尼罗罗非鱼营养需要量

尼罗罗非鱼营养需要量雍文岳（中国水产科学研究院长江水产研究所）尼罗罗非鱼在我国许多地区已成为主要养殖对象，且成为我国集约化养殖加网箱、流水和工厂化养殖的重要品种。国家从“六五”科技攻关开始，一直将尼罗罗非鱼营养和饲料研究列入饲料开发研究之中。作者依据...     

脆肉鲩肌肉营养特性分析

采用生化分析方法对来自同一个养殖场的脆肉鲩和普通草鱼的肌肉营养成分 (水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、氨基酸、钙和磷 )进行分析。通过与其他鱼类的营养成分比较 ,评估了脆肉鲩的营养价值。结果表明 :脆肉鲩和普通草鱼肌肉中的营养成分在组成上是一致的。在含量上存在着差异 ,脆肉鲩肌肉粗蛋白质含量比普通草鱼肌肉高 2 2 % ;粗脂肪含量是普通草鱼的 14 0 % ;氨基酸总量比普通草鱼、黄鳝、鳜鱼、黄颡鱼、万安玻璃红鲤、青鱼和团头鲂都要高 ,其中谷氨酸含量更是达到 3 93% ,远远超过对照组鱼类。     

尼罗罗非鱼与莫桑比克罗非鱼的含肉率及鱼肉的生化分析

<正> 鱼的含肉率及其营养成分是评价鱼类质量高低的指标之一。为此,我们从1979年开始,连续两年进行了尼罗罗非鱼和莫桑比克罗非鱼含肉率的测定及鱼肉的生化分析,其目的是比较这两种鱼的经济价值。材料和方法材料分别取自1979年10月和1980年10月     

尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼饵料锌的需求量

尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼在７０ｄ中投喂具有和没有补充锌的饵料，其锌含量范围为０～１００ｍｇＺｎ／ｋｇ饵料。投喂含有１ｍｇＺｎ／ｋｇ基础饵料的尼罗罗非鱼发育不佳，如厌氧和生长差。投喂补充锌最低含量（０和５ｍｇＺｎ／ｋｇ饵料）饵料具有最差的生长和最高的死亡率，而过３０ｍｇ／ｋｇ含量则表明死亡率减少和明显地改进了生长。饵料锌水平与全身锌浓度有显著相关，也观察到饵料锌和全身铁浓度有强烈的负相关。其增重百分数，饵料效     

尼罗罗非鱼肌肉蛋白质双向电泳体系的建立

为建立1种尼罗罗非鱼肌肉组织蛋白质的双向电泳体系,实验将尼罗罗非鱼肌肉组织蛋白质提取后,用双向电泳(2-DE)分离蛋白质,分别对蛋白质样品的制备方法、IPG胶条长度及p H范围、SDS-PAGE凝胶浓度及染色方法4个关键因素进行了探索和优化。结果显示,采用液氮研磨-丙酮沉淀法制备样品蛋白质,使用24 cm p H 4~7的IPG胶条进行第一向等电聚焦电泳,第二向SDS-PAGE电泳采用浓度为12.5%的凝胶进行,双向电泳后的凝胶采用硝酸银染色法进行染色处理,该条件下扫描所得尼罗罗非鱼肌肉蛋白质二维电泳图谱具有蛋白质分离程度好、斑点清晰、分辨率高及横纹少等优点。研究表明,技术体系适用于尼罗罗非鱼肌肉蛋白质的分离,可用于后续罗非鱼肌肉蛋白质组学研究。     

不同脆化阶段草鱼肌肉的显微结构观察和质构特性分析

脆肉鲩作为广东特色水产品之一,其养殖中常出现"不脆"、"半脆"现象,严重制约其产业发展。为探索可鉴定脆度的指标,文章结合生产(饲喂120 d蚕豆+30 d饲料),每30 d采集1次肌肉,检测其感官脆度、肌纤维结构、质构特性的变化。随着脆化时间增加,蚕豆组草鱼感官脆度不断增加(P0.05),肌纤维直径逐渐减小、密度逐渐增大(P0.05);60 d后蚕豆组草鱼质构特性(硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、内聚性、胶黏性)均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。转投30 d饲料对感官脆度、肌纤维结构、质构特性均无显著影响(P0.05)。相关性分析表明,硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、胶黏性与感官脆度的相关性更高(R~20.90,P0.05)。结果表明,硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、胶黏性可用于脆肉鲩的脆度评价,转投30 d饲料不影响其脆度。     

盐度、碱度对尼罗罗非鱼生长和肌肉品质的影响

在水温(24±1)℃下,将初始体质量(50.00±4.12)g的尼罗罗非鱼放入150 cm×60 cm×40 cm循环可控水族缸内,每箱15尾,每组设置3个平行。将尼罗罗非鱼在盐度(12 g/L)、碱度(23.8 mmol/L NaHCO3)、盐碱(12 g/L和23.8 mmol/L NaHCO3)以及淡水(对照组)水体中分别饲养56 d,比较和测量各组鱼体生长性能指标、肌肉常规营养成分、结合氨基酸和游离氨基酸含量,研究盐度、碱度对罗非鱼生长性能和肌肉品质的影响。试验结果显示,与淡水组相比,改变水体盐度、碱度对鱼体质量增加率、特定生长率和饲料系数均无显著影响(P>0.05)。盐碱组鱼肌肉灰分含量升高,粗蛋白含量下降;粗蛋白含量显著低于其他组(P<0.05);各组水分和粗脂肪含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。各组必需氨基酸量与氨基酸总量比值和必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值分别为40%~41%和66%~69%,各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);处理组中必需氨基酸指数为47.06~59.66,盐碱组>碱度组>盐度组,盐碱组显著高于盐度组和碱度组(P<0.05)。碱度组、盐碱组和盐度组鲜味氨基酸总量分别为淡水组的1.78倍、1.74倍和1.63倍,且碱度组和盐碱组显著高于盐度组(P<0.05);盐碱组甜味氨基酸和游离氨基酸总量显著高于盐度和碱度组(P<0.05)。水体盐度、碱度均可有效改善罗非鱼肌肉营养价值和呈味特征,而碱度对肌肉呈味的影响效果更加明显。     

饲料中添加甜菜碱对尼罗罗非鱼生长_肌肉组成和消化率的影响

甜菜碱是甜菜加工副产品中提取的甘氨酸甲基内酯,甜菜碱以前仅限于作为动物营养的甲基供体,参与氨基酸的合成和协同作用。作为人类医学上的恢复胃酸的药物及肝脏保护性治疗剂等［朱仲贤１９７９］,参与氨基酸的合成和协同作用。甜菜碱作为鱼类的饲料添加剂的主要作用是...     

红罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼正反交后代体色和生长性能的评价

用台湾红罗非鱼 (以下简称台红 )和吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼 (以下简称吉富 )进行杂交 ,观察正反杂交后代的体色分离和生长差异。结果表明 :(1)正反杂交子代的体色均出现分离 ,台红 (♀ )×吉富 (♂ )子代的体色以全红和花斑为主 ,两者的比例为 1∶1,吉富 (♀ )×台红 (♂ )子代中红色个体的比例为 83.8% ,优于红罗非鱼自行繁衍之后代。 (2 ) 12 2d网箱试验的结果表明 ,正反交子代及其亲本的日增重率由高到低依次为吉富 >反交〔吉富 (♀ )×台红 (♂ )〕 >正交〔台红 (♀ )×吉富 (♂ )〕 >台红。 4种鱼的生长速度存在极显著的差异 (P =0 .0 0 0 2 0 )。正交和反交子代的日增重率分别比台红提高 18.4 %和 2 4 .5 %。若考虑到种内的体色 ,日增重率存在极显著的体色间差异 (P =0 .0 0 2 3)。总之 ,反交子代具有红色个体比例高、生长速度快等优势 ,可应用于生产     

永生化尼罗罗非鱼巨噬细胞系的建立及鉴定

为获得具有单一克隆特性的能稳定传代培养的罗非鱼巨噬细胞系,本研究从尼罗罗非鱼腹腔中分离纯化巨噬细胞,采用EB病毒(Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)感染,筛选单克隆细胞的方法建立了尼罗罗非鱼巨噬细胞系,并对其进行了EBV感染鉴定、电镜观察、端粒酶活性检测、致癌性评估、核型分析以及分子生物学鉴定。研究表明,EBV已整合到尼罗罗非鱼巨噬细胞中且稳定表达,经30代稳定传代,该细胞系仍维持较好的增殖状态;该细胞系表面不平滑,有明显的钝圆形突起和细长的伪足,表现为典型的巨噬细胞形态;端粒酶活性显著高于未经感染的巨噬细胞,而与He La细胞差异不显著,且该细胞系不具有致癌性,说明永生化细胞系构建成功。核型分析结果发现,该细胞系具有44条染色体,其核型公式为2 n=2 x=44=4 sm+17 st+1 t。PCR检测发现,该细胞系存在CD33和CD205的转录本,这些都是单核巨噬细胞的标志物,经18S r RNA检测证明该细胞系来自尼罗罗非鱼巨噬细胞。永生化尼罗罗非鱼巨噬细胞系已被成功建立,该细胞系为研究罗非鱼链球菌HSP70-肽疫苗的高保护率,以及罗非鱼的免疫防御机制提供了工具。     

尼罗罗非鱼Foxp1a/b的cDNA克隆及表达模式研究

为探讨低等脊椎动物Foxp1与免疫细胞活化及机体雌激素水平的相关性,本研究首次分离克隆了尼罗罗非鱼 (Oreochromis niloticus) Foxp1的开放阅读框序列,并通过real-time PCR对其mRNA表达水平进行检测。结果显示,尼罗罗非鱼具有两种不同基因编码的Foxp1分子,分别命名为OnFoxp1a与OnFoxp1b;OnFoxp1a为1710 bp,由15个外显子编码569个氨基酸,OnFoxp1b为2040 bp,由16个外显子编码679个氨基酸;OnFoxp1a/b均含有Foxp亚家族的特征性结构,即锌指结构、亮氨酸拉链样结构和叉状螺旋结构;与OnFoxp1a相比,OnFoxp1b与高等脊椎动物Foxp1具有更近的亲缘关系。Real-time PCR检测结果显示,OnFoxp1a/b几乎在所有组织中均有表达,OnFoxp1a在精巢中有高水平表达, OnFoxp1b在心脏中有高水平表达,同时OnFoxp1b在免疫相关组织如鳃、脾脏、肾脏、肠等均有中等水平表达;淋巴细胞多克隆刺激剂PHA、PMA、LPS刺激尼罗罗非鱼外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）,结果显示,50 μg/mL PHA和50 ng/mL PMA分别刺激6、12、24 h均显著增强OnFoxp1b的表达 (p＜0.05),20 μg/mL LPS刺激后,OnFoxp1b的表达出现先降低后升高的趋势 (p＜0.05);而OnFoxp1a的表达除50 μg/mL PHA 刺激24 h后有所升高,其余均无显著变化;雌激素处理6月龄雄性尼罗罗非鱼48 h,OnFoxp1a/b在肠、肾脏中的表达显著上调 (p＜0.05),而脾脏中无显著变化 (p>0.05)。综上所述,低等脊椎动物硬骨鱼类两种不同基因编码的Foxp1a/b均为哺乳动物Foxp1的同源分子,但其序列、结构特征、表达模式迥异,提示其功能发生歧化;同时两者的表达与淋巴细胞活化及机体雌激素水平密切相关。     

Effect of probiotics, Enteroccus faecium, on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth performance and immune response

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a probiotic bacterium, Enterococcus faecium ZJ4 on growth performances and immune responses of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The tilapias were treated with E. faecium ZJ4 at a final concentration of 1 × 10⁷ cfu ml^− 1 in aquaria water every 4 days. Six aquaria with three replicates for treated and controls were used. After 40 days, the tilapias supplemented with the probiotic showed significantly better final weight and daily weight gain (DWG) than those fed the basal diet (Control) (P < 0.05). There was no remarkable difference (P > 0.05) in the total serum protein, albumin content, globulin concentration and A/G ratio between the treated and control tilapias. The result of lysozyme activity assay was similar to these biochemical indexes. However, the complement component 3 content, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and the respiratory burst activity of blood phagocytes were higher (P < 0.05) in E. faecium treated tilapias (trial 1) than the controls.     

Vitamin E sparing effect by dietary vitamin C in juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus

In order to investigate sparing effects of vitamin C on vitamin E for juvenile hybrid tilapia, fish were fed diets with or without vitamin E each supplemented with either adequate or a high (3× adequate) level of two ascorbate sources, -ascorbic acid (AA) and its derivative, -ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Mg (C2MP-Mg). Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of fish initially weighing a mean value of 0.54±0.01 g/fish in a closed-recirculated rearing system for 8 weeks. Weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed the vitamin E-deficient diet supplemented with adequate levels of either AA or C2MP-Mg were significantly lower (P<0.05) than fish fed the other diets. Plasma and liver -tocopherol concentrations were lower in fish fed vitamin E-deficient diets regardless of the level or source of supplemented ascorbate. Gill -tocopherolxxxxxxxx concentration was highest in fish fed vitamin E-adequate diets, intermediate in fish fed vitamin E-deficient diets supplemented with a high level of AA or C2MP-Mg and lowest in fish fed a vitamin E-deficient diet supplemented with an adequate level of AA or C2MP-Mg. Fish fed a vitamin E-deficient diet supplemented with an adequate level of AA or C2MP-Mg had higher hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances than fish fed the other diets. These data suggest that the high supplementation level (3× adequate) of ascorbate could spare vitamin E in diets for hybrid tilapia and that both AA and C2MP-Mg exhibits the same sparing effect.     

Transgenic Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) over-expressing growth hormone show reduced ammonia excretion

The growth of aquaculture has negatively affected the environment due to the high levels of nitrogen excreted by farmed fish. Here we propose that modifying the nitrogen metabolism of the fish themselves using transgenic technology might solve the pollution problem. Growth hormone (GH) is known to increase protein retention and absorption, and is thought to reduce ammonia excretion. Thus, we produced transgenic Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) that over-expressed the GH gene throughout their bodies. Our findings showed that the food-conversion efficiency of the transgenic fish was 35% higher than that of their non-transgenic siblings. The rearing period required for the transgenic fish to reach a body weight of 20 g was about 75% of that required for non-transgenic fish that were fed the same type and quantity of food. The total amount of ammonium-nitrogen excreted by the transgenic fish was about 69% of that excreted by the wild-type fish over their lifetime. These results suggest that our transgenic approach has the potential to reduce the amount of nitrogen pollution caused by farmed fish. This strategy is a promising option for making aquaculture more ‘eco-friendly’.     

Bacterial diversity of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in brackish water in Saudi Arabia

The bacterial flora occurring in brackish pond water, sediment, gills and intestine of healthy tilapia cultured in Saudi Arabia were estimated both quantitatively and qualitatively, and the isolates were identified to genus or species level. Total viable count of bacteria ranged from 1.4±1.5×10³ to 8.6±2.7×10³ cfu ml⁻¹; 1.2±3.1×10⁶ to 7.3±1.1×10⁷ cfu g⁻¹; 8.7±1.9×10⁵ to 2.1±0.9×10⁶ cfu g⁻¹; and 2.8±2.4×10⁷ to 1.0±1.6×10⁸ cfu g⁻¹ in the pond water, sediment, gills and intestine of brackish water tilapia, respectively. In total, 19 bacterial species were identified. The bacteria were predominantly Gram-negative rods (87%). Pond water and sediment bacteria influenced the bacterial composition of gills and intestine of tilapia. In contrast to gill bacteria, more diversification was observed in intestinal bacteria. The predominant (prevalence >10%) bacterial species were Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio carchariae, Vibrio alginolyticus, Chryseomonas sp., Vibrio vulnificus, and Streptococcus sp. in all the populations with the exception of the sediment population where Streptococcus sp. was replaced by Shewanella putrefaciens. Vibrio spp. (58% of the total isolates) dominated the total bacterial population.     

尼罗罗非鱼人工驯养、选育群体遗传多样性及瓶颈效应

人工驯养和选育是家养动物适应性进化的主要动力之一,中国大陆尼罗罗非鱼引进群体经历了长期的人工驯养和选育,是研究鱼类在驯养、选育条件下适应性进化的良好材料。本实验以尼罗罗非鱼1个埃及土著群体为对照组,以中国大陆具有代表性的尼罗罗非鱼5个驯养群体和4个选育群体为实验组,采用12个多态性微卫星位点分析了驯养群体和选育群体的遗传多样性和瓶颈效应。结果显示,土著群体、驯养群体和选育群体平均每个位点的有效等位基因数(AE)分别为5.433、5.113~6.515和3.239~6.734,期望杂合度(HE)分别为0.812、0.796~0.859和0.657~0.858,多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.768、0.753~0.819和0.601~0.818,近交系数(FIS)分别为0.323、0.166~0.342和0.249~0.314。LSDt检验结果显示,受人工选择的群体(驯养群体、选育群体)与土著群体间遗传多样性水平(AE和HE)无差异,3个驯养群体(EGY群体、WY群体和GD群体)的遗传多样性水平(HE)显著高于1个选育群体(XJF群体)。瓶颈效应分析显示,尼罗罗非鱼土著群体、驯养群体和选育群体在历史上都曾发生过群体缩小的现象。其中,土著群体、2个驯养群体(WY、EGY)、2个选育群体(JNM、XJF)在近期可能经历过遗传瓶颈,其他群体在新的突变和基因流的作用下,群体规模可能已恢复。有效群体大小分析显示,土著群体、驯养群体和选育群体的有效群体数量分别为177、29~117(平均值为57.4)和84~123(平均值为102.8)。本研究结果不仅为尼罗罗非鱼驯养群体的持续利用和选育群体的进一步遗传改良提供了有价值的信息,而且为鱼类在驯养和选育条件下群体遗传结构和种群动态研究提供了新的参考依据。     

无乳链球菌感染尼罗罗非鱼的脑膜炎模型

目的：脑膜炎是罗非鱼无乳链球菌病的特征性临床症状,建立罗非鱼无乳链球菌脑膜炎模型,并制定相应的临床症状及组织病理学评分系统,对研究罗非鱼无乳链球菌病的致病机制具有十分重要的意义。方法：将健康罗非鱼43尾,随机分为4组：对照组(n=10)和试验组(n=33)。3组试验组根据不同感染剂量分为：10₆cfu组(n=11)、10₇cfu组(n=11)、10₈cfu组(n=11)。试验组分别将10₆、10₇、10₈CFU的无乳链球菌菌液腹腔注射罗非鱼复制脑膜炎模型。对感染罗非鱼的临床症状、剖检病变、脑组织(端脑、中脑、小脑、延脑)病理学进行判定,并结合细菌学检测,按照拟定的评分系统评价各组脑膜炎的造模效果,确定最佳造模方案。结果：各试验攻毒组罗非鱼感染后2天均出现不同程度死亡,未见明显神经症状。感染3天后鱼体开始出现异常活动的神经症状及突眼、角膜混浊等病理变化。病理组织学观察可见：蛛网膜下腔和脑软膜上有大量炎性渗出和染成蓝紫色微细颗粒的细菌团块,脑膜充血、水肿、疏松、增厚,有大量的中性白细胞等炎性细胞浸润;脑实质基质疏松水肿,呈海绵状;脑组织炎性细胞浸润,胶质细胞增生等软脑膜炎、脑膜脑炎症状。比较各组得分发现,10₇CFU组的无乳链球菌攻毒罗非鱼造模效果最好：临床症状显著而组内罗非鱼差异性最小,组织病理学观察患病罗非鱼病情和缓适中、利于观察研究。结论：使用10₇CFU无乳链球菌腹腔攻毒罗非鱼可在第3天成功构建脑膜炎模型,造模率为100%。     

甘露寡糖对高糖饲喂下尼罗罗非鱼肌肉品质的影响

甘露寡糖是一种新型饲料添加剂，它具有保护肠道健康和降血糖的功能。然而，甘露寡糖对于鱼类肌肉品质的影响并无系统性报道。为此，本实验选择均重为2g左右的健康尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼315尾，随机分成对照组（Control，糖含量为35%）、高糖处理组（HC，糖含量为45%）和高糖饲料中添加甘露寡糖处理组（HM，糖含量为45%，甘露寡糖添加量为0.5%），每组3缸，每缸35尾，投喂10周后，测定其生长指标、肌肉营养成分和质构特性等相关指标。结果显示，与对照组相比，HC组尼罗罗非鱼肝体比，肌肉内聚性，肌纤维数量、肌苷酸含量、鲜味氨基酸占比、支链氨基酸/芳香族氨基酸比例、甘油三酯含量以及可促进肌肉生长的钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白基因CAST 相对表达量均显著升高；肌肉硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性、肌纤维直径、蒸煮损失，必需氨基酸占比以及在肌纤维的分化中起着重要作用的MyoG基因 相对表达量以及脂肪酸、甘油二酯和磷脂酰肌醇含量显著降低。与HC组相比，HM组尼罗罗非鱼的肌肉弹性、必需氨基酸占比，脂肪酸和甘油二酯含量以及CAST基因相对表达量显著增加；肌肉粘力、肌纤维数量、肌苷酸含量，磷脂酰乙醇胺和磷脂酰胆碱含量以及MyoG基因相对表达量均显著降低。与对照组相比，HM组尼罗罗非鱼增重率和肌肉内聚性，支链氨基酸/芳香族氨基酸比例，甘油三酯和脂肪酸含量显著增加；肝体比，肌肉硬度、咀嚼性以及磷脂含量均显著降低。上述结果表明，高糖饲喂可以使罗非鱼肌肉的保水能力增强，其肌肉更嫩更柔软紧密，提升肌肉鲜味，但会降低氨基酸营养价值。在添加甘露寡糖后，可以促进尼罗罗非鱼生长，提高产肉率和肌肉持水力，并且肌肉更加柔软紧密且富有弹性，提高氨基酸营养价值，但是会降低磷脂含量。     

Effects of dietary protein level on spawning performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) broodstock reared at different water salinities

Effects of dietary protein level and water salinity on spawning performance of Nile tilapia broodstock and growth of their larvae were studied. Four isocaloric (400 kcal/100 g) diets containing 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% crude protein were prepared. The diets were fed to broodfish (25.7 g) reared at three water salinities (0‰, 7‰ and 14‰) at a female/male ratio of 3:1, to satiation twice a day for 195 days. The size at first maturation increased with increasing dietary protein at all salinities. At 25% and 30% protein levels, broodstock reared at 0‰ reached their sexual maturity at bigger sizes than those reared at 7‰ and 14‰. At 0‰, spawning intervals were not significantly affected by dietary protein levels. At 7‰ and 14‰, spawning intervals significantly decreased with increasing dietary protein level. Spawning frequency and number of eggs per spawn were increased with increasing dietary protein level. The total number of spawnings per female and absolute fecundity were better in fish fed 40% protein in freshwater than at 7‰ and 14‰ salinity. The relationship of dietary protein and water salinity on egg size was significant, but showed irregular patterns. The chemical composition of broodstock muscles, eggs and fry were not significantly affected by dietary protein and water salinity, except for body water and crude protein of broodstock which were significantly affected; but showed irregular trends. At each water salinity, egg hatchability was linearly increased with increasing dietary protein level. Eggs produced from broodstock fed 25% protein at 7‰ and 14‰ needed more time for hatching and yolk-sac absorption and resulted in poorer larval weight than those reared in freshwater. Fry growth was improved with increasing protein level at all salinities. This result revealed that 40% dietary protein is required for optimum spawning performance of Nile tilapia reared at 0‰, 7‰ and 14‰ salinity. It also indicated that spawning performance and larval growth were better in freshwater than at 7‰ and 14‰.