杀菌剂生物测定技术

杀菌剂生物测定指的是利用病原菌或感菌生物体对杀菌剂的反应来确定杀菌剂效力的一种农药生物测定。该项测定始于１８０７年,当时Ｐｒｅｖｏｓｔ用孢子萌发法对小麦黑穗病菌孢子进行研究。以后经过多次改进,美国植物病理学会于１９４３年将孢子萌发法推荐为标准测定方法...     

杀菌剂生物测定技术的发展

概述了杀菌剂生物测定的发展历史,探讨了离体、活体和组织筛选的常规生物测定技术,以及高通量筛选方法,同时从多个角度阐述了杀菌剂生物测定技术的发展趋势。     

杀菌剂生物测定技术的发展

概述了杀菌剂生物测定的发展历史,探讨了离体、活体和组织筛选的常规生物测定技术,以及高通量筛选方法,同时从多个角度阐述了杀菌剂生物测定技术的发展趋势。     

基于农药穿透生物学的杀菌剂生物测定

杀菌剂的生物测定是进行新品种筛选及抗性监测的重要手段。杀菌剂的生物活性是药剂、病原、环境间相互作用的结果。药剂在植物体的吸附、穿透和代谢是影响其生物活性的重要因子。基于农药穿透生物学的基本原理,通过对杀菌剂的作用特点、病原菌入侵行为、杀菌剂作用方式、传导方式以及杀菌剂的应用环境的分析,指出杀菌剂的生测离不开靶标寄主的参与,生物测定方法应尽可能真实地反映药剂在应用实践中的行为学特点,才有可能准确地表征化合物的生物活性或抗药性变化程度。     

4种常用有机溶剂对杀菌剂生物测定的影响

采用生长速率法测定了4种常用有机溶剂(丙酮、乙醇、二甲基亚砜、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺)对6种病原真菌菌丝生长的影响程度,同时研究了烯酰吗啉和霜脲氰在3种不同溶剂中对番茄晚疫病菌(Phytophthorainfestans)的毒力。结果表明,当溶剂浓度为0.5～1μL/mL时,丙酮对所测病原菌的菌丝生长没有影响,乙醇、二甲基亚砜及二甲基甲酰胺对大多数病原菌的生长都没影响。烯酰吗啉在3种溶剂中的毒力,其丙酮中对致病疫霉的毒力最小,而霜脲氰在3种溶剂中的毒力相当。     

苏云金杆菌毒力的生物测定

本文对苏云金杆菌(Bt)制剂的生物测定标准化及目前采用的生物测定方法作一较详细的介绍。其中对鳞翅目幼虫的生物测定包括混合饲食法、浸叶饲喂法、蜡洞法、液滴法;对双翅目幼虫的生物测定则有世界卫生组织提出的方法和美国国内标准方法;对鞘翅目幼虫目前还没有一个统一的标准方法。生化和免疫测定法比传统的生物测定方法快速、简便,但亦存在不足。     

不同杀菌剂对棉花枯萎病病原菌室内毒力的研究

采用抑制病原菌菌丝生长法在室内测定了多菌灵,甲基托布津,菌毒清等１２种杀菌剂对棉花枯萎病病原菌的毒力作用,结果显示,多种杀菌剂对该病原菌丝生长有明显的抑制作用,其中以多菌灵作用最强,其抑制中浓度（ＥＣ５０值）为０．７７ｐｐｍ（沪产）和０．９６ｐｐｍ（杜邦公司产品）,其余杀菌剂品种ＥＣ５０值在１．１４ｐｐｍ￣５２．６５ｐｍ之间。     

杀菌剂生物测定动态评价时间-剂量-抑菌率模型

根据互补重对数数学模型的原理,建立了动态评价杀菌剂抑菌效应的时间-剂量-抑菌率模型,给出了模型参数估计和统计检验方法,并重点讨论了剂量的时间效应和不同时间段的剂量效应。最后提供了该模型的计算机算法实现和应用例子。     

5种杀菌剂对番茄晚疫病菌室内毒力测定

采用生长速率法进行了5种杀菌剂对番茄晚疫病菌的室内毒力测定。试验结果表明5种杀菌剂的毒力高低分别为25%甲霜灵可湿性粉剂>64%杀毒矾可湿性粉剂>50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂>72%霜脲.锰锌可湿性粉剂>75%百菌清可湿性粉剂。其EC50值分别为1.83μg/m l、2.05μg/m l、2.24μg/m l、5.33μg/m l和21.33μg/m l,EC95值分别为7.76μg/m l、8.71μg/m l、9.76μg/m l、27.77μg/m l和85.60μg/m l。     

Status of Sensitivity of Northern German Botrytis Populations to the New Sdhi Fungicide Fluopyram Prior to its Release as a Commercial Fungicide

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - In a survey of Botrytis populations in Northern Germany in 2012-2014, an average of 67.7% and 73.8% of isolates from strawberry and raspberry fields...     

植物病原菌抗药性及其抗性治理策略

随着现代高活性的选择性杀菌剂的研发和广泛使用,病原菌的抗药性问题日趋严重,这已成为植物病害化学保护领域最受关注的问题之一。本文阐释了抗药性相关术语的定义,概述了病原菌的抗药性现状,并从自然选择和诱导突变两种学说的角度分析了抗药性产生的原因。进一步分析了抗药性群体流行与病原菌自身特点、杀菌剂类型和作用机制等影响因子密切相关,综述了抗药性风险评估、抗药性机制、抗药性进化以及抗药性常规和分子检测方法等内容。最后,提出了抗药性治理的目标和策略,即根据抗药病原群体形成的主要影响因素,针对性地设计抗药性治理短期和长期策略,特别是需进一步加强对新药剂和新防治对象开展抗药性风险评估、制定抗药性管理策略、建立再评价机制等。综上,明确植物病原菌抗药性发生发展特点并制定科学合理的抗性治理策略,对进一步开展植物病害的科学防控具有重要的参考价值。     

毒芹生物碱的提取及对害鼠的毒性试验

试验提出在实验室用毒芹提取毒芹碱的技术,用此提取液毒杀大仓鼠、布氏田鼠试验,表明毒芹碱属于急性药物,其作用部位为神经系统;对大仓鼠和布氏田鼠的LD50分别为每公斤体重7mg左右和9mg左右。     

毒杀南方根结线虫的木霉种类鉴定及活性研究

木霉是国际上研究与应用非常普遍的生防真菌之一,具有重要的科研价值和广阔的应用前景。本研究采用形态学鉴定、ITS和β-tubulin序列分析法对4株具有杀线虫活性的木霉菌株进行种类鉴定,结果显示FT311和FT312为绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride),FT1937和FT85为哈茨木霉(T.harzianum)。利用贝氏皿浸没法测定,4株木霉发酵滤液均能显著降低南方根结线虫卵的孵化和2龄幼虫(J2)的活性,其中FT1937和FT85对卵孵化抑制率和J2致死率均达到85%~92%,而FT311能够达到80%~85%,但FT312毒性较低,仅达40%~60%;2株哈茨木霉的活性好于2株绿色木霉;同时观察到发酵液对线虫卵和幼虫体壁有消解作用、抑制和延迟卵孵化,并使幼虫体内空泡化。本研究为根结线虫病害的生防防治提供了更多的木霉资源信息。     

Fungicide resistance: definitions and use of terms

A first proposal on definitions and use of terms was made by Delp & Dekker in Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 15 , 333–335, following the EPPO Conference on Fungicide Resistance in Brussels in 1984. These definitions were reviewed by the EPPO Workshop on Fungicide Resistance Testing Methods, held in Changins (CH) in November 1986, which proposed the present version. This has been approved by the EPPO Working Party on Pesticides for Plant Protection, with the involvement of GIFAP, and has been approved by the Executive Committee and Council of EPPO.     

Activity of the New Fungicide Benthiavalicarb Against Plasmopara viticola and its Efficacy in Controlling Downy Mildew in Grapevines

Benthiavalicarb is a new fungicide active against Oomycetes fungal plant pathogens. The present study shows that benthiavalicarb is effective for controlling the Oomycete fungal pathogen Plasmopara viticola, which causes downy mildew in grapevines. The fungicide did not affect zoospore discharge from sporangia of P. viticola, but strongly inhibited zoospore encystment, cystospore germination in vitro and mycelial growth, together with sporangial production in vivo. Benthiavalicarb showed strong prophylactic and local activity in intact plants or detached leaves and low translaminar activity. The compound was not translocated from leaf to leaf in either a acropetal or basipetal direction. Benthiavalicarb applied at 1, 3 and 6 days post-inoculation protected grapevine plants against downy mildew and inhibited sporulation of the pathogen. Similar results were obtained on leaf disks if benthiavalicarb was applied up to 96 h post-inoculation. Benthiavalicarb diminished the sporulation of P. viticola when applied to established disease in the tissue. Benthiavalicarb remained active on leaves for a period up to 28 days. Two foliar applications of benthiavalicarb, 2 weeks apart, to field-grown grapevines inhibited downy mildew development and were as effective as the standard metalaxyl-Cu treatment in controlling the disease. A formulated mixture of benthiavalicarb + Folpet was similar or superior in performance to metalaxyl-Cu and the new strobilurin trifloxystrobin in controlling downy mildew. The effectiveness of benthiavalicarb makes it well suited for integration into a control programme against downy mildew disease in vineyards, and as a component to delay resistance buildup.     

Fungicide resistance: definitions and use of terms

On the basis of an analysis of current use of terms concerning resistance to fungicides, a series of definitions is proposed for discussion. Consistent use of such terms in scientific publications will facilitate understanding and avoid possible misinterpretations.