害虫遗传学控制策略与进展

随着分子生物学和基因工程技术的发展,利用遗传学方法控制害虫种群成为人们研究的热点之一。研究者已经尝试利用基因突变、转基因和雄性不育等遗传学技术,培育遗传改造的害虫品系,释放后来控制自然界害虫的种群密度。但由于这些遗传学方法本身存在局限性,研究者开始探索利用低毒高效的荧光纳米材料基因载体携带外源核酸或农药分子进入昆虫或植物细胞从而干扰害虫的发育或行为的新策略。本文综述了害虫遗传学控制的2大策略种群替代和种群抑制的实现方法及其研究进展,并提出了利用新型荧光纳米粒子传送基因或药物的害虫遗传学控制新策略。     

绿色农药缘何销路不畅

绿色农药是指高效、无残留、无公害农药,主要包括生物源农药、植物源农药及昆虫生长调节剂等.这类农药药效时间一般较长,不伤害天敌,不污染环境,对人、畜、鸟、蜂安全,对害虫和病菌不易产生抗性,是绿色农产品生产的最佳选择.绿色农药在日本及东南亚地区、中东地区及澳大利亚等市场很受欢迎,但与国外热销相比,绿色农药在国内农药市场中却销路不畅,难以普及推广.     

植物源农药的进展

植物源农药具有在环境中生物降解快。对人畜及非靶标生物毒性低、害虫不易产生抗性、成本低、易得等特点，因此是潜在的化学合成农药的替代物。特别是在克服害虫的抗药性及减少环境污染方面，植物源农药具有的独特优势，使得人们对利用天然植物源产物防治害虫的兴趣木断提高。1研究现状1．1具有杀虫活性的植物源农药植物源杀虫剂具有使用安全、毒性低、对环境污染较轻等特点，而且大多数植物源杀虫剂是胃毒剂，无接触毒性，必须经靶标害虫取食后才能发挥作用，这样非植物食性的天敌仅接触叶面就不会造成伤害。我国利用植物源农药约3000年历…     

鞘翅目昆虫诱捕器野外应用技术探讨

鞘翅目昆虫是我国最常见的农林业有害生物,给农林生产造成了巨大损失。基于昆虫趋光性、趋色性和趋化性所研发的昆虫诱捕器作为一种绿色防控手段,目前已广泛应用于农林虫害的监测、预防和控制中,成为了害虫综合防控体系的重要组成部分。明确害虫诱捕装置的设计原理及各因子对诱捕效率的影响是有效实施虫害绿色生物防控的前提,本文陈述了国内外害虫诱捕器的应用进展及设计原理,进而探讨不同因子（如形状、颜色、材质、引诱剂和高度等）对鞘翅目害虫野外诱捕装置诱捕效果的影响,旨在为提高装置诱捕效果提供借鉴和参考,加快新型诱捕技术的研究及应用进程。     

我国水稻害虫绿色防控技术的研究进展与应用现状

化学农药是有效控制病虫草危害、保障粮食安全的重要手段。然而,长期不合理地使用化学农药带来了许多弊端,如"3R"问题(抗药性、残留和害虫再猖獗)等。本文分别从减少虫源基数、降低害虫种群发展速度、提高农田环境对害虫的控制能力、生物防治技术以及应急性化学防治技术等5个方面综述了我国水稻害虫绿色防控技术的研究与应用现状,目的在于通过保护生物多样性,增强天敌的自然控制能力,建立健康的稻田生态系统,从根本上改变单纯依赖化学农药的状况。各地可根据当地环境、气候条件和水稻病虫害发生特点等,因地制宜地组建适用的绿色防控技术体系,并开展示范区建设和多形式、多层次的技术培训,扩大技术推广应用的规模,达到减药控害的目标。     

风吸式太阳能杀虫灯诱杀茶树害虫试验

正通过诱捕害虫试验检测风吸式太阳能杀虫灯与频振灯诱杀害虫效果;对茶树和其它生物安全性及环境的影响;不断丰富病虫害绿色防控技术内涵,进一步推广应用病虫害绿色防控技术,维护生态平衡,减少农药用量,提高茶产量和质量、促进农民增收。     

我国落叶果树主要害虫及其防治技术60年研究进展

落叶果树是指秋末落叶的一类果树,是我国重要的农林作物之一。近年来,随着果树种植结构的调整和种植面积的扩大,虫害对果树产业的影响越来越严重,越来越多的科研工作者加入到果园害虫防治的队伍中,并在果园害虫绿色防控方面获得了一批新技术,取得了一些新成果。为持续推动果树虫害防治新理念的落实,该文统计了20世纪60年代至今落叶果树虫害防治相关研究论文的发表情况,综述了落叶果树主要害虫的演变,总结了60年来落叶果树害虫防治理念及技术的转变。展望未来,害虫智能化精准识别与种群动态监测、害虫生态调控、害虫遗传调控以及基于纳米材料的RNA杀虫剂等新技术正推动果园害虫监测防控体系的不断创新。     

植物源杀虫剂研究进展

从植物源杀虫剂作用的特异性、作用机理、对非靶标生物的安全性以及害虫对植物源杀虫剂的抗性等方面介绍了植物源杀虫剂领域新的研究进展,并对该领域新的研究方向做了介绍,对植物源杀虫剂在未来的发展做了展望。     

我国昆虫性信息素技术的研发与应用进展

昆虫性信息素是昆虫性成熟后求偶时所分泌的能引诱同种异性个体以进行交尾的微量挥发性化学物质,具有种的特异性,因此广泛应用于害虫的监测与防治。近年来,我国在昆虫性信息素的工业化合成、纯化、稳定,缓释生产工艺的改进和完善,各种干式诱捕器的开发研制,智能化性诱测报技术研发,以及多种害虫田间性诱实用技术试验示范方面取得了一系列进展,极大地促进了重大害虫的监测预报和绿色防控。本文详细介绍和比较了群集诱杀技术的诱芯、诱捕器种类及其应用特点,交配干扰技术的释放器及其智能化的原理、种类和应用特点;系统总结了求偶与交配之间的关系、性信息素引诱力和专一性,以及生物和非生物因子对群集诱杀和交配干扰效果的影响;总结了群集诱杀和交配干扰技术在水稻、玉米、蔬菜、果树、棉花等作物重要害虫中的应用进展。最后,分析了当前性信息素技术研发与推广应用中仍存在的问题,并提出了改进对策及建议。     

壳寡糖季铵盐衍生物纳米银的合成及其诱导烟株抗烟草花叶病毒活性

为开发符合高效、低毒且环境友好的新型烟草花叶病毒(TMV)抑制剂,以具有季铵盐结构的新型壳寡糖季铵盐衍生物为还原剂和稳定剂,合成了壳寡糖季铵盐衍生物纳米银溶液,并研究了不同浓度该纳米银溶液诱导烟株产生抗TMV的活性。结果表明:所合成的壳寡糖季铵盐衍生物纳米银溶液在透射电镜(TEM)下显示分布较均匀,粒径主要集中在7~12 nm。在珊西烟上以25μg/m L的壳寡糖季铵盐衍生物纳米银溶液对枯斑的抑制效果最好,抑制率为74.0%,比50μg/m L壳寡糖溶液和2%宁南霉素水剂分别高41.5%和24.4%;对于普通烟K326,壳寡糖季铵盐衍生物纳米银溶液可缓解被病毒侵染的烟草叶绿素含量的下降幅度,提高叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(PPO)的活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)的含量,提高可溶性蛋白含量。表明壳寡糖季铵盐纳米银溶液可提高烟株对TMV的抗病性。     

Phytosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Leaf Extracts from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ocimum basilicum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mangifira indica </Emphasis>and their Effect on some Biochemical Attributes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis>

In this investigation, leaf extracts of Ocimum basilicum and Mangifira indica were used as reducing agents for biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The biosynthesized AgNPs were authorized by UV-vis spectrophotometry and X?ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. AgNPs were obtained after 5?min of reaction at 80^oC. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by the presence of absorption peaks at 439?nm using extract from O. basilicum and at 442.5?nm from M. indica. X?ray spectra showed strong peaks for the crystalline Ag. Shape and size of the biosynthesized AgNPs were studied using high resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM). Size of the produced AgNPs was found to be 9–35?nm. Effect of the synthesized nanosilver was then investigated on some biochemical attributes of wheat plant (Triticum aestivum cultivar saka 92). The growth parameters such as shoot lengths, fresh and dry weight of shoot, chlorophyll, carbohydrate and protein contents in shoot of wheat plant were investigated. Application of AgNPs synthesized from Ocimum basilicum and from Mangifira indica at the concentrations of 20,40?ppm showed an increase in shoot length, fresh and dry weight of shoot, chlorophyll, total carbohydrate and protein content in shoot of wheat plants, beyond these concentrations an inhibitory effects were shown.     

铜基纳米颗粒在农药领域的潜在应用

铜基纳米颗粒是工业上较常制备及使用的纳米材料之一,具有比表面积大、活化能高、活性位点多等特点,因而具备广泛的应用前景.铜基纳米颗粒可以提高植物的营养吸收及生长参数,诱导植物产生系统抗性,因而可作为植物生长调节剂加以应用;同时铜基纳米颗粒对生物细胞也具备一定的生理毒性,可使细胞产生氧化应激反应,并可导致膜崩解,利用这一特...     

Mapping of easy to screen SSR markers for selection of RFLP markers-bracketed downy mildew resistance QTLs in pearl millet

There is a growing necessity to replace chemical agents with ecofriendly materials, arising from the impact on the environment and/or human health, which calls for the design of new broad-spectrum fungicides. In this work, chitosan oligomers (COs), propolis (Ps) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) mixtures in solution were assessed to control the growth of different phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes in vitro. Binary solutions of COs-Ps and COs-AgNPs evinced the highest antifungal effect against Fusarium circinatum and Diplodia pinea fungi, respectively, with a ca. 80% reduction in their mycelial growth. The COs solution by itself also proved to be greatly effective against Gremmeniella abietina, Cryphonectria parasitica and Heterobasidion annosum fungi, causing a reduction of 78%, 86% and 93% in their growth rate, respectively. Likewise, COs also attained a 100% growth inhibition on the oomycete Phytophthora cambivora. On the other hand, Ps inhibited totally the growth of Phytophthora ×alni and Phytophthora plurivora. The application of AgNPs reduced the mycelial growth of F. circinatum and D. pinea. However, the AgNPs in some binary and ternary mixtures had a counter-productive effect on the anti-fungal/oomycete activity. In spite of the fact that the anti-fungal/oomycete activity of the different treatments showed a dependence on the particular type of microorganism, these solutions based on natural compounds can be deemed as a promising tool for control of tree diseases.     

Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using turnip leaf extract (Brassica rapa L.) against wood rotting pathogens

The synthesis of metal nanoparticles using greener methodology and its application in biological fields is a burgeoning field of research. We demonstrated the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using turnip leaf extract and its interaction with wood-degrading fungal pathogens such as Gloeophyllum abietinum, G. trabeum, Chaetomium globosum, and Phanerochaete sordida. TEM images revealed that the silver nanoparticles were predominantly spherical and loosely agglomerated with an average size of 16.14 nm. DLS measurement of silver nanoparticles revealed an average hydrodynamic diameter of ca. 39.5 nm with a zeta potential of ?14.8 mV at pH 7.5. FTIR spectra revealed the presence of amine and aliphatic esters, which were involved in the reduction and stabilization of silver nanoparticles. The as-synthesized silver nanoparticles showed broad spectrum antifungal activity against wood-degrading fungi by inhibiting growth. Thus, the greener-synthesized silver nanoparticles can be used as an antifungal agent against wood-degrading fungal pathogens.     

有机氯类禁限用农药抗体的制备和应用研究进展

农药在防治病虫害、提高农产品产量和质量方面效果显著,但一些农药因高毒、致癌、致畸、致突变、代谢缓慢,对人类和环境产生不利影响而被我国禁止或限制使用。有机氯类禁限用农药作为其中产量最多、用量最大的一类,存在较高的健康或环境风险而备受关注。建立高效便捷的有机氯类禁限用农药残留的检测方法,对确保食品安全、助力绿色生态农业发展、打破食品进出口技术贸易壁垒具有重要意义。免疫分析法以其快速、简便、灵敏等优势被广泛应用于食品中农药残留的检测。本文综述了有机氯类禁限用农药免疫检测方法的研究进展,介绍了半抗原的合成和抗体的制备,总结了抗体在免疫检测中的应用,主要包括酶联免疫分析法、免疫层析试纸条法、化学发光法、荧光免疫分析法和免疫传感器,可对未来有机氯类禁限用农药免疫分析法的进一步研究开发提供参考。     

靶标酶在研究杀虫活性构效关系中的应用

运用已建立的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE) 活力分析规范化筛选模型, 研究N-甲基取代苯基氨基甲酸酯类化合物和含硅氨基甲酸酯类新系列化合物与AChE 酶抑制中量( I50)构效关系的规律, 并以CA SAR 软件进行Q SAR 分析, 所得结果迅速反馈给化学合成, 为高效低毒新杀虫剂的创制提供有益的信息和科学依据。     

Physical chemical properties of several organophosphates: Some implication in environmental and biological behavior

The organophosphates are a class of chemicals noted for high biological activity. Their potential for transport and persistence in the environment, based on physical chemical properties, has not been thoroughly studied. Certain physical chemical properties of several organophosphates were measured and compared to organochlorine compounds whose transport and persistence are better known. Of interest was the potential for toxicity to human and other nontarget organisms. Certain organophosphates were found to have surprisingly high partition coefficients. This suggested the possibility of uptake by organisms, as well as indicating a propensity for storage and hence, a longer persistence. Rates of hydrolysis are some indication of the likelihood of persistence.     

Problems of control of insecticide-resistant Plutella xylostella

In the different regions of SE Asia, resistance problems in the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, are comparable, and depend on the type of insecticide used to control this pest. Resistance is especially high to insecticides metabolised by mfos (multifunctional oxidases), but since the detoxification of each such insecticide depends on different mfo(s), there is little cross-resistance between insecticides. Thus, carbaryl, carbofuran and the synthetic pyrethroids, all detoxified by mfos, show little cross-resistance. Resistance to cartap and some organophosphorus insecticides is much lower, and is often unstable. Those compounds are therefore essential in the rational control of DBM. The cross-resistance relationships within the traditional insecticides have mostly been worked out. It is thus possible to use alternate spraying schedules with insecticides conferring minimum cross-resistance potential. Alternating insecticides is better than using mixtures, because DBM can develop multiple resistance through treatment with mixtures. DBM has now developed resistance to the newly-introduced IGRs and other experimental control agents. Possible resistance to these as well as to future DBM control agents has been examined, and their resistance-inducing ability and cross-resistance characteristics examined. Experience in monitoring the spectrum together with the strength of resistance of field populations of DBM suggest that control can only be achieved by wellplanned rational chemical control programs.     

Development of and future prospects for pyrethroid chemistry

The pyrethroid group of insecticides consists of natural pyrethrins derived from pyrethrum flowers and synthetic derivatives which are similar in chemical structure to the natural compounds. Pyrethroids have been considered to be ideal insecticides because of their rapid knock-down effect against insects in a minimal dose and low mammalian toxicity. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry