论生态环境与资源保护区的经营管理方法--2000年6月与选择性诺贝尔奖获得者Prof.Dr.Michael Succow考察新疆有感

本文通过对中德比较研究,论述了生物圈保护区、水源保护区等的经营管理方法,建议形成新的人生哲学、建立实用地理学。     

Feldstudie zum Nachweis und zur Regulation von Weizenschädlingen und natürlichen Antagonisten

Wheat insect pests and the beneficial arthropod populations were assessed using sweep net across a large scale winter wheat field in Bad Lausick (Free State of Saxony, Germany) before and after insecticide applications. The insecticides used were Karate (pyrethroid), Biscaya (neonicotinoid) and NeemAzal T/S (botanical insecticide). The tested compounds were sprayed twice during the early season growth stage (Elongation- GS 32) and at the heading stage (GS 55), and their effects were evaluated on wheat insect pests. The side effects of these insecticides on associated natural enemies were also studied. Monitoring was conducted for 4 weeks after each treatment. Cereal aphids, thrips, leafhoppers, cereal leaf beetles, cereal bugs and also many natural enemies such as predators (lady beetles, lacewings, syrphids, dance flies and spiders) and parasitoids (parasitic wasps) were surveyed. The dose of these insecticides resulted in reductions of wheat insect and natural enemy populations and this reduction was corrected based on Abbott equation. The results showed that Karate is correlated with the highest percentage reduction (79.5 %) to wheat insect pests. Karate use also resulted in a percentage reduction to natural enemies (30–60 %). Biscaya and NeemAzal T/S is correlated with an equivalent mortality percents (50–65 %) to wheat insect pests and resulted in a smaller percentage reduction of natural enemies (10–40 %) compared to Karate. Thrips and cereal bugs were more affected than leafhoppers. Lacewings and dance flies were more susceptible; while spider, syrphids and parasitoid wasps were more tolerant. Compatibility between natural insecticides and natural enemies is highly required to keep the environment clean.     

Untersuchungen zum gezielten Einsatz von Insektiziden gegen den Rapsglanzkäfer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Meligethes aeneus</Emphasis>) in der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis des Landes Brandenburg im Zeitraum von 2006 bis 2014

Before 2006, agents of class II pyrethroids were used to control rape pests including the rape pollen beetle mainly. Thus, the selection of pyrethroids-resistant pollen beetle populations was encouraged. The aim of our study was to identify ways to combat these populations. Therefore, data of 465 real on-farm insecticide applications from nine years since 2006 were analyzed with regard to their effects on the pollen beetle and own experiments were carried out to test the efficacy of approved insecticides and control strategies. The analysis showed that the highest efficiencies were obtained with agents of the group of organophosphates and with the active substances indoxacarb and pymetrozine. Beyond that, the data examined revealed that the efficiency of thiacloprid (an insecticide of the class of neonicotinoids) has remained relatively constant throughout the observation period. In contrast, the increase in pyrethroid-resistant pollen beetle populations reflects the further decrease in efficacy of class II pyrethroids in the period 2011–2014.In summary, it should be noted that currently available insecticides achieve a maximal abatement level of 80–85?%. Therefore, an economic damage cannot be prevented on rapeseed locations with a very strong pollen beetle infestation even if multiple use of insecticides happens.To prevent further escalation of the resistance problem, another aspect should be given greater attention in the future. 55?% of the insecticide applications in the practice dataset where carried out before the control threshold (BRW) for weakly developed oilseed rape crops was achieved; often in the stage of micro-bud (BBCH 51). In compliance with the currently suggested higher control threshold, only 15?% of the insecticide applications would have been necessary. Thus, a reduction of the number of insecticide applications could be achieved by considering the higher thresholds. This would significantly reduce the selection pressure. Therefore, plant protection advice should mediate between exploiting the control thresholds and using the most appropriate insecticide.     

Beitrag zum Sortentyp und Merkmalskennung der Reifedynamik durch den phänologischen Indikator, dem Silomais-Reifeindex

Data from the Central German variety trials was evaluated, to with the Silage maize Ripeness-Index (SRI) the off-ripe-specific type in its significance and impact on selected parameters of the quality, the yield of silage and energy maize, as well as the appropriate feeding of ruminants with rations of higher maize proportions. The characterization of the ripe type on the basis of SRI is closely associated with statements to maize ripening, reproducibility of variety performance, site suitability and environmental conditions of production in the context of the Dynamic Ripening and Analysis system (DRA). The environmental stability of maize varieties characterizes the type of variety that exerts a dominant role over the ripeness level on the production of silage maize. The difference between type and productivity as well as feed value was demonstrated. For a location and physiological ruminant feeding of maize in relation to the type are been conclusions in the field of plant health, ground feeding uptake, structure impact and physiological grain hardness. As a result of this evaluation a comprehensive advantage of the environment stable variety type with slow ripening maize (residual) plant is to determine which cannot be evidenced and used with the present system of ripeness of use-specific classification.     

Energie zum richtigen ERNTE-Zeit-Punkt bei Optimierung von Qualität, Ertrag, Produktsicherheit und Umweltverträglichkeit im Siliermaisanbau durch Dynamische ReifeAnalyse (DRA)

Maize production trials carried out in eastern middle of Germany from 1999 to 2009 were used for statistical analysis of the optimum date for silage maize ripeness. The knowledge about difference in ripeness between grain and residual plants at the harvest were used for exactly choice of cultivar under drought conditions for silage and energy maize: The Silage maize Ripeness Index (the ratio of dry matter content of maize grains to dry matter content of residual plants) is more suitable for the leading of plant development, the determination of harvest date and the choice of cultivar as the dry matter content of the whole plant. The analysis is cheaper as well as not so material and time-consuming with the better financially results in feed-, milk- and methane production in comparison to the dry matter content of the silage maize of different hybrid maize populations and environments. Basically, the harvest of silage maize to be carried out at the maximum possible ripeness index in all years, on every site, regardless of the variety to perform their silage maize ripeness number (SRZ), the heat sum and the calendar. The requirements for the varieties in the silo and energy maize are identical. The phenological ensilage optimum and yield maximum correspond with the physiological ripeness of silage maize and are close to the grain dry matter content of 63% and a ripeness index from 2.6 to 2.9 depending on quality and yield parameters. The maximum ripeness on the basis of SRI from greater than 2.9 at physiological ripeness grain to be exceeded. Only under these conditions it is possible to reach the optimal ripeness of 30–35% in the whole plant silage maize (22–24% dry matter in the stover). The wide ripeness ratio between grain and stover is multifunctional guarantor for the better plant health, for example with regard to the zearalenone and carotene content, the resource efficiency of fertilizer-N in accordance with the yield-related N denials and soil stocks in N as well as basic product safety and sustainability of the procedure of silage maize. The Silage maize Ripeness Index (SRI) is, for whole plant maize, better than the Silage maize Ripeness Number (SRZ) for the choice of a hybrid in Germany. The dry matter content of grain in relation with the dry matter of residual plants are better than dry matter content of the whole plant maize as ripeness indicator in the production of silage and energy maize at the harvesting time. SRI is also universal suitable for use as a standard in scientific trials and for better characteristic of cultivar types and environmental influence universally appropriate and multifunctional.     

Effektive Kontrolle des Braunrostes (Puccinia recondita f. sp. secalis Rob. ex Desm.) in Winterroggen mit Fungiziden unterschiedlicher Wirkstoffgruppen – Auswertung der Ringversuche der L?nder Brandenburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Sachsen und Thüringen

To investigate different control measures against the diseases in winter rye several trials were done in the German federal states. As a result from these trials the brown rust,Puccinia recondita f. sp.secalis, was the disease with the most negative influence on the yield. The brown rust occurrence at different times on the top three leaves depend on the winter and spring weather. It should be verify whether the protective use of fungicide mixtures with the new carboxamides active ingredient benefits the curative use (disease onset) in terms of achieved efficiency againstP. recondita. It can be stated that the action threshold does not need to be changed when using fungicide mixtures with carboxamides. Regarding the duration of the fungicide efficacy againstP. recondita an order in increasingly levels of efficiency could be determinate. The order is, from lowest to highest, azole fungicides, strobilurin-azole compounds, azole carboxamide compounds, and azole-carboxamide strobilurin mixtures. Due to the variability in the values of the individual test sites in the experimental series the tendency could be confirmed, however, no statistical significant differences between the various mixtures could be determined. The new carboxamides enrich the possibilities of targeted anti-resistance strategy againstP. recondita in winter rye. These trials results are introduced into recommendations for agricultural practice.     

Beitrag zum Qualitäts- und Ertragspotenzial stress- und trockenheitstoleranter Sorten für Silo- und Energiemais bei optimaler Reife

Maize production trials carried out in eastern middle of Germany from 1999–2007 were used for statistical analysis of the optimum date for silage maize ripeness, quality and yield potential as well as choice of cultivar under drought conditions for silage and energy maize. The Silage maize Ripeness Index (the ratio of dry matter content of maize grains to dry matter content of stover) is more suitable for the determination of harvest date, yield maximum and silage maize quality as the dry matter content of the plant. The analysis is cheaper as well as not so material and time-consuming in comparison to the dry matter content of the silage maize of different hybrid maize populations and environments. Ensilage optimum and yield maximum correspond almost with the physiological ripeness of silage maize and are close to the grain dry matter content of 60 to 65%, to the dry matter content of stover under 24% and a ripeness index from 2,5 and higher. Only under these conditions it is possible to reach the optimal ripeness of 30 to 35% in the whole plant silage maize. In dependence on the Silage maize Ripeness Index (SRZ) parameters of silage and energy maize were created differential ripeness optimum, quality and yield potential. The aims of silage and energy maize are similar. The vitality of stover has a greater importance for energy maize. The Silage maize Ripeness Index (SRI) is, for whole plant maize, better than the Whole Plant Maize Ripeness Index (SRZ) for the choice of a hybrid in Germany. The dry matter content of grain in interaction with the dry matter of stover are better than dry matter content of the whole plant maize as ripeness indicator in the production of silage and energy maize for the harvesting time. SRI is also suitable for use as a standard in scientific trials and for better characteristic of cultivar types and environmental influence.