甲酸-氢氧化钾/碳酸钾混合溶液法制备二甲酸钾

采用氢氧化钾、碳酸钾混合溶液与甲酸反应,一步制备获得二甲酸钾。相比传统的甲酸-氢氧化钾法,该方法能有效降低反应的剧烈程度,使反应可控。与甲酸-碳酸钾法相比,则可适当控制产气量,缩短反应周期。结果表明,反应温度65℃,反应时间1.5h,原料配比n(HCOOH)/n(K+)为2.6,混合比例n(KOH)/n(K2CO3)为0.3/0.7,此时收率可达89.08%。对蒸馏步骤进行优化后,在蒸馏压力为0.45MPa的情况下,控制蒸馏温度为95℃,采用母液回用,收率达到96%以上。     

微晶化钾矿粉的释钾特征及对籽粒苋生长的影响

为了提高钾矿粉中钾素的有效性,以有机材料为活化剂,用微晶化设备对钾矿粉进行活化处理,研究了微晶活化后钾矿粉的物理特性、钾素释放动态及肥效。结果表明,与普通钾矿粉相比,微晶活化后钾矿粉的理化性状得到明显的改善,其中中位径降低了37.22%,比表面积增大了194.14%,60 d钾素累积释放量提高了492.44%。施入土壤后,收获时籽粒苋植株株高、茎粗和生物量较普通钾矿粉处理分别提高了12.16%,20.55%和13.76%,差异达显著水平(P<0.05);施用钾矿粉还可以增加土壤速效钾和缓效钾的含量,并促进籽粒苋对钾素的吸收,其中微晶化钾矿粉处理增加幅度明显高于普通钾矿粉处理。微晶化钾矿粉增量施用或者等钾量配施氯化钾效果更好,肥效略差于常规施肥处理,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

不同退化阶段高寒草甸草地土壤钾素的变化分析

通过野外实地取样,对轻度、中度、重度和极度退化的天祝高寒草甸草地0～10,10～20和20～30cm土层的土壤样品进行测定与分析,结果表明:(1)同一土层不同退化阶段草地,土壤全钾含量差异显著(P<0.05),呈"轻度>中度>重度>极度"的变化规律,速效钾含量中度和重度退化草地显著高于轻度和极度退化草地,轻度退化草地速效钾含量最少;(2)不同土层同一退化阶段草地,随着土层的加深,土壤全钾和速效钾含量均呈下降趋势,其中,各土层钾含量变化差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

夏洛来杂种羊红细胞钾型的初步研究

采用火焰光度法对海北州牧科所优良种畜繁殖场，９０只夏洛来杂种羊的红细胞钾型进行了研究，结果发现夏洛来杂种羊红细胞钾浓度存在多态性，存在ＨＫ和ＬＫ两种类型，高钾型羊３５只（３８．８９％），低钾型羊５５只（６１．１１％），Ｋｈ和ＫＬ等位基因频率分别为０．６２３６和０．３７６４。     

柴达木黄牛和青海东部黄牛红细胞钾型的研究

采用火焰光度法对２３８头柴达木黄牛和２６３头于海东部黄牛的红细胞钾型进行了研究。结果发现：①柴达木黄牛全部为低血钾型，而青海东部黄牛有高血钾和低血钾两种表型；②青海东部黄牛的Ｋ＾Ｌ和Ｋ＾ｈ基因频率分别为０．８２６和０．１７４。     

籽粒苋与烟草间作后还田对烟草钾吸收和土壤钾有效性的影响

为研究籽粒苋与烟草间作对烟草发育和钾吸收的影响,通过两年大田试验,分别设置了籽粒苋间作不翻压和45 d后翻压、籽粒苋2行、4行、6行种植的处理,分析了不同间作模式下烟草干物质累积量、钾含量和钾吸收量的差异及土壤速效钾含量和缓效钾含量的差异。结果表明,籽粒苋与烟草间作后不翻压还田,烟草根系干物质积累量显著增加,钾含量无显著变化,含钾量增加70%,茎和叶片的干物质积累量分别下降了11%和14%,钾含量下降了0.11个百分点和0.12个百分点,含钾量下降了26%和12%。籽粒苋与烟草间作后翻压还田后,各处理的烟草叶片的钾含量均增加;与对照相比,2行籽粒苋(A₂)处理和4行籽粒苋(A₃)处理提高了烟草根系、茎和上部叶、中部叶的干物质积累量和含钾量,6行籽粒苋(A₄)处理烟草、茎、上部叶、中部叶和下部叶、根系的干物质积累量和含钾量均降低;A₂处理的上部叶和中部叶的干物质积累量低于A₃处理,钾含量和含钾量高于A₃处理。间作籽粒苋处理相比烟草单作,烟草行的土壤速效钾含量提高,土壤缓效钾含量变化不大;籽粒苋翻压还田的处理土壤速效钾含量显著大于不翻压还田的处理;籽粒苋翻压还田后烟草行的土壤速效钾的增加量以A₄处理最大,翻压还田20和60 d后分别比对照高91%和35%,其次为A₃处理,翻压还田20和60 d后分别比对照高54%和23%。不同处理间籽粒苋钾的表观流向存在差异,A₂和A₃处理籽粒苋42%~52%钾被烟草吸收,A₄处理籽粒苋仅17%的钾被烟草吸收。综合得,烟草-籽粒苋间作可提高烟草叶片的钾含量和土壤速效钾含量,其中以距烟草行1 m处种植两行籽粒苋并于45~55 d时翻压还田的种植模式为较好。     

二甲酸钾在畜禽生产中的应用

本文介绍了二甲酸钾的理化性质、合成方法、作用机理以及在畜牧业中的应用等。     

二甲酸钾对仔猪生产性能的影响

在实际生产条件下,将108头体重12.1kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪分为3个处理组,每组4个重复,每个重复9头猪,用来研究二甲酸钾的使用方法。研究表明,二甲酸钾改善了仔猪的日增重和料重比,尤其在饲养前期效果明显;二甲酸钾对仔猪的断奶应激有一定预防效果。二甲酸钾产品与抗生素无拮抗作用,且在抵御疾病上有一定的协同作用,在降低腹泻和死亡率方面有一定作用。日粮中添加1%的二甲酸钾不影响仔猪对饲料的适口性。     

不同钾肥对渍水胁迫下紫花苜蓿叶绿素荧光特性的影响

渍水胁迫是我国易涝地区限制紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)生产的一个重要非生物胁迫因素,如何有效提高紫花苜蓿的耐渍水能力是当前亟需解决的重要问题.本研究采用盆栽试验法,通过模拟渍水试验比较了渍水胁迫下施用不同钾肥对紫花苜蓿叶绿素含量、叶绿素a荧光和慢速荧光的影响.研究结果表明,渍水胁迫下,施用5 mmol·L-1 KCl和5 mmol·L-1 KNO3能够显著提高紫花苜蓿的叶绿素含量(P<0.05),减少光合元件损伤,显著提高了叶绿素a荧光最大光合效率和实际光合效率,从而有效促进了紫花苜蓿的生长和生物量的积累,且KNO3对紫花苜蓿耐渍水能力的提高作用优于KCl.因此,施用钾肥能够提高紫花苜蓿的耐渍水能力.     

互助县杂种黄牛红细胞钾型的研究

根据青海省互助县４０头杂种黄牛的红细胞钾（ＥＫ）浓度分别为高钾（ＨＫ）和低钾（ＬＫ）两种表型，其中ＬＫ型占３５头（８７．５％）为优势表型。ＬＫ型杂种黄牛的ＥＫ浓度为８．９～３０．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ＨＫ型的为４５．８～７５．３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，等位基因频率Ｋ＾ｈ＝０．３５３６，Ｋ＾Ｌ＝０．６４６４。     

重铬酸钾对雏鸡的毒性试验

为探讨鸡球虫疫苗保存液重铬酸钾对雏鸡的安全性,采用灌胃途径,分别进行急性毒性试验和低剂量毒性试验,观察攻毒雏鸡的临床症状、剖检病变和病理组织学变化,判断重铬酸钾对雏鸡的损害程度。结果表明,重铬酸钾对雏鸡的半数致死量（LD50）为0.501 g/kg体重,是临床推荐用量（约3.125 mg/kg体重）的160倍以上;0.464 g/kg体重以上的重铬酸钾对雏鸡的心脏、肝脏、肺脏、腺胃和肾脏均有不同程度的损伤;常规免疫用量的5、20倍时对雏鸡无害。     

Correlation of spurious potassium elevation and platelet count in dogs

Paired serum and plasma electrolyte determinations were measured on 26 dogs. The difference between plasma and serum electrolyte concentrations was compared to the platelet and leukocyte counts. An increase in serum potassium concentration over plasma potassium concentration was found which correlated linearly with the platelet count. No correlation with white cell count was found. A statistically significant increase in serum sodium concentration over plasma sodium concentration was also noted, however, this change did not correlate with the number of platelets or white cells. It is concluded that thrombocytosis, previously known to cause spurious elevation in serum potassium concentration in humans, can also do so in dogs and, presumably, other species.     

Apparent pseudohyperkalemia in a Chinese Shar Pei dog

Whole blood in a serum clot tube and EDTA-anticoagulated samples from an 8-year-old spayed female Chinese Shar Pei dog were submitted by an external clinic to the diagnostic laboratory at Atlantic Veterinary College for routine biochemical and hematologic analysis prior to entropion surgery. Laboratory abnormalities included mild hyperkalemia (6.3 mmol/L, reference interval 3.6-6.0 mmol/L), mild normocytic, hypochromic, nonregenerative anemia (HCT 0.31 L/L, reference interval 0.37-0.55 L/L; MCHC 290 g/L, reference interval 320-360 g/L), and increased red cell distribution width (RDW; 26.2%, reference interval 11-14%). A small subpopulation of macrocytic, slightly hypochromic erythrocytes was noted on Wright's-Giemsa-stained blood smears. Biochemical and hematologic data obtained from this patient over the previous 7.5 years indicated that serum (and in 1 case, heparinized plasma) potassium concentration was increased (range, 6.3-10.9 mmol/L) in 5 of 8 samples (HCT ranged from 0.31-0.43 L/L, Hgb 91-124 g/L, MCHC 280-312 g/L, and RDW 18.2-26.9%). Clinical signs suggestive of hyperkalemia were not observed at any time, suggesting pseudohyperkalemia as the cause of the increased potassium concentrations. An erythrocyte lysate prepared from a heparinized blood sample had a high potassium concentration (16.8 mmol/L) compared with that of a clinically healthy, non-Shiba control dog (6.7 mmol/L). An osmotic fragility test of the patient's erythrocytes showed 50% hemolysis at 0.57% NaCl, compared with 0.48% NaCl for the control dog, indicating increased fragility. On scanning electron microscopy, a small subpopulation of erythrocytes were large, flattened, and had a tendency to fold. These findings supported the provisional diagnosis of pseudohyperkalemia due to increased intracellular RBC potassium concentration. High-potassium erythrocytes have been reported in Akitas, Shibas, Jindos, other East Asian dog breeds, and occasionally, in mixed-breed dogs. Pseudohyperkalemia should also be considered when an otherwise unexplained elevation in serum or plasma potassium concentration is observed in Chinese Shar Pei dogs, and may be accompanied by increased RDW, low MCHC, and increased osmotic fragility with or without mild anemia.     

过硫酸氢钾复合物在畜牧水产中的应用研究进展

过硫酸氢钾复合物溶于水后发生链式反应,产生活性氧,进而形成羟基自由基、过氧化氢自由基、次氯酸等多种活性成分,不仅可以作为畜牧水产中的消毒剂使用,也可以用于水产养殖中的水体治理、底质改造等。就国内外近些年过硫酸氢钾复合物在畜牧水产中的应用情况进行综述,为其进一步开发利用提供参考。     

氯化钾缓解肉仔鸡热应激的研究

120只28日龄艾维茵(AVIAN)肉仔鸡随机分为1、2、3、4组.1组为对照组,饮自来水;2、3、4组为试验组,分别饮添加0.18％、0.26％、0.34％氯化钾的自来水.舍温控制在34±1℃.试验期为4周.结果,各组鸡增重、采食量、饲料效率、饮水量的顺序均为第4组→第3组→第2组→第1组.饮水中添加KCI,肉仔鸡血清K~ 浓度高于对照组,而直肠温度、呼吸率及血清尿酸浓度则相反.血清Na~ 前两周3、4组显著低于1组,以后趋于一致.血细胞压积(PCV)、血液PH、CO_2分压(PCO_2)、氧分压(PO_2)、碳酸氢根(HCO_3)和血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、白/球比以及血糖,组间均差异不显著.本试验表明,饮水中添加KCI能较好地缓解热应激对肉仔鸡生长的影响,增强肉仔鸡对高温的耐受性,并可提高其生产性能.     

亚洲地区绵羊钾座位遗传分化的研究

应用中心产区曲型群简单随机抽样法,采用Media-Na-K分析仪检测,直接检测出钾型的高低。结果发现：(1)绵羊血钾有高血钾和低血钾两种表型；(2)血钾基因频率在地理分布上存在一定规律,基本符合中亚以东南绵羊系统划分。     

Correlations between potassium, calcium and magnesium in blood and muscle of standardbred trotters

This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between the concentrations of potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium of plasma and muscle in horses, as interactions between these ions can be important in the development of muscle cell injury. Blood samples and gluteal muscle biopsies were taken from 20 healthy Standardbreds to determine the potassium concentration in plasma (cK⁺(P)), red blood cells (cK⁺(RBC)), and muscle (cK⁺(M)), and the calcium and magnesium concentrations in plasma and muscle. No correlations were found between cK⁺(P), cK⁺(RBC), and cK⁺(M). Significant positive correlations were found between cK⁺(M) and muscle magnesium (p<0.01); and cK⁺(P) and plasma calcium (p<0.005). Significant negative correlations were found between cK⁺(M) and the percentage of muscle water (p<0.005); and the muscle magnesium and calcium concentrations (p<0.02).     

氮、钾不同配比施肥对燕麦产量和品质的影响

以白燕7号燕麦Avena sativa cv. Baiyan No.7为材料,研究了不同配比的氮(N)肥和钾(K)肥对种子产量构成因素（穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、穗粒重）、种子产量、秸秆产量及品质的影响。结果表明,施氮和施钾对穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、穗粒重、种子产量、秸秆产量都有显著的影响（P＜0.05）, 随着施肥量的增加呈先增后降的变化趋势;施氮和施钾与种子和秸秆产量之间呈显著的线性回归关系(R2=0.862,P＜0.05;R2=0.838,P＜0.05);N75K105水平下,燕麦种子产量、秸秆产量均最高,分别为4.90×103和9.86×103 kg/hm2;燕麦籽粒中粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维含量随着施肥量的不同有规律性的变化。