建立了土壤水分动态模型。该模型具有简单，准确，使用因子和参数少等特点，易于在实际工作中应用，还考虑了土壤水分过多或过少对作物生长的不利影响，确定了干旱对玉米生育的影响函数，来评价干旱的胁迫作用，并给出了干旱指标和适宜灌溉量的确定方法。最后利用过去两年的观测资料对模式作了检验，效果很好。     

保水剂对旱作马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响

为探究宁南地区保水剂对马铃薯关键生育期水分利用及作物产量的影响,本研究采用沃特和微生物保水剂,以不施保水剂处理为对照,研究2种保水剂不同用量(30、60、90 kg·hm~(-2))对土壤水分、马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响并对经济效益进行分析。结果表明,在作物主要生育期,微生物保水剂可改善马铃薯生育前期耕层土壤水分含量,促进马铃薯的生长,而沃特保水剂的施用可提高马铃薯中后期深层土壤水分含量,其作物地上部生物量显著高于不施保水剂处理。与对照相比,沃特保水剂施用90 kg·hm~(-2)时马铃薯增产效果最佳,其水分利用效率最高,分别较对照提高44.1%和75.8%,微生物保水剂60 kg·hm~(-2)次之;施用沃特保水剂60 kg·hm~(-2)的商品薯率最高(87.3%),微生物保水剂60 kg·hm~(-2)次之。结合经济效益分析发现,在宁南旱地马铃薯生产中,推荐施用沃特保水剂30~60 kg·hm~(-2)能显著提高马铃薯的经济效益。本研究为保水剂在旱作区的应用提供了理论依据。     

Effect of super absorbent polymer sodium polyacrylate on the bacterial community and associated chemistry of loessial soil

ABSTRACT

Super absorbent polymers (SAPs) have been applied as soil conditioners to reduce soil water loss, but there are few studies about how SAPs affect structures of soil bacterial community, and these associated chemical residues are uncertain. Treatments under different soil moisture conditions by application of sodium polyacrylate in repacked soil columns were used to investigate their effects on the soil bacterial community structures by Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Alpha diversity analysis showed that adding SAPs had an impact on bacterial diversity. On phylum level, adding SAPs significantly reduced the amount of Actinobacteria (1.9–2.4-fold), Bacteroidetes (1.1–2.1-fold) while increased the amount of Firmicutes (1.9–4.6-fold). At genus level, effects of SAPs on the soil bacterial community structures varied with the soil moisture conditions. Under water deficit, SAPs reduced the soil pH, which promoted the proliferation of Lactobacillus (9.9–29.1-fold), and acid production by these bacteria might further promote the reduction of pH, potentially inhibiting growth of Acidobacteria (1.3–1.8-fold) and Chloroflexi (1.6–2.3-fold). The pyrolysis analysis showed that some substances such as methanesulfonyl chloride, long-chain amides and esters, were only derived from water-saturated soil treated with SAPs, which might subsequently have negative impacts on the environment and associated agriculture.     

连续失水-复水中不同粒径保水剂对土壤结构和水分特性的影响

为明确土壤干湿交替环境下保水剂与土壤颗粒之间的作用方式及保水剂对土壤结构和水分有效性的影响。通过土柱模拟试验,研究连续失水—复水条件下,不同粒径(0.85,0.6～0.85,0.30～0.45 mm)保水剂对土壤水分特性、土壤团聚体分布和结构稳定性的作用,以及保水剂—土壤混合体价键结构的微观变化特征。结果表明:第1次(T1)和第2次(T2)失水取样阶段,除T2阶段的最小粒径处理外,其余各粒径保水剂促使土壤相对含水量较对照显著增加72.9%以上(P0.05)。保水剂粒径大小和土壤水分状况均会影响保水剂对土壤供水能力的作用效果,粒径最小的保水剂改变土壤持续吸水和供水的能力较差,促进土壤水稳性大团聚体组成和团聚结构稳定的性能最优。在连续的干湿交替影响下,保水剂与土壤的作用加剧,壤土中的Si-O-Si键、-OH、蒙脱石和石英等矿物胶体会进入到保水剂网状结构中,反应的剧烈程度会影响土壤水稳性大团聚体的形成和稳定性。初步分析认为,随着反复失水—复水进程,更多黏粒矿物对保水剂分子结构的破坏,是减弱保水剂吸持水性能的主要因素之一。     

植物对氨基酸的吸收利用及氨基酸在农业中的应用

植物对氨基酸的吸收、转运、代谢以及氨基酸在肥料和农药上的应用国内外已有报道。已有研究证明,植物可直接吸收土壤中的氨基酸分子,其吸收后的转运、分配、代谢因氨基酸种类而异,产生的生理效应也不相同;氨基酸农药易被日光分解或被自然界微生物降解,在土壤中、植物体内不留残毒,其降解产物还可作为农作物的营养物质,提高农作物的品质和产量,施用这类农药,人畜安全,没有公害;氨基酸肥具有促进植株生长发育、增强抗逆性、改善土壤状况和提高作物产量的作用。     

几种保水剂对玉米幼苗伤害的细胞显微特征比较及其机理研究

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) as soil moisture conditioners have been increasingly used in agriculture,but conflicting results were reported regarding the effects of SAPs on crop growth.In this study,both laboratory cultivation and analysis were conducted to investigate the effects of different SAPs on the growth and physiology of crops under water-saving agricultural practices.Maize (Zea mays L.)seedlings were cultivated using distilled water or three different SAP hydrogels,sodium polyacrylate (SP),potassium polyacrylate (PP),and sodium polyacrylate embedded with phosphate rock powder (SPP),as growth media.Growth characteristics of the model plant and damage were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The results showed that both the SP and PP treatments had pronounced negative effect on the hydrogels of growth of maize seedlings.The SPP treatment appeared to facilitate the stem-leaf growth and had no obvious adverse effect on root growth.All the three hydrogel treatments caused varying degrees of damage to the organizational structure and cellular morphology of the roots,with the SP and PP treatments causing the most severe damage;the membrane system of root cells was damaged by both SP and PP treatments.An excessive accumulation of sodium and reduction of calcium occurred in the roots may be responsible for the observed damage to the cell membrane system,which,in turn,may have promoted the wilting of the cells.     

Effects of super absorbent polymers on soil microbial properties and Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis) growth

Purpose

New water retention materials, super absorbent polymers (SAPs), have shown the potential to improve some soil physicochemical properties and promote growth of some crop species in arid and semi-arid areas. However, the impacts of SAPs on soil microbial properties are unclear. This study was conducted to clarify the effects of two SAPs on soil microbial properties and Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis) growth under different water conditions in the greenhouse.

Materials and methods

Experimental conditions included different irrigation conditions and different quantities of SAPs. Chinese cabbage was harvested after 1-month growth in the greenhouse. Meanwhile, soil samples were collected and sieved (<2-mm mesh). Some of the soils were kept at ?4 °C for analysis of soil physicochemical properties, and some at ?20 °C for analysis of soil microbial properties. Chinese cabbage samples were thoroughly washed with deionized water for the measurement of fresh weight, shoot length, and root length.

Results and discussion

The effects from SAPs were not obvious under water sufficient (WC1, watered every 2 days, and WC2, watered every 4 days) since plant properties were smaller in some SAP treatments than those in control. However, under water deficit (WC3, watered every 8 days), there were significant differences in plant shoot length and fresh weight between SAP treatments. There were also significant differences in relative soil water content between water condition (WC) or SAP treatments. The SAPs were beneficial for the formation of large aggregates. Under WC3, the soil organic matter (SOM) increased by 16.9 and 11.5 %, soil microbial biomass C (SMBC) by 32.5 and 19.3 %, and soil microbial respiration (SMR) by 52.1 and 37.2 % with Jaguar C (JC) and Jaguar S (JS), respectively. Under WC1 and WC2, significantly higher copy numbers of AOA in bulk treatment of JC were found compared with control treatment in this study. Under water deficit, the abundance of bacteria was significantly increased by application of SAPs. For almost every property of soil and plant, JC was showing better effects than JS.

Conclusions

Our results showed that cabbage growth was restricted under water-deficit conditions and the application of SAPs could conserve soil water and be useful for increasing cabbage growth under water deficit, improving SOM, SMBC, and SMR under different WC, and stimulating amoA gene AOA copy numbers and bacterial gene copy numbers. Thus, there should be no adverse effects of SAP application on soil microbial environment and Chinese cabbage growth.     

不同材质保水剂对玉米生长综合效率的DEA模型分析

为进一步促进保水剂在干旱区农业生产和生态修复中的合理应用,利用数据包络分析(Data Envelopment Analysis,DEA)模型评价不同材质保水剂施用在干旱区荒漠土壤时对生物生长促进的综合效率,从而确定在该环境中最具效率的保水剂品种。本研究选取AA-AH,KCE和PAA3种保水剂,首先测试了3种保水剂在模拟当地自然环境基本特征条件下的基本特性,其次将它们应用于室内玉米盆栽种植试验,最后在上述试验结果的基础上使用DEA模型分析了3种不同保水剂在荒漠土壤中对生物生长的促进作用,结果表明:(1)PAA的耐盐性能较好,而AA-AH的环境持久性最好,AA-HA保水剂的施用对土壤的副作用最小;(2)3种保水剂都有显著提高玉米出苗率和土壤持水能力,其中AA-HA对增加土壤持水性能的效果最好,PAA促进玉米株高的效果最好,保水剂浓度的增加并不能显著改善土壤持水性能,但不同保水剂功效在同等浓度下表现也不同,如KCE在20g/m~2浓度下增加玉米地面生物量的效果最好,而AA-AH则在40g/m~2下表现最佳。综合评价表明3种保水剂在0.6g浓度时玉米生长的综合效率都达到DEA有效值,当浓度增加到1.2g时玉米生长的综合效率均下降,降幅为:PAAKCEAA-HA,说明AA-HA在低浓度使用量下在荒漠土壤环境中使用时效率最佳的。综上所述保水剂在干旱荒漠地区的农业生产和荒漠生态修复方面有很好的应用前景。面对品种繁多的保水剂产品,DEA模型可以用来分析评价最适合当地应用环境的品种,本研究为提高保水剂对植物生长综合效率及合理选用保水剂提供了理论方法。     

Influence of soil temperature and moisture on micronutrient supply,plant uptake,and biomass yield of wheat,pea, and canola

Abstract

Crop yield response to micronutrient fertilization is difficult to predict, particularly under unfavorable environmental conditions as these may alter both crop nutrient demand and the soil micronutrient supply to plant roots. The research objective was to evaluate the effect of various soil temperature and moisture conditions on crop growth response to added micronutrient copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) along with soil micronutrient supply and distribution among fractions. Brown and Dark Brown farm soils collected from southern Saskatchewan were used to grown wheat, pea and canola within controlled environment chambers. The biomass yields of all crops decreased under cold soil temperature and moisture stress (drought and saturated) conditions. Greater plant uptake of Cu, Zn, and B was associated with optimum (i.e., field capacity) soil moisture and warm temperature (23°C) growing conditions, compared to drought (i.e., 50% field capacity), saturated, and cold (5°C) temperature conditions. Environmental stress had the greatest impact on pea growth, reducing crop yield and micronutrient utilization efficiency more than 95%. Soil supplies of Cu and Zn were most negatively impacted by drought stress due to reduced mobility of these diffusion limited nutrients. The extractable micronutrients levels and chemical speciation fractions of Cu, Zn, and B indicating that bioavailability and micronutrient transformation were not affected during our short-term (i.e., six-weeks) study. However, it is suggested that assessments of micronutrient forms also be conducted on soil samples under actual moisture and temperature conditions as they exist in the experiment, as well as on dried, processed samples.     

Rhizosphere microbiomes can regulate plant drought tolerance

Beneficial root-associated rhizospheric microbes play a key role in maintaining host plant growth and can potentially allow drought-resilient crop production. The complex interaction of root-associated microbes mainly depends on soil type, plant genotype, and soil moisture. However, drought is the most devastating environmental stress that strongly reduces soil biota and can restrict plant growth and yield. In this review, we discussed our mechanistic understanding of drought and microbial response traits. Additionally, we highlighted the role of beneficial microbes and plant-derived metabolites in alleviating drought stress and improving crop growth. We proposed that future research might focus on evaluating the dynamics of root-beneficial microbes under field drought conditions. The integrative use of ecology, microbial, and molecular approaches may serve as a promising strategy to produce more drought-resilient and sustainable crops.     

Biochar Application and Drought Stress Effects on Physiological Characteristics of Silybum marianum

Soil amending with biochar has been viewed as a sustainable way to improve soil moisture holding capacity. The potential of biochar application to improve water status of crops under drought stress has not been extensively evaluated. In this study, we evaluated the impact of biochar application (0%, 1%, and 2% w/w soil) on some important physiological traits of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn) under moderate and severe drought stress conditions in a controlled environment. Although, the application of biochar at the higher rate slightly improved soil moisture holding capacity, the magnitude of its effect was not sufficient to influence plant performance under drought stress. To get the positive effects of biochar application on milk thistle performance under drought stress, application with higher rates is probably necessary.     

膜下滴灌棉花的土壤干旱诊断指标与灌水决策

通过利用烘干法和中子仪法对膜下滴灌棉花和常规沟灌棉花的土壤干旱情况进行诊断试验,该文对所选的两种干旱诊断指标—作物适宜土壤含水率和作物缺水指标CWSI的特点进行了研究。试验和分析表明,两种灌水方式下的棉花生长对土壤水分环境的要求是一致的。另外,两种指标所反映出的规律也基本相同。但是,因膜下滴灌棉花的耐旱性弱,受旱风险大,在生产中进行灌水决策时,其干旱诊断指标应比常规灌时灌水量稍大