脱叶剂对棉花抗氧化酶及内源激素的影响

为了筛选出适宜的脱叶剂喷施时间及脱叶效果较好的脱叶剂,研究了大田条件下脱叶剂喷施时间及脱叶剂种类对棉花叶片内源激素含量、抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量的影响,并探讨了脱叶剂对棉花生理效应的影响。采用裂区试验设计,以脱叶剂喷施时间为主区,脱叶剂种类为副区进行试验。结果表明:喷施540 g/L脱吐隆悬浮剂（主要成分为18%噻苯隆和36%敌草隆）及5.5%噻苯隆悬浮剂后,棉花叶片中脱落酸（ABA）含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势,丙二醛（MDA）含量升高,生长素（3-吲哚乙酸,IAA）含量下降,其中脱吐隆对叶片膜系统破坏严重;在棉花吐絮率为50%时喷施540 g/L脱吐隆悬浮剂,25 d后棉花脱叶率和吐絮率分别可达90.1%和99.9%。     

植保无人机喷施不同雾滴粒径药剂对其在棉花冠层沉积、穿透及脱叶催熟效果的影响

为明确植保无人机喷施不同雾滴粒径药剂对其雾滴沉积、穿透以及棉花脱叶催熟效果,试验设置100、150、200和285 μm共4个不同雾滴粒径,用水敏纸测定雾滴在棉花冠层的沉积分布特征,并调查对棉花脱叶率和吐絮率的影响。结果表明,雾滴粒径对于沉积分布特征以及棉花脱叶率和吐絮率均有显著影响。当喷施雾滴粒径为100 μm时,具有最大的雾滴密度;当喷施雾滴粒径为150 μm和200 μm时,具有最大的覆盖度及沉积量;以下部沉积量与中部沉积量的比值为评价指标时,在喷施4个雾滴粒径下植保无飞机喷施雾滴的穿透率为39.4%~63.8%,各雾滴粒径之间差异不显著。在喷施4个雾滴粒径下,2018年和2019年棉花脱叶率分别为74.7%~80.4%和79.3%~88.4%;吐絮率分别为84.9%~92.0%和86.4%~94.2%。表明当喷施雾滴粒径为150 μm或200 μm,具有更高的脱叶率和吐絮率,较适宜棉田植保无人飞机脱叶催熟剂喷施选用。     

飞防助剂和施药液量对植保无人飞机喷施雾滴沉积和棉花蓟马防效的影响

为明确飞防助剂和施药液量对植保无人飞机喷施在棉花冠层的雾滴沉积和对棉花上蓟马防效的影响,选择倍达通、功倍、杰效丰和迈丝4种飞防助剂,设置3种施药液量,通过田间试验研究了植保无人飞机喷施25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂后其在棉花冠层的雾滴密度、覆盖率、沉积量和雾滴均匀性以及对棉花上蓟马的防效。结果表明,4种飞防助剂和3种施药液量对植保无人飞机喷施的雾滴沉积和蓟马防效均有显著影响。增加施药液量可显著增加雾滴在棉花冠层的密度与覆盖率,添加飞防助剂对雾滴密度的提升效果显著。4种助剂对农药雾滴在棉花冠层上、中、下部的覆盖率的影响趋势较为一致,与棉花冠层上部相比,对中、下部位覆盖率的影响较低。施药液量为2 L/667 m²时,添加倍达通、功倍、杰效丰、迈丝及无助剂对照的雾滴穿透性分别为46.0%、49.1%、33.6%、36.1%和44.3%,该施药液量下各处理雾滴穿透性均较好。随着施药液量增加,药后1、3、7 d对棉花蓟马的防效也显著提升。在相同施药液量下,25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂药液中添加飞防助剂倍达通和杰效丰相较于功倍和迈丝,对棉花蓟马具有更高的防治效果。试验结果为植保无人飞机防治...     

剂型及表面活性剂对农药药液在植物叶片上铺展行为的影响

为研究不同农药剂型及表面活性剂对药液在亲水和疏水植物叶片表面的持留及铺展行为的影响,通过数码显微镜连续摄像的方法,测试了40种药液液滴在棉花(亲水性)和水稻(疏水性)叶片上的持留及铺展行为。选用5%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂、25%三唑酮可湿性粉剂和20%三唑酮乳油3种不同剂型的农药,以及Silwet 408、NF100和AgroSpred 730 3种不同表面活性剂,配制不同药液,通过注射器产生液滴并用数码显微镜记录液滴在水稻和棉花叶片上的铺展行为。结果表明:农药剂型对药液表面张力影响不显著,但加入不同表面活性剂却对表面张力影响显著,其对降低表面张力影响的显著程度依次为Silwet 408AgroSpred 730NF100;同种表面活性剂对悬浮剂的影响最大,其次是可湿性粉剂,对乳油的影响最小;加入NF100可增加药液液滴在水稻叶片上的持留能力。结合表面张力结果,证明表面张力并非增强药液持留和铺展能力的唯一因素。     

植保无人机低容量喷雾防除玉米田杂草的雾滴沉积特性及除草效果

为探索植保无人机在4~6叶期玉米田喷施除草剂雾滴沉积分布规律及杂草防除效果, 通过改变药液雾滴粒径及喷液量测定了靶标杂草的雾滴沉积规律及对药效的影响?结果表明, 相同喷液量条件下, 靶区雾滴覆盖率和雾滴沉积量随雾滴粒径增大而增加, 雾滴密度随雾滴粒径增大而减少; 施药后30 d对杂草的株防效为72.87%~92.63%, 鲜重防效为83.07%~97.30%?研究结果为玉米田除草剂合理喷施?安全喷施提供了参考数据?     

药液表面张力和黏度对草甘膦药效的影响及其机理研究

通过添加有机硅助剂和丙三醇调节草甘膦药液的表面张力和黏度,测定其对草甘膦药液液滴的物理性状及生物活性的影响。结果表明：降低药液的表面张力,雾滴的铺展直径增加,干燥时间缩短,药液的黏度以及在杂草叶片表面的最大稳定持留量没有显著性变化;草甘膦对杂草的防效表现为先升高后降低,对阔叶杂草最高目测防效和鲜重防效可提高42%和41%,对禾本科杂草防效可提高37%和37%。增加草甘膦的药液黏度,药液在杂草叶片上的最大稳定持留量增加,表面张力降低,对雾滴的干燥时间和铺展直径影响很小;草甘膦对阔叶杂草最高目测防效和鲜重防效可提高42%和41%,对禾本科杂草的防效可提高42%和42%。适当降低草甘膦药液的表面张力或增加其黏度均可提高其对杂草的防除效果。     

有机硅助剂对氯虫苯甲酰胺防治稻纵卷叶螟的增效作用研究

为探索有机硅助剂Silwet408对杀虫剂药液理化性能的影响及药液雾滴在稻叶上的行为与对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée防效的内在关系,在室内条件下研究了在200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂稀释液中添加助剂Silwet408后表面张力、黏度、pH值以及在稻叶上最大持留量的变化,借助OCG法对叶片的表面特性进行表征,围绕叶片倾角分析了单个雾滴在稻叶上的黏附行为,并进行了田间药效试验。结果表明:水稻叶片正、反面表观表面自由能分别为31.48 mJ/m^2和34.19 mJ/m^2;倒二叶和倒三叶的叶角较小,分别为(11.09±2.74)°和(19.98±5.67)°,表明水稻为高倾角叶片形态,不利于雾滴在稻叶上的黏附。200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂4000倍和5000倍稀释液的表面张力分别为(44.64±1.04)mN/m和(46.14±0.62)mN/m,均大于稻叶的表观表面自由能,其药液的单个雾滴在79°和70°的倾角稻叶上均呈滚落状态;添加125 mg/L的Silwet408后,药液的表面张力小于稻叶的表观表面自由能,单个雾滴能够黏附在倾角稻叶上并润湿,同时药液在稻叶上的最大持留量也呈极显著增加;200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂5000倍稀释液的pH值和黏度在添加Silwet408前后变化不大。田间试验结果表明,添加125 mg/L的Silwet408后,200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂5000倍稀释液对稻纵卷叶螟药后14 d的保叶效果和杀虫效果均显著提高。综合研究结果表明,在200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂5000倍稀释液中添加125 mg/L的Silwet408可使喷雾药液与水稻植株特性相匹配,进而提高氯虫苯甲酰胺对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果。     

植物油助剂Aero-mate 320对植保无人机稻田低容量喷雾沉积利用率的提升效果及其机理分析

为明确添加植物油助剂Aero-mate 320对植保无人机施药体系的影响,评价其作为航空喷雾助剂的可行性,通过在15%甲维·茚虫威悬浮剂和325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂药液中添加0.3%、0.6%和1.0%的Aero-mate 320,测定并评估其对药液体系理化性质、抗蒸发性以及雾滴在水稻田沉积分布和沉积利用率的影响。结果表明,助剂Aero-mate 320的适量添加可以改善药液的理化性质,提高喷雾的均匀性,减少蒸发,增加雾滴在水稻冠层的覆盖及沉积,并能显著增加农药沉积利用率。其中,添加0.6% Aero-mate 320后药液的表面张力以及在水稻叶片上的接触角显著减小,分别降低13.3%和30.3%,黏附张力由-9.7 mN/m增加至9.1 mN/m,黏附功增加51.3%,药液更易润湿叶片;雾滴粒径显著增大,雾滴谱相对跨度显著变窄,雾滴分布更加均匀,小雾滴数量显著降低,减少了雾滴的飘移;对喷雾雾滴蒸发的抑制率为25.0%;同时药液在水稻冠层中的沉积密度和覆盖率增大,沉积量显著增加,农药沉积利用率增至66.8%。     

氟虫腈药液在水稻叶片上的沉积特性研究

以氟虫腈悬浮剂为研究对象探讨了药液在水稻叶片上的沉积特性。随着雾流方向角增大,药液在稻叶上的沉积量显著增加,雾流方向角为30°、45°与60°处理时药液的沉积量分别比0°处理者提高了16.6％、39.3％与70.1％。随着雾滴体积中径(VMD)增大,氟虫腈药液在稻叶上的沉积量降低,VMD为157.3、193.2、215.4、233.7 μm 处理的药液沉积量分别比VMD 149.5 μm处理降低了16.2％、39.1％、49.5％与66.4％。施药液量少于339 L/hm2时,药液在稻叶上的沉积效率较高,为25.6％ ~28.1％,药液在稻叶上的最大稳定持留量约为 1.42 μL/cm2。较少施药液量和较小雾滴的处理,加入有机硅(150 g/hm2)后药液的沉积量可提高80％ ~150％,但施药液量增加至694.5 L/hm2 (VMD 233.7 μm)时,药液沉积量未增加。根据本实验结果,施药时采用较小雾滴和较少施药液量,雾流方向角45°~60°,并加入有机硅作为喷雾助剂,药液在稻叶上的沉积效率较高。     

植保无人飞机低容量喷雾在山东设施茶园防治半翅目害虫的应用研究

利用四旋翼植保无人飞机在山东设施茶园防治主要害虫, 研究两种类型的植保无人飞机和传统背负式电动喷雾器施药在不同冠层茶树叶片上雾滴密度?沉积量和覆盖率分布情况以及对茶树主要半翅目害虫的防治效果?结果表明, Ⅰ型植保无人飞机?Ⅱ型植保无人飞机和背负式喷雾器在茶树叶片上平均雾滴密度分别为102.72?50.58个/cm2和29.83个/cm2, 沉积总量分别为0.175?0.371 μL/cm2和53.562 μL/cm2, 雾滴覆盖率均值分别为1.95%?2.52%和19.42%?不同施药器械对茶树各层的雾滴密度?沉积量和覆盖率有显著影响?两种类型植保无人飞机施药雾滴密度总体为茶树树冠上层>中层>底层, 正面>背面?背负式电动喷雾器施药的雾滴沉积量和覆盖率显著高于植保无人飞机, 叶片正面沉积量和覆盖率明显高于叶背面?Ⅰ型植保无人飞机喷施22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂240 mg/L 3 d和5 d后对黑刺粉虱的防治效果为82.20%和71.73%, 该处理对防治茶树黑刺粉虱具有速效性且持效性较好?Ⅰ型植保无人飞机喷施22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂240 mg/L 3 d和5 d后对小贯小绿叶蝉的防效为84.44%和77.25%; Ⅱ型植保无人飞机喷施25 g/L溴氰菊酯乳油60 mg/L 3 d后对小贯小绿叶蝉的防效为98.18%, 具有较好的速效性?植保无人飞机施药对黑刺粉虱的防效优于背负式喷雾器, 但对叶蝉的防效与背负式喷雾器相当?不同施药器械不同药剂处理中瓢虫的数量没有差异?     

不同施药剂量条件下噻苯隆和敌草隆在棉叶上的残留动态研究

采用QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(QuEChERS-HPLC-MS/MS),建立了棉叶中噻苯隆和敌草隆的残留分析方法。本方法中噻苯隆和敌草隆的平均回收率分别为77.0%~84.6%(RSD为1.3%~8.1%)和78.2%~97.2%(RSD为5.9%~11.8%)。采用田间试验在不同施药剂量条件下研究了噻苯隆和敌草隆在棉叶上的残留动态。结果表明,高剂量和低剂量施药条件下,噻苯隆在棉叶上的消解半衰期分别为1.4d和1.8d,敌草隆在棉叶上的消解半衰期分别为5.8d和5.3d,不同剂量施药条件下噻苯隆和敌草隆在棉叶上的消解规律没有明显差别。     

喷雾量及助剂对棉花苗期植保无人飞机作业效果的影响

采用大疆MG-1P型植保无人飞机在棉花苗期进行喷雾,探讨喷雾量及助剂对农药在棉花上的沉积分布及对棉蚜防治效果的影响。以5%啶虫脒乳油为试验药剂,在3个喷雾量(15.0、22.5和30.0 L/hm²)及添加2种飞防助剂(YS09和倍达通)条件下进行喷雾,以诱惑红为雾滴沉积和农药利用率测定的指示剂,采用Deposit-Scan软件分析雾滴密度和雾滴覆盖率。结果表明：采用植保无人飞机施药,棉花叶片上的雾滴密度和覆盖率随着喷雾量的增加而提高,其中,喷雾量为30.0 L/hm²时叶片正面和背面的雾滴密度最高,分别为43.42和58.04个/cm²,雾滴覆盖率分别为6.44%和6.34%。3个喷雾量下农药沉积率分别为3.53%、3.70%和4.00%,低于背负式电动喷雾器喷雾处理,药后1～3 d对棉蚜的防效也低于背负式电动喷雾器喷雾处理。喷雾量为22.5 L/hm²时,添加助剂YS09和倍达通对叶片上雾滴密度、雾滴覆盖率及农药利用率无显著影响,但可提高对棉蚜的防效,药后1 d防效为86.24%和84.40%,...     

植保无人飞机低容量喷洒15%苯甲·吡唑酯微乳剂对3种苹果叶部病害的防效评价

为明确纳米杀菌剂的减量增效作用,本研究采用2种喷施方法,以水敏纸为雾滴沉积指示剂, 分析植保无人飞机和背负式电动喷雾器喷施15%苯甲·吡唑酯微乳剂(ME)和25%苯甲·吡唑酯悬浮剂(SC)两种不同剂型杀菌剂的雾滴密度及雾滴覆盖率,调查并计算苹果病叶率、病情指数、防治效果和综合效益。结果表明,植保无人飞机飞行高度影响雾滴密度和覆盖率,纳米农药15%苯甲·吡唑酯ME的雾滴密度和覆盖率与25%苯甲·吡唑酯悬浮剂(SC)的雾滴密度和覆盖率有差异。各杀菌剂处理对苹果锈病的防效最好,防治效果均在97%以上,对苹果黑星病的防治效果次之,末次药后15 d的防治效果均在90%以上,对苹果斑点落叶病有效,末次药后15 d的防治效果均在50%以上。植保无人飞机喷施纳米杀菌剂15%苯甲·吡唑酯ME在防治成本、时效性和节能上均明显优于背负式电动喷雾器。因此,采用植保无人飞机喷施纳米杀菌剂15%苯甲·吡唑酯ME可有效防治苹果黑星病和苹果锈病,同时实现杀菌剂减量,综合效益较高。     

Effects of insecticides and defoliants applied alone and in combination for control of overwintering boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis; Coleoptera: Curculionidae)--laboratory and field studies

In laboratory, greenhouse and field tests, we determined the effects of combining full rates of the defoliants tribufos and thidiazuron and the herbicide thifensulfuron-methyl with half rates of the insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin or azinphos-methyl, and the combination of tribufos and thidiazuron, both in half rates, on mortality of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman and on the quality of defoliation. Tribufos, 0.47 kg ha(-1) and tribufos, 0.235 kg ha(-1) + thidiazuron, 0.125 kg ha(-1) exhibited a slightly toxic effect to boll weevil, while tribufos, 0.47 kg ha(-1) + lambda-cyhalothrin, 0.019 kg ha(-1), tribufos, 0.47 kg ha(-1) + azinphos-methyl, 0.14 kg ha(-1), and tribufos, 0.235 kg ha(-1) + thidiazuron, 0.125 kg ha(-1) + azinphos-methyl, 0.14 kg ha(-l), provided control of boll weevil as good as or better than full-rate azinphos-methyl or lambda-cyhalothrin alone owing to synergistic effects. Thidiazuron or thifensulfuron-methyl alone or in combination with insecticides did not affect boll weevil mortality. Treatment with tribufos + thidiazuron, both at half rate, significantly increased defoliation compared to full rates of tribufos or thidiazuron alone, and provided adequate defoliation for approximately the same cost per hectare.     

不同植保器械在水稻不同生育期喷施农药的沉积率及雾滴参数

评估不同植保器械的农药喷施效率为水稻上农药减量控害和统防统治工作提供理论技术支撑.本研究参照NY/T 2677—2015《农药沉积率测定方法》,在广东省南雄市全安镇晚造直播水稻田开展农药喷施试验,分析了分别采用手动喷雾器、电动喷雾器和植保无人飞机喷施的农药沉积率及雾滴参数.结果表明:在同一水稻生育期使用不同植保器械喷施...     

Chemical cotton stalk destruction for maintenance of host-free periods for the control of overwintering boll weevil in tropical and subtropical climates

In the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of Texas, cotton regrows and produces fruit from undestroyed stalks throughout the winter, and in spring weevils from such locations become a serious threat. The success of the boll weevil eradication program, which was reintroduced in the LRGV in 2005, will be dependent on thorough stalk destruction following harvest. However, adverse weather conditions and conservation tillage often impede immediate and complete stalk destruction using typical tool implements, and alternative stalk control methods are needed. This study provides an examination of the efficacy for cotton stalk destruction of different herbicides (thifensulfuron-methyl + tribenuron-methyl, dicamba-diolamine, 2,4-D-dimethylammonium, flumioxazin, 2,4-DB-dimethylammonium and carfentrazone-ethyl) and their rates, spray volumes and application timings on shredded or standing cotton stalks after stripper or picker harvest. None of the tested herbicides, except 2,4-D-dimethylammonium, stopped post-harvest cotton regrowth and fruiting. 2,4-D-dimethylammonium sprayed once (0 or 7 days) after cotton was harvested at 1 lb AE acre(-1) (1.12 kg ha(-1)), in a spray volume of 10 gal water acre(-1) (93.5 L ha(-1)) with 5 mL L(-1) surfactant, was highly effective in stalk destruction (72-90%). The best results were achieved when the herbicide was applied immediately after the cotton was shredded, followed by standing stripper-harvested and standing picker-harvested cotton. 2,4-D-dimethylammonium applied twice, 0 and 14 (or 21) days after cotton harvest, was 100% effective in killing stalks, regardless of whether they were shredded or standing, or whether harvest was by stripper or picker. These findings showed that 2,4-D-dimethylammonium cotton stalk destruction eliminated food and reproductive opportunities for managing overwintering boll weevils [Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)].     

An experimental approach to the photolysis of pesticides adsorbed on soil: Thidiazuron

An experimental procedure has been developed for conducting photolysis studies with pesticides adsorbed by soil surfaces. In these experiments, solutions of thidiazuron were sprayed on segments of a 0.5-mm layer of soil covering a glass plate. The soil surface was irradiated using simulated sunlight. The light source was a xenon arc in combination with glass filters that absorbed light of wavelength <290 nm. During irradiation, one half of the sprayed areas was covered to obtain nonirradiated samples. After various time intervals, groups of three irradiated and three non-irradiated segments of the soil were scraped off and extracted; the extracts were analysed. Information was obtained on the photoproducts formed and on the kinetics of photodegradation of thidiazuron.     

Effect of different levels of mannitol-induced water stress on the tolerance of cultivated oat (Avena sativa L.) to didofop-methyl

The effect of degree of water stress in Avena sativa on diclofop-methyl efficacy was assessed. Within 24 h of applying stress by adding mannitol to the root medium (0 to 12.5%), the rate of leaf extension of the youngest leaves (leaves 3 and 4) decreased with increasing mannitol concentration. Without water stress, application of diclofop-methyl had little effect on extension rate of leaves 3 and 4 during the first 4 days after spraying. Subsequently, it caused a significant decrease in the extension rate of leaf 4 with more pronounced effects on later leaves. Diclofop-methyl had little effect on leaf extension rate of plants given mannitol. Shoot dry weight at harvest for unsprayed plants decreased with increased mannitol concentration and for sprayed plants it was greater without mannitol than with mannitol (all levels). However, at mannitol concentrations greater than 4%, shoot dry weight for sprayed and unsprayed plants was not significantly different. Sprayed plants exposed to 2–8.5% mannitol produced seed heads but those at zero mannitol did not. When the root medium of all treatments was flushed of mannitol one week after spraying, then main-tained without mannitol, shoot dry weight at harvest for unsprayed plants decreased slightly with increased mannitol concentration applied initially. However, shoot dry weight for sprayed plants increased with increased mannitol concentration. Without mannitol two weeks after spraying, chlorophyll concentrations of leaves 3 and 4 were greater and water saturation deficit (WSD) values were lower for unsprayed plants than sprayed plants but there were no differences at 6.2% mannitol. It is proposed that tolerance to diclofop-methyl by A. sativa as a result of water stress, is primarily due to a decreased rate of leaf expansion resulting in lower demand for membrane synthesis and less strain on membranes damaged by the herbicide.