蚯蚓联合生防细菌Bacillus velezensis改善连作百合土壤细菌群落结构及防治枯萎病的效果

【目的】从土壤理化性状和微生物群落结构及多样性角度,研究蚯蚓联合生防细菌改善百合连作障碍的机理和效果,为湖南百合产业化种植提供技术措施。【方法】采用盆栽试验方法,在湖南长沙连续种植了两季百合(Lilium lancifolium Thunb.)。供试土壤为红壤,生防菌为Bacillales velezensis YFB3-1菌液(菌体浓度为10⁹ CFU/mL),蚯蚓为赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)。试验设单施菌液(T1)、只接种蚯蚓(T2)、同时使用菌液和蚯蚓(T3) 3个处理,以不使用菌剂和蚯蚓为对照(CK)。调查了两茬百合产量和枯萎病病情指数,分析了第二茬百合根际土壤理化性质、细菌群落结构和多样性,以及连作百合产量与根际土壤理化性质、细菌群落和枯萎病的相关性。【结果】与第一茬相比,同一处理的第二茬百合产量都显著下降。两年连作百合产量都以同时使用菌液和蚯蚓(T3)处理为最高,分别为16464、15674 kg/hm²,都显著高于同年份其他处理。两年连作百合枯萎病发病率和病情指数都以T3为最低,都显著低于同年份其他处理,T3处理...     

一株产吲哚乙酸的Bacillus velezensis JB0319的筛选、鉴定及其促生作用

【目的】筛选高产吲哚乙酸的促生菌株,分析菌株的功能基因组成和促生潜力,为微生物菌剂的开发利用提供菌种资源。【方法】通过96孔板微培养结合Salkowski比色法筛选青菜(Brassica chinensis L., pakchoi)根际土壤中具有产吲哚乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)能力的根际微生物,并定量复筛高产IAA的菌株。采用形态学、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析方法对菌株进行鉴定,分析菌株在溶磷、产铁载体、产1-氨基羰酰-1-环丙烷羧酸(1-amino-1-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid,ACC)脱氨酶及产生物膜等方面的促生潜力。进一步通过盆栽试验验证其促生效果,从基因组水平初步解析菌株的促生机制。【结果】经鉴定,JB0319是一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),该菌株IAA产量高达30.05μg mL^-1,具有较强的溶磷、产铁载体、产ACC脱氨酶和产生物膜能力。盆栽试验结果表明,接种JB0319后,青菜的株高、鲜重、根长、根粗和叶片数显著增加,分别较对照增加了17.06%...     

基于耕地系数和预评价法的耕地整治潜力测算方法

为科学合理测算耕地整治潜力,提高潜力测算结果的应用性,该文结合二调数据及农用地分等数据,进行了耕地整治数量潜力和质量潜力的测算研究,耕地整治数量潜力测算采用耕地系数法(CLC,cultivated land coefficient),耕地整治质量潜力测算采用农用地分等因子提高后的预评价法。研究表明:五华县耕地整治潜力较大,数量总潜力为841.69 hm2,各行政村数量潜力分布情况为南高北低;质量潜力方面,经过整治,耕地自然等别可平均提高1.28等,利用等别可平均提高0.71等,生产能力可提高57 862.99×104kg。该研究方法符合当地土地整治实际情况,研究结果可为制定县域土地整治规划、划定高标准基本农田建设区及确定耕地整治建设重点项目区提供参考。     

基于潜力衰减模型的东北-华北平原旱作区耕地生产力评价

在中国耕地资源日益紧缺、粮食安全问题愈发严峻的背景下,耕地生产力研究具有重要的现实意义。该研究以东北-华北平原旱作区为研究区域,以主要粮食作物玉米的光温生产潜力空间分布数据及相关县域统计数据为基础,结合土地利用、降水、土壤、社会经济等数据,运用潜力衰减模型,研究评价了东北-华北平原旱作区1995-2015年耕地生产力时空格局及其影响因素。结果表明:研究区光温-水生产力、光温-水-土生产力、光温-水-土-社会经济生产力均整体呈现东北平原旱作区高于华北平原旱作区的空间格局,且在东北平原旱作区和华北平原旱作区内部也均表现出南高北低的宏观趋势;通过分析各环境因子的订正系数发现,人为社会经济投入对当前耕地生产力的保障极为重要,特别是在耕地自然条件逐渐变差的华北平原旱作区表现的尤为显著;水分因子产量差在空间上整体呈现南低北高、东低西高的分布格局,土壤因子产量差明显呈现南高北低的空间格局,社会经济因子产量差呈现明显的北高南低空间格局,这与中国水热条件的地带性分布、东北平原地区优质的土壤条件及较高的自然禀赋等因素有关;研究区社会经济因子产量差>土壤因子产量差>水分因子产量差,且社会经济因子产量差在华北平原旱作区整体较小、土壤因子产量差在东北平原旱作区整体较小,进一步说明了社会经济投入是维系华北平原旱作区耕地生产力的最重要因素,而耕地本身的立地条件是保障东北平原旱作区耕地生产力的最主要原因。潜力衰减模型的应用对大尺度区域耕地生产力研究的方法创新方面有所裨益,评价结果可为不同农业区保持高产、稳产及耕地保育等方面提供科学参考。     

基于景观格局原理的土地规模化整理潜力评价方法

土地整理目的主要包括增加土地数量、提高土地质量和生产效率等,土地规模经营是提高土地生产效率的主要方法之一,也是现代规模农业发展的要求。该文探讨利用地形指标,景观丰度指数、斑块方度指数、景观集中度指数等景观格局指标定量评价土地规模化整理潜力的方法,为区域土地整理规划提供科学依据。并以喀斯特山区耕地整理为例,应用GIS（geographic information system）技术定量分析了广西喀斯特山区耕地规模化整理潜力的差异。结果表明,广西都安县大部分位于石山区乡镇的耕地规模化整理潜力指数均很低,而南部河谷区乡镇的耕地规模化整理潜力指数较高,河谷平坦区的耕地规模化整理潜力指数为0.85,喀斯特峰丛峰林山区为0.17,前者为后者的5倍。表明土地规模化整理潜力受到土地资源空间格局和地形格局的共同制约,不同地形和土地资源格局条件下,区域土地规模化整理潜力之间差异显著。     

基于AHP和熵权法赋权的区域土地开发整理潜力评价

针对耕地整理、未利用土地开发、废弃土地复垦和农村居民点整理构建多层次区域土地开发整理潜力评价指标体系,将改进AHP、熵权法与综合评价法结合起来对重庆市土地开发整理潜力进行了定量化评价。重庆市土地开发整理潜力评价结果表明,土地开发整理潜力由大到小可划分为4个等级,耕地整理潜力是土地开发整理潜力的主要组成部分,耕地整理投入产出率和林地比重提高率是重庆市土地开发整理潜力的主导影响因素。同时未利用土地开发和废弃土地复垦潜力在重庆市土地开发整理潜力也占有重要的地位,未利用地空间规模指数、废弃土地复垦新增园林地系数和空间规模指数也是重庆市土地开发整理潜力的重要影响因素。此外,农村居民点整理在主城区及其周边经济快速发展地区地发展有重要的意义。     

两株蜡状芽孢杆菌对毒死蜱的降解动力学研究

利用微生物消除农药污染是一项安全、经济、有效的方法,降解动力学模型的构建有助于理解污染物的生物降解行为和估测系统中特征污染物的浓度变化,菌株对高浓度污染物的降解效果是降解菌在受污染水体中实际应用的关键。本研究采用基础培养基中定量添加毒死蜱和定时取样分析毒死蜱残留浓度的方法,探讨两株蜡状芽孢杆菌(HY-1和HY-2)的接种体培养时间、接种量和降解菌对毒死蜱的降解动力学,同时研究了降解菌对高浓度毒死蜱的降解率。结果表明:HY-1和HY-2最适接种体培养时间分别为10 h和19 h,接种体培养时间对菌株降解毒死蜱的影响较大。两菌株最适接菌量为8%(v/v),接种量从4%增至8%时,接种量对HY-1降解毒死蜱的影响大于HY-2。当毒死蜱的初始浓度为40 mg.L 1、80 mg.L 1、100 mg.L 1和120 mg.L 1时,一级动力学方程ln(C0/Ct)=kt可以用来拟合两菌株对毒死蜱的降解动力学及确定降解动力学参数,当毒死蜱初始浓度再次增加时,仅HY-2对毒死蜱的降解符合一级动力学方程。当毒死蜱初始浓度为40~120 mg.L 1时,菌株HY-1对毒死蜱的降解速率常数分布在0.013 5~0.015 7;当毒死蜱初始浓度为40~200 mg.L 1时,菌株HY-2的降解速率常数分布在0.008 0~0.015 3。菌株HY-2比HY-1可以在较高的毒死蜱浓度下发挥降解作用,且降解率较高。因此,两菌株在毒死蜱污染水体的净化去毒方面具有重要意义。     

钾细菌制剂对土壤钾素的影响探讨

试验K细菌制剂在控制条件和大田下对土壤难溶性K的转化作用,特别是土壤速效钾和缓效钾的动态变化表明,缺K土壤适当施用K细菌制剂,可增加土壤速效钾含量,成熟植株体内K增加32.3％,拔节孕穗期土壤速效钾含量比对照高128.6％,而土壤、磷矿粉、沙子等3种基质平均速效钾含量比对照高160.6％。K细菌制剂不板结土壤和不污染水源。     

Rhizobacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strain SQRT3-Mediated Induced Systemic Resistance Controls Bacterial Wilt of Tomato

Tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum seriously threats tomato growth in tropical and temperate regions around the world. This study reported an antagonistic bacterial strain, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain SQRT3, isolated from the rhizosphere soil of tomato plants, which strongly inhibited in vitro growth of pathogenic R. solanacearum. The suppression of tomato bacterial wilt by strain SQRT3 was demonstrated under greenhouse conditions. Additionally, induced systemic resistance (ISR) in tomato as one of the potential disease suppression mechanisms was investigated in the plants inoculated with the isolated bacterial strain SQRT3. The results showed that strain SQRT3 applied with R. solanacearum by drenching significantly reduced tomato bacterial wilt by 68.1% biocontrol efficiency (BE) and suppressed the R. solanacearum populations in the rhizosphere soil compared to the control only drenched with R. solanacearum. The BE of the isolated bacterial strain SQRT3 against tomato wilt increased to 84.1% by root-dipping. Tomato plants treated with both strain SQRT3 and R. solanacearum showed increases in activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase compared with other treatments. The application of strain SQRT3 reduced membrane lipid peroxidation in tomato leaves. The expressions of marker genes for jasmonic acid-and salicylic acid-dependent signaling pathways were faster and stronger in tomato plants treated with both strain SQRT3 and R. solanacearum than in plants treated with either R. solanacearum or strain SQRT3 alone. Collectively, the findings indicated that strain SQRT3 can effectively control tomato wilt.     

接种丛枝菌根真菌和巨大芽孢杆菌的红三叶草对难溶磷的利用

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the mobilization of sparingly soluble inorganic andorganic sources of phosphorus (P) by red clover (Trghlium pmtense L.) whose roots were colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae and in association with the phosphate-solubilizing (PS) bacterium Bacillus megaterium ACCC10010. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and rock phosphate hada synergistic effect on the colonization of plant roots by the AM fungus. There was a positive interaction between the PS bacterium and the AM fungus in mobilization of rock phosphate, leading to improved plant P nutrition. In dual inoculation with the AM fungus and the PS bacterium, the main contribution to plant P nutrition was made by the AM fungus. Application of P to the low P soil increased phosphatase activityin the rhizosphere. Alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly promoted by inoculation with either the PS bacterium or the AM fungus.     

乙偶姻和枯草芽孢杆菌NRCB002的促生机制

【目的】研究植物根际促生菌及其代谢产物对作物生长的促进效应及其机制,为制备高效微生物肥料提供优良的菌种资源和应用技术支持。【方法】枯草芽孢杆菌枯草亚种(Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis)NRCB002发酵液组分的促生效应盆栽试验设置了5个处理,分别为发酵培养基(P)、发酵菌液(F)、发酵菌液上清液(S)、重悬菌液(G)和重悬菌液+乙偶姻(A),以浇灌等量的去离子水的处理为对照(CK)。进一步的乙偶姻施用方式盆栽试验设置两个处理,分别为在生菜幼苗根部浇灌(RI)、叶面喷施(FS) 0.1 g/L乙偶姻溶处理,以施用等量去离子水的处理为对照(CK)。生菜生长两周后,两组盆栽试验收获地上部及根系,测定株高、叶面积、地上部和根部的鲜重和干重,并分析根系指标。以K氏培养基为基础培养基,添加0、0.075、0.375、1.5 g/L的乙偶姻培养NRCB002,采用结晶紫染色法测定了NRCB002生物膜的形成量。【结果】1)与CK相比,除培养基P处理外,其余4个处理均显著提高了生菜幼苗的地上部和根部的鲜、干重;S、F和A处理还显著增加了生菜幼苗的株高、叶面积、总根长...     

苏云金芽胞杆菌毒素在累托石上的吸附与杀虫活性研究

The adsorption and desorption of the toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis strain WG-001 on rectorite were studied at different toxin and/or rectorite concentrations, pH values and temperatures. The insecticidal activity of the adsorbed toxin was evaluated by determining the lethal concentration to kill 50% of the larvae of Heliothis armigera （LC50）. The adsorption of the toxin on rectorite in sodium carbonate buffer （pH 9） reached equilibrium within 0.5-1.0 h and the adsorption isotherm of the toxin followed the Langmuir equation （R^2 〉 0.99）. In the pH range from 9 to 11 （carbonate buffer）, the adsorbed toxin decreased with increasing pH. The adsorption amounts decreased with increasing rectorite：toxin ratio. The adsorption was not significantly affected by the temperature between 10 and 50 ℃. The X- ray diffraction analysis indicated occurrence of the intercalation of the rectorite by the toxin. The infrared absorption spectrum showed that the binding of the toxin did not alter its structure. The LC50 wlues of the adsorbed toxin were smaller than those of the free toxin. The rectorite protected the toxin from ultraviolet irradiation damage. The desorption of the adsorbed toxin in water ranged from 37.5% to 56.4% and from 27.4% to 41.8% in a carbonate buffer. The desorption percentage also decreased with increasing rectorite：toxin ratio.     

枯草芽孢杆菌fmbJ产脂肽抑制点青霉效果及其桃防腐试验

为了研究抗微生物脂肽在水果防腐方面的应用,试验研究了枯草芽孢杆菌fmbJ产生的脂肽对点青霉AS 3.4356的抑制活性,测定了其抗菌谱,并进行了桃防腐试验.结果表明点青霉对此脂肽具有较高的敏感性,最低抑菌浓度为125 μg/mL;抗菌谱较广,对革兰氏阴性菌、革兰氏阳性菌、真菌均有抑制活性;能够较强地抑制点青霉的的生长繁殖及孢子萌发;对点青霉孢子具有溶解作用;可显著降低点青霉琥珀酸和苹果酸脱氢酶活性,导致其营养物质吸收受阻或停止.桃防腐试验表明其防腐效率可以达到76.5%,具有良好的桃防腐应用前景.     

离子强度和三氧化物对土壤吸附Bt毒素的影响

Chemical reactions and fate of the toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) in the soil environment are causing increasing concerns due to the large-scale cultivation of transgenic Bt plants.In this study,the effect of ionic strength(0-1 000 mmol kg 1) adjusted by NaCl or CaCl 2 on adsorption of Bt toxin by a lateritic red soil,a paddy soil and these soils after chemical removal of organic-bound or free Fe and Al oxides,as well as by pure minerals(goethite,hematite and gibbsite) which are widespread in these soils,were studied.The results indicated that when the supporting electrolyte was NaCl,the adsorption of Bt toxin by the lateritic red soil and paddy soil increased rapidly until the ionic strength reached 250 mmol kg 1 and then gradually slowed down with the increase of ionic strength;while in case the supporting electrolyte was CaCl 2,the adsorption of Bt toxin enhanced significantly at low ionic strength(< 10 mmol kg 1) and then decreased as the ionic strength increased.The adsorption of Bt toxin by the tested minerals and soils after the removal of organic-bound or free Fe and Al oxides also increased with increasing ionic strength controlled by NaCl.Removing organic-bound Fe and Al oxides obviously increased the adsorption of Bt toxin in the tested soils.Differently,removing free Fe and Al oxides increased the Bt adsorption by the paddy soil,but decreased the adsorption by the lateritic red soil.The study indicated that the varieties of ionic strength and the presence of Fe and Al oxides affected the adsorption of Bt toxin by the soils,which would contribute to the further understanding of the fate of Bt toxin in the soil environment and provide references for the ecological risk assessment of transgenic Bt plants.     

PATS结合山梨酸钾对枯草杆菌芽孢的灭活机理

枯草杆菌芽孢是极难被杀灭的细菌之一,为探究山梨酸钾与压力辅助热杀菌（pressure assisted thermal sterilization,PATS）对枯草杆菌芽孢的联合作用效果,该研究以OD₆₀₀值（optical density at 600 nm）、OD₂₆₀值（optical density at 260 nm）、OD₂₈₀值（optical density at 280 nm）、2, 6-吡啶二羧酸释放率表征芽孢内容物的释放情况,扫描电镜、流式细胞术、傅里叶红外光谱仪、激光粒度仪检测芽孢结构变化情况。结果表明,山梨酸钾强化了PATS的杀菌效果,200 MPa-75 ℃处理杀灭了2.63 log芽孢,添加2 g/L山梨酸钾后,杀灭了3.24 log芽孢。较单独PATS处理,添加山梨酸钾后,促进了芽孢内容物的释放,内膜通透性增加,芽孢粒径显著减小,内膜、细胞壁等结构受损程度加剧。同时,Na⁺ /K⁺-ATPase活力显著降低,膜电位平衡被破坏,基本生理代谢功能紊乱。总之,PATS结合山梨酸钾对枯草芽孢杆菌芽孢有协同杀菌作用,且随着山梨酸钾添加量或温度的升高而增强,有利于促进该技术在食品杀菌中的应用。