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1.
In organic farming, nitrogen efficiency of potato might vary among cultivars, even within the same maturity type. We therefore analysed in depth the response to nitrogen of a diverse set of cultivars, grown at different locations (differing in soil type and management) and in four years (differing in temperature and rainfall patterns). Yield increased with an increase in nitrogen supply and with growing later cultivars if the crop cycle lasted long enough. When crops had to be flamed to prevent spread of late blight, late cultivars yielded less than early cultivars, especially under high nitrogen. By measuring the fraction of soil covered by green leaves throughout the growing season and using a model, we analysed canopy development in detail and related nitrogen and genotype sensitive model parameters to tuber yield. In one year with early, temporary drought, model prediction was poor. We observed that cultivars that rapidly established a high maximum soil cover, maintained that maximum for long and senesced slowly, could sustain high yields. When late-blight infection was late, these (mid)-late cultivars showed high agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, but were not (always) high in nitrogen uptake efficiency, accumulation of nitrogen in the tubers or nitrogen utilisation efficiency. When late-blight infection started early, early or mid-late cultivars that rapidly established a high maximum soil cover under low nitrogen availability gave best performance. In most years, early canopy development is responsive to nitrogen, shows genetic variation, and is significantly related to early tuber yield. Nitrogen-efficient cultivars suitable for organic production should have rapid early canopy development, a high agronomic nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen utilisation efficiency, but a low nitrogen concentration in the tubers.  相似文献   

2.
两种浓度营养液下水培生菜和小白菜生长特性及品质研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
比较了2个生菜品种和2个小白菜品种在两种浓度(0.5剂量、1.0剂量)营养液中水培的叶片数、叶部横径、株高、叶绿素含量、根系、单株鲜重、Vc含量和硝酸盐积累等生长特性和品质指标。结果表明,不同蔬菜种类对营养液浓度要求有显著差异,不同蔬菜品种也表现出不同的生长特性。与0.5剂量营养液浓度相比,1.0剂量营养液浓度促进或保持生菜生长发育,显著降低生菜硝酸盐含量。0.5剂量营养液有利于小白菜生长,显著提高小白菜Vc含量,有效减少硝酸盐积累。供试的小白菜和生菜品种在不同浓度水培营养液下叶片数趋于一致。意大利奶油生菜叶部横径小于弘农生菜叶部横径,但根系明显长于弘农生菜根系。小白菜叶绿素含量显著高于生菜叶绿素含量。0.5剂量下意大利奶油生菜单株鲜重显著高于该浓度下的五月慢小白菜单株鲜重。小白菜Vc含量在不同浓度水培营养液下均显著高于生菜Vc含量。较低浓度营养液下四月慢小白菜的Vc含量最高,而较高浓度营养液更有利于五月慢小白菜Vc含量积累。  相似文献   

3.
K. Reinink  R. Groenwold 《Euphytica》1987,36(3):733-744
Summary The inheritance of nitrate content in lettuce was analysed using 16 F2 populations and three F3 populations. Frequency distributions of nitrate content in F2 and F3 populations were unimodal and symmetrical, indicating a quantitative inheritance. Both significant positive and negative deviations of the F2 mean from the mid-parent value were found, indicating dominance or epistasis. Deviations towards low nitrate content were more frequent than deviations in the other direction. Estimates of heritabilities for nitrate content in the F2 populations ranged from 18% to 69% and were in most cases above 50%. Crosses between low nitrate cultivars did not have lower estimates of heritability in the F2 than crosses between cultivars with larger differences in nitrate content. In one case a genotype x experiment interaction for nitrate content of parental cultivars was found.Three F3 populations of crosses between cultivars with low nitrate content were analysed. Estimates of heritabilities for F3 line means ranged from 78% to 91% and estimates of the genetic standard deviation of nitrate content in unselected advanced generations ranged from 0.24–0.33 g kg–1. The estimates of heritabilities and of genetic variation in advanced generations offer good prospects of selection of low nitrate genotypes in lettuce. A comparison of efficiency of selection in the F2 generation and F3 line selection is made.  相似文献   

4.
With the objective of selecting phosphorus efficient lettuce cultivars adapted to high temperatures, one hundred and thirteen lettuce genotypes from the vegetable germplasm bank at CCTA-UENF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were initially selected for resistance to bolting under greenhouse temperature ranging from 20 to 32 °C. Nineteen greater longevity genotypes were further selected and evaluated for efficiency and responsiveness to phosphorus in soils with 10 and 60 mg dm-3 of P. The estimated genetic parameters indicated that genetic gains from selection should be expected for all traits. Based on leaf and root dry weight, Mimosa and Regina genotypes were identified as efficient users of phosphorus in soils with low P content, while BGH 292 was inefficient. The genotype graphic dispersion based on the first three canonic variables confirmed Mimosa and Regina as efficient cultivars in soil with 10 mg dm-3 of P. Their efficiency seemed to be linked to greater capacity for phosphorus use by the plant top as well as greater root growth. Similarly, the poor performance of BGH 292 in the low P soil seemed to be associated with its low capacity of phosphorus use in the plant top and its small root growth. The α parameter identified the Mimosa genotype as efficient user but not responsive to high P levels and the Regina and BGH4064 genotypes as efficient and responsive. Mimosa is, therefore, best suited for low P-input production systems, while Regina and BGH 4064 are indicated for production systems that use P-fertilization. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

5.
小麦叶片水分利用效率及相关生理性状的关系研究   总被引:35,自引:4,他引:35  
张娟  张正斌  谢惠民  董宝娣  胡梦芸  徐萍 《作物学报》2005,31(12):1593-1599
利用19个抗旱性不同的小麦品种,对干旱状态下叶片水分利用效率和光合速率、蒸腾速率等12个指标之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,叶片水分利用效率与叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度、水势和叶片离体失水速率之间的关系密切,说明这些生理性状是瞬间和短时期叶片水分利用效率的直接影响因素;而与叶片抗氧化酶活性、蜡质含量、叶片湿度和相对含水量相关性不大。因此认为,应该有针对性地研究与水分利用效率关系密切的生理性状,为小麦抗旱节水遗传育种研究提供理论依据。  相似文献   

6.
Summary A high nitrate content is a negative quality trait in vegetables. Endive (Cichorium endiviae L.) contributes considerably to human nitrate intake in Northwestern Europe. A collection of 125 commercially available cultivars of endive were grown on nutrient solution and evaluated for genetic variation between cultivars for the nitrate concentration in expressed sap. In two subsequent experiments 23 cultivars, representing the range of nitrate levels found in the first experiment, were grown both in soil and on nutrient solution. There were significant differences between cultivars in nitrate accumulation. Cultivar Vicor consistently had the lowest nitrate content. Averaged over all experiments the nitrate concentration in expressed sap of this cultivar was 0.7 g·l-1 (19%) lower than that of two recommended cultivars. The results indicate that there may be some possibilities to reduce the nitrate content of endive by cultivar choice or breeding. However, the chances of obtaining a substantial reduction of the nitrate content of endive seem less than in some other crops, such as lettuce. The nitrate levels of the cultivars showed interactions with experiments and growth medium. There was no correlation between the cultivar means for the concentrations of nitrate and chloride, or between the concentration of nitrate and the osmolarity of the plant sap.  相似文献   

7.
Forage chicory cultivars vary in origin and morphology and may respond differently to nutrient inputs because of photosynthate allocation and resource acquisition. Understanding nitrogen (N) influences on chicory seedling development and allocation of photosynthates among plant parts is important in terms of stand establishment, plant persistence, herbage production and nutritive value. We conducted experiments in the glasshouse to determine if amount (0, 50 and 100 mg N kg?1 soil) and source (ammonium nitrate or urea) of exogenous N influenced leaf dry‐matter (DM) production, N nitrate (NO3) and total non‐structural carbohydrate (TNC) allocation among roots and shoots in the chicory cultivars Forage Feast, Lacerta or Grasslands Puna. Herbage DM productivity and the ratio of energy (TNC) : protein varied among cultivars because of differential photosynthate allocation between shoots and roots, and occurred later in the growth interval when N was applied. Forage Feast, compared with the other cultivars, produced the largest roots and greatest herbage DM without added N. Leaf appearance rate in Lacerta and Grasslands Puna increased with increasing N. Instantaneous growth rates of Grasslands Puna and Lacerta at 100 N were three times that of 0 N plants. Nitrate concentrations were very high in young seedlings of all three cultivars before applying N. The findings help define application practices for these cultivars and N management practices for optimal leaf production in establishing forage chicory plants.  相似文献   

8.
K. Reinink 《Euphytica》1992,60(1):61-74
Summary Adverse effects on human health makes the high nitrate content frequently found in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown under low light conditions an undesirable trait. Efforts have been made to breed cultivars with a reduced capacity for nitrate accumulation. In this study components of variance for nitrate content were estimated in F2 and F3 generations of ten lettuce crosses. Additive genotypic variances (A) were estimated from F3 variance components and from the covariance between F2 plants and corresponding F3 lines. Estimates of wide sense heritability of the F2 from crosses between a high nitrate genotype and four low nitrate genotypes ranged from 0.44 to 0.74 and the estimates for A ranged from 0.25 to 0.40 g·l-1. Estimated wide sense heritabilities of F2's from six crosses involving two low nitrate parents ranged from 0.15 to 0.52. The parents of four of the low nitrate crosses showed relatively large effects of genotype x environment (GE) interaction in successive experiments: the nitrate content of the parents reacted differently to environmental changes between experiments. Estimates of A for crosses between low nitrate genotypes without large effects of GE interaction ranged from 0 to 0.19 g·l-1. The estimated probability of selecting transgressive low nitrate lines in the progeny of a cross between a high and a low nitrate genotype was low (P=0.002–0.039), indicating that large populations should be evaluated to combine the positive traits of modern high nitrate cultivars with low nitrate content from genotypes not adapted to modern cropping practices. In the progenies from crosses between two low nitrate genotypes without important GE effects, only low estimates of the probability of obtaining transgressive low nitrate lines were obtained (P=0.04–0.06). With the growth conditions used in this study, the probability of selecting lines with a nitrate content compatible under all winter conditions with the proposed future maximum permissible level of 2.5 g nitrate per kg fresh matter is low. Therefore the solution of this problem should be found in a combination of low nitrate cultivars and cultural measures that reduce the nitrate content of the crop.  相似文献   

9.
K. Reinink 《Euphytica》1991,54(1):83-92
Summary The genetics of nitrate content in butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was studied using the mean values of five parental genotypes and several generations obtained from crosses between them. One high nitrate parental genotype was chosen and four low nitrate ones. A diallel analysis showed additive genetic effects to be the major source of variation in generation means. Estimates of additive genetic effects differed significantly between experiments, indicating genotype x experiment interactions. Effects of dominance were relatively small. The size and direction of dominance varied between experiments. Reciprocal differences were of very limited size and also varied between experiments. The inheritance of nitrate content in lettuce fitted the additive-dominance genetic model.  相似文献   

10.
为探讨等量氮肥及合理节肥条件下,控释尿素对水稻的增产效应及氮素的高效利用,通过田间试验,比较分析了控释尿素(CRU)和普通尿素(CU)在不同施用量下对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明:CRU100%处理的产量最高,达8986.5 kg/hm2,较同等氮素用量的CU100%处理增产380.7 kg/hm2,差异呈显著水平。CRU3/4处理与CU100%处理,以及CRU1/2处理与CU100%处理之间产量差异不显著。这说明与普通尿素相比,控释尿素减少1/4~1/2的氮素用量时也能达到同样的产量水平。氮肥利用率以CRU1/2处理最高,达68.3%,较同等氮素用量的CU1/2处理提高20.6个百分点。同时,控释尿素还可明显降低水稻土壤中硝态氮的含量,减少硝态氮向土壤深层渗漏数量,以减轻对地下水污染风险。  相似文献   

11.
农田深层土壤水利用现状与研究趋势   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
近年来,由于水资源短缺,节水农业是华北平原的研究热点。笔者就农田深层土壤水的意义和国内外研究现状进行了综述,并提出了农田深层土壤水的研究趋势。在华北平原,应进行亏缺灌溉条件下周年农田深层土壤水利用效率的研究。  相似文献   

12.
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) requires abundant nitrogen (N) to perform well and has low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). We assessed phenotypic variation among 189 potato cultivars for NUE and the association between NUE and ecophysiological variables describing canopy development (CDv), under high and low N input. In 2009 and 2010, 189 cultivars were grown with N supply (soil N + fertiliser N) of 75 or 180 kg N/ha at Bant, the Netherlands. CDv was assessed weekly as the percentage of soil covered by green potato leaves (%SC). Data were analysed using a model that described CDv as a function of thermal time, based on the Beta function and estimates of cardinal temperatures. Nitrogen significantly affected model-derived, biologically relevant, curve-fit parameters for each cultivar. The t 1 (i.e., thermal time required to reach maximum soil cover (Vx)) was higher at low than at high N. Other parameters were higher at high than at low N, especially Vx and the period over which it was maintained. Nitrogen also affected tuber dry matter yield, tuber size and weight distributions, N content and N uptake but not tuber dry matter percentage. The total area under the %SC curve was highly correlated with yield in both years. Cultivars performing well under high N also performed well under low N. There was large variation in NUE component traits among cultivars; maturity type partially explained this variation. Variables of the CDv model captured this variation, N effects on light interception and its correlation with yield.  相似文献   

13.
莴笋是中国南北地区广泛栽培和食用的叶类蔬菜之一, 其对氮、磷、钾三要素的吸收量中以钾最大,氮次之,磷最小。钾素作为作为“品质元素”,对莴笋品质形成至关重要。为寻求大田条件下合适的钾肥用量,在田间试验研究了不同钾肥施用量(K1、K2、K3、K4)对莴笋产量和品质的影响。结果表明:不同施肥处理间莴笋产量有显著差异。不同施肥处理提高莴笋产量2.0%~18.5%,增产幅度以K2>K1>K3>K4,增施钾肥处理的增产效率则以K1>K2>K3>K4。与CK1相比,不同施肥处理提高莴笋茎和叶片硝酸盐含量12.9%~140%;增施钾肥降低莴笋茎和叶片硝酸盐含量12.2%~43.8%和20.6%~35.0%,且茎、叶片硝酸盐含量与钾肥用量呈显著的二次回归关系。与CK1处理相比,不同施肥处理对莴笋Vc和可溶性糖含量茎中以负效应为主,叶片中以正效应为主;低K 处理(K1和K2处理)对Vc和可溶性糖含量正效应较大。不同施肥处理对莴笋茎和叶片氨基酸含量的效应以降低作用为主。综合莴笋产量和品质来看,以K2处理(即K2O 150kg/km2)为莴笋高产优质的最佳处理。  相似文献   

14.
The development of vertical gradients of specific leaf nitrogen (SLN) in accordance with light gradients within a canopy is important for maximising resource‐use efficiency. In this study, we aimed to clarify the effect of chronic soil water deficit on the SLN gradient in rice. In a series of field experiments, SLN gradients of an indica cultivar and a tropical japonica cultivar were investigated under chronic soil water deficit. As a result, SLN gradient of an indica cultivar tended to be more uniform than that of a tropical japonica cultivar during the recovery period after dry spells under aerobic conditions: an indica cultivar distributed much N in shaded leaves while a japonica cultivar enhanced the SLN in the upper layers. We conclude that vertical gradient of SLN of indica cultivars becomes less optimal for photo‐assimilation under chronic soil water deficit, although they can take‐up sufficient amounts of N. This would be attributable to the rapid increase in tiller number upon rainfall or irrigation and prolonged tillering period for their recovery growth, leading to a more compact canopy architecture. The tillering habit in the current indica irrigated rice cultivars would be associated with the response of SLN gradients to chronic soil water deficit.  相似文献   

15.
覆盖措施对春小麦田土壤含水量及耗水规律的影响   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
马莉 《中国农学通报》2016,32(35):130-133
高效节水措施的使用有利于提高作物水分利用效率,缓解我国荒漠绿洲区灌溉农业生产中水资源不足的问题。基于此设定了大田定点观测试验研究不同覆盖措施对荒漠绿洲区春小麦耗水规律的影响,试验分别设置石子覆盖(S)、地膜覆盖(B)、秸秆覆盖(M)和对照(CK)4个处理。试验结果表明:覆盖措施使土面蒸发量降低了25.6%~37.9%,有效的提高了土壤含水量。春小麦耗水量分别为B处理减少了13%,M处理减少了14%,S减少了8%,但B处理下的春小麦水分利用效率(WUE)和灌溉水分利用效率(WUEi)最高。可见,地膜覆盖是是适合该地区最佳的节水种植方式。  相似文献   

16.
The lack of randomisation in irrigation experiments is usually a disadvantage. The introduction of spatial variable experimental design offers a convenient tool to help solving this problem. In order to understand the variation of some soil physical and chemical properties in an experimental block and its effect on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production, graphical interpretation of those soil properties was done with the use of geostatistics in a geographic information system (GIS). In this work three techniques of geostatistics were used for the creation of several maps of soil properties in an experimental plot cultivated with lettuce. Lettuces were evaluated for individual weight and diameter at the end of the cropping season. The soil properties studied were: total mineral nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, pH, electric conductivity and saturated soil hydraulic conductivity. The techniques used were: ordinary kriging, inverse distance and Thiessen polygon. Cross validation used to compare the prediction performances of the three geostatistical interpolation algorithms determined that kriging was the best technique for each soil property. Prior to the creation of the maps, semivariograms were produced for each soil property. The maps resulting from the interpolation techniques were introduced in a GIS and their values reclassified. After that, spatial modelling was used to develop a final overlay map from all the information of the analysed soil properties simulating a “lettuce production capability map”. This final map was created with the objective to determine which areas in the plot had optimal conditions for lettuce development. It was concluded that the plot did not had an optimal area for lettuce production. Localized problems with soil properties were found that could be solved with simple geographically restricted amendment treatments. Final lettuce yield had high correlation (r2 = 0.83) with the lettuce capability map derived.  相似文献   

17.
Root rot of lettuce, which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae (FOL), is a critical problem in the production of lettuce. FOL-resistant lettuce genetic resources have been identified and used in breeding programs to produce FOL-resistant cultivars. However, the genetic characteristics of resistance genes have not been studied in depth and, therefore, no DNA markers are presently available for these genes. In this study, we analyzed the RRD2 (resistance for root rot disease race 2) locus, which confers resistance to FOL race 2. Resistance loci were analyzed using two cultivars of crisphead lettuce: VP1013 (resistant) and Patriot (susceptible). The segregation patterns of resistant phenotypes in F2 indicated a single major locus. To define the positions of resistance loci, a linkage map was constructed using amplified fragment length polymorphism and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Quantitative trait loci analysis revealed the position of the major resistance locus. A high LOD score was observed for RAPD-marker WF25-42, and this marker showed good correspondence to the phenotype in different cultivars and lines. We successfully developed a sequence characterized amplified region marker from WF25-42.  相似文献   

18.
Inheritance of water use and transpiration efficiency was studied in diallel F1 hybrids from six cultivars of T. durum, selected for their different responses to drought stress. Plants were grown in 10 l pots at optimal (control) and low soil moisture levels in the glasshouse. GCA and SCA effects were significant at both soil moisture levels. Results demonstrated that evapotranspiration (ETE) and transpiration efficiency (TE) were under additive and dominant gene control. Interactions of GCA and SCA with moisture levels were also highly significant. GCA effects were the major components of the genetic variance of the biological and generative measures of ETE and TE. Narrow sense heritabilities for both ETE and TE based on grain yield were higher at the soil stress moisture level. Heritability estimates of ETE and TE based on the total biological yield, however, declined under the lower soil moisture level. Measures of ETE and TE showed significantly high and positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations among them as well as with grain yield and harvest index. In most cases, genotypic correlations were higher than phenotypic correlations. The results suggest that selection for high ETE and TE in terms of grain yield should be undertaken under both stress and optimal conditions. Selection in early segregating generations may lead to effective identification of desirable recombinants. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

19.
Broad genotypic variation in the response to low soilmoisture and reduced nitrogen supply was found amongthe wild Hordeum spontaneum accessions and thelandraces and modern cultivars of H. vulgare ofdifferent geographic origin. Measurements at the endof vegetative growth in plants grown in soil culturesrevealed genotypically specific responses to the usedenvironmental factors. Cultivars and breeding linesfrom Syria and Ethiopian landraces combined bothdrought resistance and tolerance to low nitrogen. TheSyrian barleys were also distinguished by a highnitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) under low Nnutrition. European cultivars indicated a pooradaptation to N shortage, but some of them wereresistant to soil drought. No stress resistant barleyswere found among the wild accessions and Sardinianlandraces. Genotypic differences in the relativevalues of NUE and water use efficiency were associatedwith low N-tolerance. Some Syrian selections,Ethiopian landraces and the modern German cv. Maresiwere found to be most drought resistant. Maintenanceof a relatively high photosynthetic activity of theuppermost leaves was associated with droughtresistance. As far as concerning with the vegetativegrowth phase, the modern Syrian germplasm andEthiopian landraces may be recommended as donors ofadaptative characters for local barley breeding.  相似文献   

20.
有机无机配施对生菜养分吸收和氮肥利用率的影响   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
为了研究有机无机肥配施对作物吸收养分和土壤培肥的作用,通过盆栽试验,研究不同有机无机肥配施对生菜养分吸收和氮肥利用的影响。结果表明:在盆栽条件下,有机无机配施(精制有机肥,生物有机肥)较单施化肥贡献率分别提高6.4和6.8个百分点。在等氮量条件下,与单施化肥(100%无机氮)相比,有机无机配施(有机氮:无机氮=4:6)显著增加生菜生物量,促进生菜对氮磷钾养分的吸收,提高氮肥利用率。与单施化肥相比,精制有机肥与化肥配施和生物有机肥与化肥配施,生菜生物量分别增加了38.7%和41.6%;生菜氮、磷、钾养分含量分别增加了12.9%和17.5%、7.0%和12.8%、7.3%和17.2%;生菜的氮利用率分别提高了9.2%和13.7%。  相似文献   

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