50%烯酰吗啉·嘧菌酯悬浮剂防治葡萄霜霉病效果

用50%烯酰吗啉·嘧菌酯悬浮剂800倍液、1 000倍液和1 500倍液防治葡萄霜霉病,药后14 d,对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果分别是79.24%、90.89%和91.75%,对照药剂25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂1 000倍液对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果是64.79%。试验结果表明,50%烯酰吗啉·嘧菌酯悬浮剂可有效防治葡萄霜霉病,药效明显高于对照药剂25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂,建议在葡萄霜霉病发生初期用1 000倍液对叶面均匀喷雾。     

50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂防治黄瓜霜霉病田间药效试验

黄瓜霜霉病是保护地黄瓜上的主要病害之一．每年都有不同程度的发生,尤其在高温高湿的条件下。蔓延迅速,容易暴发流行,影响黄瓜叶片的光合作用,造成减产。为了验证德国巴斯夫公司生产的50％烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂对黄瓜霜霉病的防治效果及筛选最佳使用剂量．我们于2004年底对该药剂进行了药效试验．现将试验结果总结报告如下。     

烯酰吗啉80%水分散粒剂防治黄瓜霜霉病田间药效试验报告

通过烯酰吗啉80%水分散粒剂对黄瓜霜霉病的防治试验,在15.2～20 g.a.i/667m2范围内能有效地防治黄瓜霜霉病,通过3次施药,防效达到75.77%～78.44%,对黄瓜安全.生产上可推荐使用.     

中国4省份葡萄霜霉病菌群体对烯酰吗啉的抗性及适合度

为明确我国山西、山东、河北和云南省葡萄霜霉病菌对烯酰吗啉的抗性以及田间病菌群体的适合度,本研究采用Taqman-MGB技术检测了2020年-2021年采自上述4省份292株葡萄霜霉病菌对烯酰吗啉的抗性频率;采用叶盘法测定了田间抗性菌株与敏感菌株的适合度。结果表明,上述4个地区的平均烯酰吗啉抗性频率及抗性等位基因频率分别为64.0%和74.7%,其中山东省蓬莱区最高(91.2%和96.3%),河北省廊坊市(73.8%和85.0%)和云南省宾川县(75.0%和82.6%)次之,山西省清徐县(16.7%和34.7%)最低。适合度分析发现,田间抗性菌株的产孢能力明显高于敏感菌株,但二者的复合适合度指数无显著差异。上述结果表明,4省份霜霉病菌群体均对烯酰吗啉产生了不同程度的抗性,田间抗性菌株与敏感菌株相比无明显适合度变化。     

烯酰吗啉原药的气相色谱分析

本文采用气相色谱法,在CP-7906毛细管柱上以邻苯二甲酸二癸酯做内标,用FID检测器对烯酰吗啉进行分离和定量。本方法的标准偏差为0.35;变异系数为0.37%;平均回收率为99.0%;线性相关系数为0.9999。     

山东省和河北省黄瓜霜霉病菌对烯酰吗啉及双炔酰菌胺的抗性监测

 为明确黄瓜霜霉病菌对烯酰吗啉及双炔酰菌胺的抗性时空动态及这两种药剂对黄瓜霜霉病的田间防效,采用叶盘漂浮法检测了2011~2016年采自河北省和山东省黄瓜主产区的霜霉病菌1 821个菌株对烯酰吗啉及双炔酰菌胺的敏感性,并采用茎叶喷雾法对这两种药剂的田间防效进行评估。结果表明:黄瓜霜霉病菌1 821个菌株对烯酰吗啉和双炔酰菌胺抗性频率分别为88.5%和34.3%,供试菌株中对烯酰吗啉的低抗菌株及对双炔酰菌胺的敏感菌株占优势,平均抗性倍数分别为8.92和2.44,抗性指数分别为0.42和0.27。黄瓜霜霉病菌对这两种药剂的抗性频率、抗性倍数及抗性指数随着监测年限及地域的不同而波动。在河北定兴和山东寿光日光温室进行的田间药效试验中,按照药剂田间推荐剂量喷施4次,50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂和250 g·L^-1双炔酰菌胺悬浮剂对黄瓜霜霉病表现出良好的防效(85%以上),与两地黄瓜霜霉病菌对烯酰吗啉产生低抗、对双炔酰菌胺敏感的监测结果一致。由此推断,50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂和250 g·L^-1双炔酰菌胺悬浮剂可在对甲霜灵(或精甲霜灵)、噁霜灵及嘧菌酯普遍产生抗性的地区,作为58%甲霜灵·代森锰锌WP、68%精甲霜灵·代森锰锌WG、64%噁霜灵·代森锰锌WP 和250 g·L^-1嘧菌酯SC的替代药剂单独使用或与不同作用机理的杀菌剂混用,防治黄瓜霜霉病。     

烯酰吗啉在土壤中残留测定方法研究

本文确立了烯酰吗啉3种土壤中在的分析方法。土壤样品用丙酮提取,正己烷和乙酸乙酯液液萃取,用固相萃取法(弗罗里硅土小柱)净化,然后用液相色谱检测。烯酰吗啉在吉林黑土、河南二合土和江西红土中平均回收率分别为85.4%～94.8%,79.8%～92.9%和81.2%～94.8%;相对标准偏差分别为3.36%～5.02%,2.64%～6.48%和1.90%～3.06%。     

烯酰吗啉（DMM）的特性及其作用机制

本文介绍了烯酰吗啉的防病特性及其作用机制。烯酰吗啉主要用于防治由霉霉避、疫毒属等引起的卵菌病害,具有保护、治疗和抗孢子产生的活性。ＤＤＭ干扰病原菌细胞壁聚合体的正确组装,影响细胞壁的形成。ＤＭＭ的应用存在着一定的抗性风险。     

莴笋、油麦菜中烯酰吗啉的GC-ECD分析

建立了气相色谱法检测莴笋、油麦菜中烯酰吗啉残留的分析方法。样品采用乙腈提取,Canbon-NH2柱净化,DM-1色谱柱分析。莴笋、油麦菜中烯酰吗啉在0.064、0.128、0.320mg/kg 3个添加水平的平均加标回收率在范围86.4%~97.4%内,RSD(n=3)均10,方法理论最小检出限为0.01mg/kg。该方法满足莴笋、油麦菜中烯酰吗啉农药残留的检测要求。     

烯酰吗啉对番茄晚疫病菌的抑制活性

采用生长速率法测定了烯酰吗啉对番茄晚疫病菌菌丝生长的影响,采用载玻片法测定了其对病菌游动孢子囊的产生、游动孢子的释放及对游动孢子的静止和完整性的影响。结果表明,烯酰吗啉对番茄晚疫病菌的菌丝生长及孢子囊的产生具有极强的抑制作用,其EC₅₀分别是0.37、0.074μg/mL,但对游动孢子释放的抑制作用较弱,EC₅₀是52.63μg/mL,显微镜下观察烯酰吗啉对游动孢子的静止没有影响,但当浓度为5μg/mL时即能完全破坏游动孢子。     

四种杀菌剂对莴苣霜霉病的田间防效

使用4种杀菌剂不同剂量处理防治莴苣霜霉病田间药效试验,结果显示:4种杀菌剂对莴苣霜霉病均有一定的防治效果,且每种杀菌剂的防效随用药量增大而提高。试验药剂1%申嗪霉素SC 18 g/ha、80%代森锰锌WP 3 000 g/ha防效与对照药剂80%烯酰吗啉WP 300 g/ha防效相当;试验药剂30%吡唑醚菌酯EW 99 g/ha的防效略低于对照药剂80%烯酰吗啉WP的防效,但无显著差异;试验药剂20%霜脲氰SC 3个处理的防效均极显著低于对照药剂80%烯酰吗啉WP的防效。根据试验结果,试验药剂20%霜脲氰SC在试验中防效偏低,不作为田间防治莴苣霜霉病的推荐药剂,另外3种试验药剂1%申嗪霉素SC、80%代森锰锌WP、30%吡唑醚菌酯EW在试验过程中表现出较好的防治效果,可作为田间防治莴苣霜霉病的药剂轮换使用。推荐使用有效成分用量为1%申嗪霉素SC 15～18 g/ha、80%代森锰锌WP 2 400～3 000 g/ha、30%吡唑醚菌酯EW 99 g/ha。在发病前或发病初期开始喷雾,7～10 d后进行下一次施药,连续防治2～3次。用药液量750 L/ha,均匀喷雾于莴苣叶片正反面。     

寡雄腐霉与烯酰吗啉互作防治葡萄霜霉病和替代部分化学药剂减量用药应用

 利用室内与室外传统生物测定方法,结合诱导抗病性生理测定方法进行试验。明确寡雄腐霉用药时期;研发生化互作组合,明确增效作用机制;制定生化互作减量用药防控技术规程。结果表明寡雄腐霉预防葡萄霜霉病最佳时期为发病前1个月,连续喷雾用药3~4次,间隔期10~15 d。明确寡雄腐霉对叶片β-1,3葡聚糖酶产生具有诱导作用;研发出协同增效的生防菌剂与化学杀菌剂组合烯酰吗啉+寡雄腐霉(或者再加上100%硅氧烷化合物,此时同样防效下喷雾使用药液量仅为组合的40%)。寡雄腐霉与化学杀菌剂烯酰吗啉互作后,植株诱导抗病作用增强。制定以生防菌替代和高效合理化学用药为关键技术的减量用药防控葡萄霜霉病的综合体系,确定用药规程中药剂的使用类别、次序、排列和组合。     

多黏类芽胞杆菌Paenibacillus polymyxa菌株P1防治黄瓜霜霉病的研究

通过离体叶片筛选法,得到1株对黄瓜霜霉病原菌有较强抑制作用的多黏类芽胞杆菌Paenibacillus polymyxa菌株P1。通过液体发酵和剂型处理,将P1制成含量2×10⁹ cfu/mL的悬浮剂分别进行室内和大田药效测试。室内药效试验结果表明,P1-SC悬浮剂对黄瓜霜霉病的防治效果与用药浓度呈正相关。当使用浓度为1.25×10⁷ cfu/mL时,P1悬浮剂对霜霉病的防治效果与化学农药250 g/L嘧菌酯SC的相似;当使用浓度为5.0×10⁷ cfu/mL时,防治效果显著大于嘧菌酯(P≤0.05)。2017年和2018年连续两年大田药效测试结果显示,经P1-SC处理(3000 mL/hm²)的黄瓜植株霜霉病病情指数(2.53,2.48)显著低于经250 g/L嘧菌酯SC(600 mL/hm²)处理的植株(4.33、6.22),防治效果(86.16%,89.90%)显著高于后者(76.34%、74.95%)(P≤0.05)。     

Silicon and increased electrical conductivity reduce downy mildew of soilless grown lettuce

Downy mildew of lettuce, caused by Bremia lactucae, is difficult to control in soilless systems by using conventional methods of disease management because few chemicals are registered, while resistant cultivars face the problem of resistance break down; therefore other methods for disease control need to be investigated. The effect of silicon salt as well as increased electrical conductivities against downy mildew was evaluated in four experiments carried out in hydroponically systems, using the cultivar of lettuce “Cobham Green”, known for its susceptibility to the pathogen. Silicon, as potassium silicate, was added at 100 mg l⁻¹ of nutrient solution at three levels of electrical conductivity: 1.5–1.6 mS cm⁻¹ (EC1), 3.0–3.5 mScm⁻¹ (EC2, 0.70 g l⁻¹ NaCl) and 4.0–4.5 mS cm⁻¹ (EC3, 0.95 g l⁻¹ NaCl) respectively. Lettuce plants, grown for 14–20 (trials 1 and 2) and 36–45 (trials 3 and 4) days in the different nutrient solutions tested, were inoculated with B. lactucae conidia with a maximum of two inoculations before final disease assessment carried out 14–21 days after the inoculation able to give symptoms. EC and potassium silicate significantly influenced downy mildew incidence and severity, while their interaction was not a significant factor. The addition to the standard nutrient solution (EC1) of potassium silicate resulted in a significant reduction of downy mildew severity in trials 1 and 2 where plants were artificially inoculated 15 and 20 days after transplanting. This efficacy was slight on plants grown for 36 and 45 days before inoculation in a soil drenched with EC1 amended with potassium silicate. EC2 gave a significantly similar downy mildew reduction than EC2 added with potassium silicate in trial 3. Plants grown for 36 and 45 days at the highest electrical conductivity (EC3) showed a significant reduction in severity of downy mildew compared with that observed at EC2 level. The best results, in terms of disease control, were given by the addition of potassium silicate to the EC3 solution. This combination also led to a significantly increased plant biomass. The possibility and benefits of applying potassium silicate and increased EC amendments in practice is discussed.     

Spatial analysis of lettuce downy mildew using geostatistics and geographic information systems

ABSTRACT The epidemiology of lettuce downy mildew has been investigated extensively in coastal California. However, the spatial patterns of the disease and the distance that Bremia lactucae spores can be transported have not been determined. During 1995 to 1998, we conducted several field- and valley-scale surveys to determine spatial patterns of this disease in the Salinas valley. Geostatistical analyses of the survey data at both scales showed that the influence range of downy mildew incidence at one location on incidence at other locations was between 80 and 3,000 m. A linear relationship was detected between semivariance and lag distance at the field scale, although no single statistical model could fit the semi-variograms at the valley scale. Spatial interpolation by the inverse distance weighting method with a power of 2 resulted in plausible estimates of incidence throughout the valley. Cluster analysis in geographic information systems on the interpolated disease incidence from different dates demonstrated that the Salinas valley could be divided into two areas, north and south of Salinas City, with high and low disease pressure, respectively. Seasonal and spatial trends along the valley suggested that the distinction between the downy mildew conducive and nonconducive areas might be determined by environmental factors.     

不同葡萄品种对霜霉病的抗性

葡萄霜霉病是葡萄生产上重要的病害之一,通过对辽宁省不同葡萄品种进行室内离体叶片接种和田间自然发病情况调查,以期为葡萄抗性品种的选育和葡萄霜霉病的防治提供科学依据。结果表明,在供试品种中,没有对霜霉病完全免疫的品种,室内离体叶片接种和田间调查结果基本一致,不同品种间霜霉病的抗性存在差异。供试的65个品种中,室内离体叶片接种评价高抗品种3个,抗病品种23个,感病品种24个,高感品种15个;田间自然发病调查评价高抗品种1个,抗病品种19个,感病品种35个,高感品种10个。欧美杂交品种(系)相对欧亚杂交品种(系)较抗病。     

芽孢杆菌对黄瓜霜霉病的防治效果研究

经黄瓜霜霉病孢子囊萌发抑制试验明确,芽孢杆菌菌株Z-X-3、Z-X-10对黄瓜霜霉病菌有较强拮抗作用。离体叶片法和温室防病试验表明,两菌株对黄瓜霜霉病有较好的防治效果,相对保护效果分别达46.42％、41.55％;治疗效果分别达46.30％、44.44％,高于农药克霜氰的31.81％、37.03％。     

Further characterization of field resistance in lettuce to Bremia lactucae (downy mildew)

The development of five Bremia lactucae isolates on the field-resistant crisphead lettuce cultivar Iceberg was compared under field conditions with that on the more susceptible crisphead cultivar Ithaca. With each of five isolates, the epidemic developed more rapidly on Ithaca than Iceberg; lesions on Ithaca were more numerous, larger and sporulated more profusely than on Iceberg. There was no evidence for adaptation of isolates to Iceberg, which provides some additional evidence that the resistance of this cultivar could be non-differential (horizontal). There was, however, evidence of non-specific differences between isolates in their quantitative virulence.     

25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂防治黄瓜霜霉病药效试验

黄瓜霜霉病是黄瓜最主要病害之一,近年来我市的黄瓜霜霉病日趋严重,已成为黄瓜种植过程中的一个重要障碍。为了更有效地防治黄瓜霜霉病,我们进行了本试验,现将试验结果报告如下。     

不同助剂对嘧菌酯防治3种植物病害的增效作用

为研究不同助剂对嘧菌酯防治植物病害的增效效果,通过表面张力、临界胶束浓度(cmc)、药液叶片持留量的测定以及室内盆栽活性试验,测定了Silwet408、NF-100、倍达通、迈道和速捷5种助剂对玉米、小麦、大豆叶片的润湿持留能力和对嘧菌酯防治病害的增效作用。结果表明:供试的5种助剂均可显著降低药液的表面张力,增加药液在叶片上的最大稳定持留量(Rm),其中Silwet408的Rm值达7.32 mg/cm^2,倍达通的Rm值达11.16 mg/cm^2。5种助剂可显著增加嘧菌酯对小麦白粉病、大豆锈病和玉米锈病的防治效果,其中:对于玉米锈病,迈道的增效效果(EC500.016 mg/L)最好,其次为倍达通(EC500.029 mg/L);对于小麦白粉病,NF-100(EC500.009 mg/L)和Silwet408(EC500.009 mg/L)的增效效果最好;对于大豆锈病,迈道(EC500.006 mg/L)和Silwet408(EC500.007 mg/L)的增效效果最好。综合来看,Silwet408和迈道对嘧菌酯防治3种植物病害是较好的增效助剂。