Fatty Acid Taste Receptor GPR120 Activation by Arachidonic Acid,Eicosapentaenoic Acid,and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Chickens

It has been reported that the supplementation of chicken diet with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) affects the qualities of eggs and meat. Previous studies have shown that a functional fatty acid taste receptor, G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120), is broadly expressed in chicken oral and gastrointestinal tissues, and chickens have a gustatory perception of oleic acid, which is a chicken GPR120 agonist. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of chicken GPR120 in response to PUFAs in chicken diets. Ca²⁺ imaging analyses revealed that chicken GPR120 was activated by AA, EPA, and DHA in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that chickens can detect PUFAs via GPR120 in the oral and gastrointestinal tissues, implying that chickens have a gustatory perception of PUFAs.     

The effects of antibiotic,probiotic, organic acid,vitamin C,and Echinacea purpurea extract on performance,carcass characteristics,blood chemistry,microbiota, and immunity of broiler chickens

The present context investigated the comparative study on the supplementation of antibiotic, probiotic, organic acid, vitamin C, and herbal extract after vaccination into drinking water and their effects on performance, carcass quality, blood biochemical parameters, immune system, and intestinal flora in broiler chicks for 42 days. A total of 420 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned into 7 treatments with 3 replicates (pens) per treatment and 20 male chicks for each replicate (pen). The experimental treatments consisted of drinking water (control, without additive); drinking water + antibiotic sulfamet; drinking water + C-Vet-50; drinking water + antibiotic sulfamet + C-Vet-50; drinking water + probiotic Primalac; drinking water + butyric acid; and drinking water + extract of Echinacea purpurea Moench (coneflower). There were no differences observed among the treatments for feed intake, but during the whole experimental period, the highest body weight gain was found in the chicks fed with drinking water + antibiotic sulfamet + 50 cc vitamin C (P < 0.05). There were no differences (P > 0.05) observed among the treatments for feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05). Moreover, there were no differences reported among treatments for carcass characteristics at the end of the experiment. Among the treatments, drinking water + 50 cc vitamin C, and drinking water + extract of E. purpurea reduced (P < 0.05) the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins. Drinking water + 50 cc vitamin C, drinking water + Primalac, and drinking water + extract of E. purpurea increased (P < 0.05) the lymphocytes count and decreased the heterophils count and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio. The highest Escherichia coli count and lowest Lactobacillus count in ileal content of the broilers were observed in the control group (P < 0.05). The additives used in this study may be incorporated in the drinking water of broiler chickens as growth promoters and for improved performance. A further, wider supplementation study is required to understand the performance, immune system, variation in the intestinal microbial counts, and any other possible alteration in the intestinal biota of the broilers.     

Long-Term Feeding of Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Fish Oil to Laying Hens: Effects on Hepatic Histopathology,Egg Quality,and Lipid Components

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of long-term feeding of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and fish oil on egg quality characteristics, production performance, liver pathology, and egg fatty acid content of laying hens. Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens (n = 112), 21 wk old, were placed in cages and randomly assigned to 4 diets (28 hens/diet, 4 replicates of 7 hens) containing 3.0% yellow grease (control), 2.75% yellow grease + 0.25% CLA (YG-CLA), 2.5% yellow grease + 0.25% CLA + 0.25% fish oil (YG-CLA-FO), and 2.75% yellow grease + 0.25% fish oil (YG-FO). The experimental diets were fed for 12 mo. Eggs were collected daily for 12 mo. Feed consumption, hen-day egg production, and feed efficiency were monitored. At the end of the trial, hepatic tissue was collected for histopathology. No effect of diet was found on feed consumption, hen-day egg production, feed efficiency, egg weight, yolk weight, shell weight, or Haugh unit. The YG-CLA and YG-CLA-FO diets produced an increase in CLA and saturated fatty acids in the egg and liver tissue with a concomitant reduction in monounsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.05). Feeding YG-CLA-FO and YG-FO increased the n-3 fatty acids in egg yolk and liver of hens (P < 0.05). No difference was observed in the number of fat vacuoles in the liver tissue. The total fat content of hepatic and abdominal fat pads did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05). Regardless of the diet, as the hens aged, egg weight, yolk weight, and egg total fat increased, and shell weight decreased (P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that eggs with increased n-3 fatty acids and CLA can be generated by minor diet modifications without affecting the production performance or health of birds.     

Parental dietary arachidonic acid altered serum fatty acid profile,hepatic antioxidant capacity,and lipid metabolism in domestic pigeons (Columba livia)

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of dietary arachidonic acid on serum fatty acid profile, hepatic antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism in pigeon squabs by supplementing arachidonic acid in their parental diets. A completely randomized design was conducted consisting of control group, 0.05% dietary arachidonic acid supplementation group, 0.1% dietary arachidonic acid supplementation group, and 0.2% dietary arachidonic acid supplementation group. Six randomly selected squabs from each group were sampled on Day 21 post-hatch. Results indicated that moderate level (0.05%) of arachidonic acid in parental diets for pigeon squabs improved lipid metabolism via regulation on serum lipid profile and fatty acid composition and tended to reduce hepatic lipid accumulation in the premise of negligible damage to antioxidant status. Unfortunately, excessive parental supplementation of dietary arachidonic acid might be harmful to squab health. The regulatory effects of arachidonic acid were sensitive to the arachidonic acid doses. In conclusion, parental dietary arachidonic acid at 0.05% could be beneficial for squabs to maintain health as reflective aspects in ameliorative serum lipid profile, fatty acid composition, and reduced hepatic lipid accumulation.     

Dietary carnosic acid and seleno-compounds change concentrations of fatty acids,cholesterol, tocopherols and malondialdehyde in fat and heart of lambs

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of carnosic acid (CA), selenised yeast (^YSe) and selenate (^VISe) supplemented to diets, including fish oil (FO) and rapeseed oil (RO), on the content of fatty acids, total cholesterol (TCh), tocopherols and malondialdehyde in the fat located between the thigh muscles and the heart in lambs. Twenty-four male Corriedale lambs were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals. Animals were fed a diet with FO and RO (the control diet) or experimental diets containing RO, FO and CA with/without Se (as ^YSe or ^VISe). The experimental diets without/with ^YSe or ^VISe changed concentrations of fatty acids in the fat and heart compared to the control. All experimental diets increased the levels of c11c14C20:2, c5c8c11c14C20:4, c5c8c11c14c17C20:5 and the sums of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LPUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid isomers in the fat compared to the control. The experimental diet containing ^YSe or ^VISe increased the content of Se, TCh, c11c14C20:2, c8c11c14C20:3, c5c8c11c14C20:4, c5c8c11c14c17C20:5, c7c10c13c16c19C22:5, c4c7c10c13c16c19C22:6 and the concentration sum of n-3LPUFA, n-6LPUFA and tocopherols in the heart in comparison with the control diet and the diet containing only CA. Experimental diets reduced the concentration of malondialdehyde in the fat and heart in comparison with the control diet. Our dietary intervention has great potential for future practical and commercial implementations.     

微量元素氨基酸螯合物及其在动物生产中的应用

微量元素氨基酸螯合物是一种新型有机矿物元素添加剂,被称为第三代微量元素添加剂。由于其稳定性好、生物效价高、易消化吸收、抗干扰性强等特点,迅速成为动物营养研究的热点,在各种动物生产中广泛应用。本文就微量元素氨基酸螯合物的概念、营养特性、作用机制及在动物生产中的应用进行综述。     

长白猪、大约克及杜洛克肌肉品质研究

研究测定了大约克、杜洛克及长白猪的肉质性状及背最长肌的氨基酸、脂肪酸及肌苷酸含量。结果表明:大约克的肉色评分最好,失水率和滴水损失最低,分别为3.34、8.30%和2.43%,杜洛克的大理石纹评分和肌内脂肪含量最高,分别为3.4和2.11%,剪切力最小,肌纤维最细。每100g背最长肌中氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸含量和必需氨基酸含量都以长白猪最高,分别为22.97g、18.04g、9.25g,但品种间差异不明显(P>0.05),必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比率品种间差异显著,以长白猪最高为40.25%,分别比大约克、杜洛克提高1.77%(P<0.05)、1.54%(P<0.05)。大约克、杜洛克和长白猪的脂肪酸组成和含量品种间差异不显著,脂肪酸总量大约克稍高于杜洛克,二者差异不显著。饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量、饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量(SFA+MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量都以大约克较高,分别比杜洛克提高14.33%(P>0.05)、3.89%(P>0.05)、0.33%(P>0.05)。不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)杜洛克较高,比大约克提高2.32%(P>0.05)。肌苷酸(IMP)含量以长白猪最高为2.57m...     

益生素对肉仔鸡生长性能、屠体性状及肉品质的影响

本文旨在研究饲粮中使用益生素(乳酸菌CAU6001)对肉仔鸡生长性能、屠体性状及肉品质的影响。试验选择360只健康1日龄的商品代AA肉仔鸡,随机分成对照组、抗生素组和益生素组,每组4个重复,每个重复30只鸡。试验期42 d。对照组饲喂基础日粮,抗生素组饲喂基础日粮 100 mg/kg金霉素,益生素组饲喂基础日粮 0.5%乳酸菌发酵液。结果表明:(1)益生素对肉仔鸡各阶段日增重和料肉比无显著性影响,抗生素对日增重有一定促进作用,其中2~4周龄阶段差异显著(P<0.05);(2)益生素能显著提高肉仔鸡胸肌率(P<0.05),与对照组和抗生素组相比分别提高了7.15%和4.38%;(3)通过对42日龄肉品质分析,发现益生素对肌肉肉色的a*值和b*值显著提高(P<0.05),极显著提高鸡脚颜色(P<0.01),分别比对照组和抗生素组提高9.5和8.9个罗氏比色单位;(4)益生素组C16∶1显著高于对照组(P<0.05),C20∶3显著高于抗生素组(P<0.05),校正肌苷酸含量高出对照组和抗生素组10.04%和8.48%(P<0.05),益生素对胸肌中多数氨基酸含量起到显著影响,并且部分人体必需氨基酸和风味氨基酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。     

The effect of a pre‐anesthetic infusion of amino acids on body temperature,venous blood pH,glucose, creatinine,and lactate of healthy dogs during anesthesia

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of preanesthetic, intravenous (IV) amino acids on body temperature of anesthetized healthy dogs.Study designRandomized, experimental, crossover study.AnimalsEight mixed-breed dogs approximately 2 years of age weighing 20.7 ± 2.1 kg.MethodsDogs received 10% amino acid solution (AA) or 0.9% saline (SA) IV at 5 mL kg⁻¹ over 60 minutes. Body temperature (BT) was recorded at 5 minute intervals during infusions. Dogs were then anesthetized with sevoflurane for 90 minutes. BT was recorded at 5 minute intervals during anesthesia. Jugular blood samples were analyzed for pH, glucose, creatinine, and lactate concentrations at baseline, after infusion, after anesthesia and after 24 hours.ResultsBT at conclusion of infusion decreased -0.34 ± 0.42 °C in group AA and -0.40 ± 0.38 °C in group SA and was not different between groups (p = 0.072). BT decreased 2.72 ± 0.37 °C in group AA and 2.88 ± 0.26 °C in group SA after anesthesia and was different between groups (p < 0.05). Creatinine in group AA was increased immediately after infusion (p < 0.0001) and at 24 hours (p < 0.0001). There were no differences between groups for other parameters. Values for both groups were never outside the clinical reference ranges.Conclusions and clinical relevanceIn healthy dogs, preanesthetic IV infusion of amino acids attenuated heat loss compared to controls, however, the amount attenuated may not be clinically useful. Further studies are warranted to determine if nutrient-induced thermogenesis is beneficial to dogs undergoing anesthesia.     

包被共轭亚油酸对山羊瘤胃氢化、肠道及乳脂肪酸的影响

文章旨在评估日粮添加棕榈油酸钙和包被共轭亚油酸对瘤胃氢化和长链脂肪酸从十二指肠到乳转化的影响。试验将12只体重(61.9±8.57)kg处于泌乳期的多胎次萨能奶山羊随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复1只羊。两个试验组分别在基础日粮中补充50g棕榈油酸钙和包被共轭亚油酸,试验共开展42d。结果显示,两个试验组对山羊干物质、有机物、中性洗涤纤维、淀粉摄入量及养分在十二指肠流量和瘤胃表观消化率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。与棕榈油酸钙组相比,包被共轭亚油酸组有降低干物质和中性洗涤纤维消化率的趋势(P=0.08),但处理组对淀粉消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。山羊饲喂棕榈油酸钙或包被共轭亚油酸日粮后,脂肪酸的十二指肠流量高于脂肪酸摄入量。包被共轭亚油酸增加了C18:2trans-10,cis-12和C18:2cis-9,trans-11的十二指肠流量,导致两种脂肪酸对瘤胃的氢化保护率均达到16%。C18:1cis-9、C18:2cis-9,12、C18:3cis-9,12,15的瘤胃生物氢化不受包被共轭亚油酸处理的影响(P>0.05)。综上所述,与添加棕榈油钙相比,在奶山羊中饲喂不受瘤胃生物氢化包被共轭亚油酸对干物质、有机物、中性洗涤纤维、淀粉摄入量、十二指肠流量及瘤胃表观消化率无显著影响。包被共轭亚油酸增加了十二指肠的流量和C18:2trans-10,cis-12和C18:2cis-9,trans-11的比例,使瘤胃生物氢化保护率达到15%~16%。     

Effect of Slaughter Weight on Carcass Traits,Meat Quality,Amino Acids and Fatty Acids in Muscle of Jiangkou Luobo Pigs

In order to study the effect of slaughter weight on carcass traits,meat quality,amino acids and fatty acids in muscle of Jiangkou Luobo pigs,36 Jiangkou Luobo pigs (6 pigs of 60,70,80,90,100 and 110 kg body weight,respectively) were selected to determine carcass quality,meat quality characteristics and nutritious component and analyze their changes with weight.The results showed that before the body weight reaching to 80 kg,the slaughter rate and loineye area were increased fast,the contents of various amino acids were increased obviously.And when the body weight was 80 kg,the fatty acids were rich,including oleic acid and linoleic acid.When the body weight was more than 90 kg,there were excessive fat deposition in porcine somatic and the content of lysine,valine,threonine and other essential amino acids were extremely significant or significant differences (P<0.05;P<0.01).Generally Jiangkou Luobo pigs with the 80 kg body weight had the better carcass traits and meat quality,rich and ideal amino acid and fatty acid composition in muscle,especially had the high content of essential amino acids and flavor amino acid,and suitable proportion of unsaturated fatty acid and saturated fatty acid.Therefore,the reasonable slaughter weight of Jiangkou Luobo pigs was about 80 kg.     

不同屠宰体重对江口萝卜猪胴体性状、肉品质、氨基酸和脂肪酸的影响

为研究不同屠宰体重对江口萝卜猪胴体性状、肉品质、氨基酸及脂肪酸的影响,本研究选取60、70、80、90、100、110 kg各6头江口萝卜猪测定了其不同体重阶段的胴体品质和肉质特性,以分析其胴体性状、肉品质及肌肉营养成分随体重的变化规律。结果显示,江口萝卜猪在体重达80 kg之前,其屠宰率、眼肌面积随体重的增加增长较快,氨基酸的含量增加明显,80 kg时肌肉中含有丰富的脂肪酸种类,其中油酸、亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸含量较高。江口萝卜猪在体重达90 kg之后脂肪过多沉积,各体重组赖氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸等必需氨基酸的含量呈显著或极显著差异（P<0.05;P<0.01）。总体上看,江口萝卜猪在体重达80 kg左右时其胴体性状及肉质性能较好,肌肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸含量丰富,且具有理想的氨基酸和脂肪酸构成,尤其是必需氨基酸及鲜味氨基酸含量高,不饱和脂肪酸及饱和脂肪酸构成比例适宜。因此,综合各项测定指标江口萝卜猪在体重达80 kg左右屠宰较优。     

发酵乳及果酱中苯甲酸、山梨酸、糖精钠和安赛蜜的高效液相色谱法测定

建立发酵乳及果酱中苯甲酸、山梨酸、糖精钠和安赛蜜的反相高效液相色谱分析方法。用水做提取剂,在C18反相色谱柱上进行分离,采用乙酸铵缓冲溶液（20 mmoL/L,pH 4.6）-甲醇为流动相进行等度洗脱,用于苯甲酸和山梨酸测定时流动相A、B的体积比为85∶15,糖精钠和安赛蜜测定时为95∶5,采用紫外检测器在254 nm波长处检测,外标法定量。结果表明：发酵乳样品中苯甲酸、山梨酸、糖精钠和安赛蜜的添加量为1～20 mg/kg时,加标回收率为92.0%～102.4%;果酱样品中苯甲酸、山梨酸、糖精钠和安赛蜜的     

家蚕体内叶酸的存在形态和转换代谢

采用高效液相色谱 (high performanceliquidchromatography ,HPLC)技术 ,探讨了家蚕体内叶酸化合物的存在形态和转换代谢途径。用添加蝶酰谷氨酸 (pteroylglutamicacid ,PteGlu)的人工合成饲料饲育 5龄幼虫 ,其体内叶酸的主要存在型 ,血淋巴为PteGlu ;血淋巴以外的组织为四氢叶酸 (H4PteGlu)。脂肪体是H4PteGlu的主要储存场所。叶酸转换代谢酶的检索分析结果也证实家蚕缺乏哺乳动物体内的 5 ,10 亚甲四氢叶酸 ( 5 ,10 CH2 H4PteGlu)→ 5 甲基四氢叶酸 ( 5 CH3 H4PteGlu)→H4PteGlu转换途径。家蚕体内叶酸代谢方式简单 ,推测主要和核酸合成系、丝氨酸 /甘氨酸转换系相联系     

高效液相色谱法测定青贮饲料桑中的乳酸、乙酸和丙酸含量条件探讨

本文应用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）对青贮饲料桑中的乳酸、乙酸和丙酸含量测定进行了研究。通过对色谱柱、流动相、流速及样品处理条件进行优化，建立了一种应用HPLC法同时测定青贮饲料桑中乳酸、乙酸和丙酸含量的方法。研究结果表明：乳酸、乙酸和丙酸在一定浓度下具有良好的线性关系，且相关系数R2均大于0.999，加标回收率为98.35% ~ 104.24%，标准品中回收率和精密度试验相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.01%~0.58%，表明该方法准确性较好。3种物质检出限为4.928 ~ 9.489 mg/L，适用于青贮饲料桑中有机酸的定量检测。 [关键词] 高效液相色谱（HPLC）|青贮饲料桑|乳酸|乙酸|丙酸