盐酸沙拉沙星对禽猪致病菌的体外抗菌作用

本试验选用15株禽常见致病菌，用两倍试管稀释法对盐酸沙拉沙星进行最小抑菌浓度（MIC）测定，以给临床用药提供依据。结果表明沙拉沙星的抗菌谱广、抗菌活性强，对革兰氏阳性菌、阴性菌均有抑制作用，其中对革兰氏阴性菌尤其是对鸡大肠杆菌、鸡白痢沙门氏菌的作用较强。     

沙拉沙星等几种抗菌药物的体外抗菌作用及诱导耐药性的对比试验

本文研究了沙拉沙星的体外抗菌作用及诱导耐药性。结果表明:沙拉沙星抗菌谱广,尤其是对革兰氏阴性菌抗菌活性强,其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)大都小于或等于1.25μg/ml,明显优于环丙沙星、头孢氨苄和新霉素,对猪链球菌的抗菌作用较弱,其MIC为1.6μg/ml;沙拉沙星对鸡大肠杆菌O78、猪大肠杆菌O138、鸡白痢沙门氏菌C79-13、禽多杀性巴氏杆菌C48-1均可产生明显的抗菌后效应。细菌对沙拉沙星单步自发耐药频率低,虽然通过诱导试验可培育出耐药菌株,但对革兰氏阴性菌的抗菌作用明显优于几种对照药物。     

盐酸沙拉沙星在肉鸡组织中的残留

建立了肉鸡组织中盐酸沙拉少星的HPLC测定方法，并测定了肉鸡单次内服（每1kg体重10mg)和连续5d混饮（每1L饮水50mg）给药后组织中的沙拉沙星残留特征。组织样品用乙腈-氨水匀浆，离心后取上清液用正已烷-乙醚除脂，水相用磷酸酸化后作HPLC检测。色谱柱为Hypersil C18柱，此外检测波长280nm。流动相为乙腈-2%西丁基溴化铵（体积比10：90），用磷酸调pH值至2.5。肝脏、肾脏、肌肉中沙拉沙星的检测限为0.05μg/g，组织样品回收率均大于90%。鸡单次内服盐酸沙拉沙星后，24h内各组织中均可检出药物，48h后肝脏、肾脏、肌肉中药物残留量均低于0.05μg/g；混饮停药后，6h内肝脏、肾脏中可检出残留药物，12h后3种组织中残留量均低于0.05μg/g。结果表明，盐酸沙拉沙星的肉鸡组织中消除迅速，连续治疗剂量用药后组织中无药物蓄积。     

紫外分光光度法测定盐酸沙拉沙星可溶性粉中沙拉沙星方法的建立

为了快捷简便地测定盐酸沙拉沙星可溶性粉生产过程中沙拉沙星的含量,采用紫外分光光度法测定沙拉沙星的含量。结果表明,沙拉沙星对照品质量浓度在2.4μg/mL～12.0μg/mL范围内与吸收度呈良好的线性关系,线性回归方程A=0.088C+0.09,r=0.9999(n=5),平均回收率为99.74%,RSD=0.47%(n=5),与高效液相色谱法比较结果一致。     

高效液相法测定盐酸沙拉沙星制剂的含量

采用高效液相色法测定盐酸沙拉沙星制剂的含量,用Ｎａｖａ－ＰａｋＣ１８１５０＊３．９ｍｍ色谱柱,以０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ柠檬酸－０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ醋酸铵－乙腈（８０：１０：１８）为流动相,用高氯酸调ＰＨ至２．４;流速１．２ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ,检波波长２７４ｎｍ;线性范围０．２－１．２μｇ（ｒ＝０．９９９９）,平均回收率９９．７％,ＲＳＤ＝０．３％（ｎ＝７）。本方法简便,准确,适用该产品质量控制。     

盐酸沙拉沙星原料的毒理学研究

报告了盐酸沙拉沙星亚慢性毒性试验。结果表明:盐酸沙拉沙星对肉鸡安全性大,按推荐剂量(50～100毫克/升)的4倍使用,未观察到明显的毒副作用。故临床按50～100毫克/升自由饮水,连用3～5天,对肉鸡十分安全。     

猪排泄物中麻保沙星和盐酸沙拉沙星HPLC方法的建立

本研究建立了检测猪排泄物中盐酸沙拉沙星(Sarafloxacin,SAR)和麻保沙星(Marbofloxacin,MBF)2种氟喹诺酮类药物残留的高效液相色谱法,将采集的样品用甲醇:冰乙酸:去离子水=6:1:3的提取液进行提取,提取液用空气吹干。目标化合物采用HPLC-FLD检测,流动相为甲醇-柠檬酸溶液(0.05 mol/L),流速1 mL/min,进样量10μL,柱温35℃,荧光激发波长278 nm,发射波长495 nm。结果表明,SAR最低检测限为0.043 8μg/mL,MBF最低检测限是0.010 5μg/mL,猪排泄物中SAR和MBF在0.02～20μg/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系,R^2分别是0.999 9和0.999 8,猪排泄物中SAR的回收率是75.33%,MBF的回收率是82.05%,相对标准偏差小于10%,该方法对样品的前处理简单,对分析样品较为灵敏,可以对其检测分析提供参考。     

紫外分光光度法测定盐酸沙拉沙星原料的含量

建立紫外分光光度法测定盐酸沙拉沙星原料的含量。用0.1mol/L NaOH溶液为溶剂,在274nm波长处测定吸收度。结果沙拉沙星对照品质量浓度在2.4～12.0μg/mL范围内与吸收度呈良好的线性关系,线性回归方程A=0.089C+0.05,r=0.9999(n=5);平均回收率为99.74%,RSD=0.40%(n=5)。本方法操作简便、快捷、经济、结果准确,可用于盐酸沙拉沙星原料的含量测定。     

盐酸沙拉沙星注射液对鸡大肠杆菌病的疗效及安全性试验

盐酸沙拉沙里是最新竣诺酮类（Quinolones）抗菌药物,国内兽医界尚未见其疗效及安全性试验研究报道。为了对该药今后的生产及应用提供依据,笔者对齐鲁制药厂动物保健品分厂试制的盐酸沙拉沙星注射液,进行了人工感染鸡大肠杆菌病的疗效及安全性试验。1材料与方法1．1受试药物盐酸沙拉沙星注射液,含量为：29／100ml,齐鲁动物保健品厂试制生产。1．2对照药物盐酸环丙沙星水溶性粉剂,由市场购入,批号：970427209。1．3菌种大肠杆菌S。,中国兽药监察所提供,山东农业大学动科院微生物教研室保存。1．4试验动物宝万斯一尼拉蛋雏鸡,11日…     

盐酸黄连素纳米微乳的制备及体外抗菌活性比较

黄连素(俗称为小檗碱Berberine)是从毛茛科黄连等植物根茎中提取的一种季胺类异喹啉生物碱,临床上多用其盐酸盐[1]。盐酸黄连素作为抗菌药在临床上已应用多年,其疗效确切,是一种广谱抗菌药物,对多种革兰氏阳性、阴性细菌以及真菌、霉菌、病毒、原虫、线虫具有抑制杀灭作用[2]。     

龙脑油与阿莫西林的体外联合抑菌作用观察

龙脑油是龙脑樟新鲜枝叶经水蒸汽蒸馏得到的挥发油,已收录于2005版中国药典.<名医别录>称冰片为龙脑,为龙脑科植物龙脑香树DryobaLanopsaromatica Gaertn.f.的树脂中析出的天然结晶性化合物.     

豫北地区临床分离鸡大肠杆菌的体外抑菌作用测定

为了有效地治疗鸡大肠杆菌病,采用微量倍比稀释方法测定了17种抗菌药物对临床分离的豫北地区15株鸡大肠杆菌的体外最小抑菌浓度（MIC）,并根据其MIC及MIC范围（MICRange）使用SPSS 13.0中Probit过程计算出17种抗菌药物的MIC50和MIC90。结果表明：多粘菌素B的抑菌作用最强,MIC50、MIC90分别为0.11、0.87μg/mL;加替沙星的抑菌作用次之,MIC50、MIC90分别为2.53、3.88μg/mL,其它3种药物恩诺沙星、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星的抑菌作用相当,但不及加替沙星,MIC50、MIC90分别为10.11-11.79μg/mL、15.16-21.13μg/mL;多西环素和阿莫西林等12种抗菌药物的抑菌作用较小,MIC50、MIC90分别为18.53-388.50μg/mL和30.59-713.42μg/mL。     

一复方藏兽药体外抗菌活性及药效学实验研究

采用平皿法和液体稀释法对急性支气管炎验方制剂进行体外抗菌试验。以急性支气管炎验方制剂药液灌胃给药测定其对小鼠的无毒剂量,同时测定甲型溶血性链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、百日咳杆菌标准株对小鼠的最小致死量(MLD)。通过腹腔注射不同菌株(MLD 0.5mL)感染小鼠,以急性支气管炎验方制剂药液治疗。体外抗菌试验表明,急性支气管炎验方制剂对甲型溶血性链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、百日咳杆菌标准株均有不同程度的抑制和杀灭作用。药效学实验表明,该验方制剂对人工感染小鼠有不同程度的保护作用,与对照组比较差异显著。说明该验方可以进行临床治疗试验。本实验为扩大应用范围及成果转化奠定了基础。     

In vitro susceptibility of avian mycoplasmas to enrofloxacin, sarafloxacin, tylosin, and oxytetracycline.

In vitro susceptibility of avian Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) to enrofloxacin, sarafloxacin, tylosin, and oxytetracycline was determined by a serial broth dilution method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was recognized by a conversion of the pH indicator phenol red in culture media to a yellow color. Each isolate or type strain of mycoplasma was tested in two replicates. The MICs of tylosin, enrofloxacin, sarafloxacin, and oxytetracycline against five isolates and two reference strains of MG (approximately 10(5) colony-forming units [CFU]/ml) were 0.05, 0.14, 0.37, and 1.30 microg/ml, respectively. The MICs of the four antimicrobial agents against six isolates and one reference strain of MS (approximate 10(5) CFU/ml) were 0.13, 1.82, 1.76, and 0.91 microg/ml, respectively. There were no differences (P > 0.05) between tylosin, enrofloxacin, and sarafloxacin against MG, but these three antibiotics were different (P < 0.05) from oxytetracycline. The MIC value of tylosin against MS was different (P < 0.05) from those of sarafloxacin and enrofloxacin, but it was not different (P > 0.05) from that of oxytetracycline.     

In vitro antibacterial activity of the lactoperoxidase system towards enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli.

The lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide (LP) system inhibited the growth of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains responsible for scouring in neonatal and post-weaning piglets. An enzymatic system for hydrogen peroxide generation (glucose oxidase, GO; 0.1 U/ml) and a chemical source (sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate, SCP; 90 mg/l) were used in the LP system to test 19 strains in a 6-h growth assay at 37 degrees C. Only three strains were highly sensitive to the LP/GO system, while all exhibited significant growth inhibition with the LP/SCP system. Hydrogen peroxide alone had less effect than the complete system. The bactericidal activity of the LP/GO system towards a previously resistant strain was greatly increased by increasing the level of glucose oxidase in the system by three- or five-fold.     

黄芩等六种中草药的体外抑菌试验

应用平板打孔法和试管两倍稀释法检测了本地常见清热型中草药黄芩、青葙子、五色梅、一点红、鸡蛋花、少花龙葵等对沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌的抑制作用。结果表明:沙门氏菌对黄芩、一点红和鸡蛋花呈高度敏感,最小抑菌浓度在1/40～1/10之间;对少花龙葵呈中度敏感,最小抑菌浓度为大于1/10;而对青葙子和五色梅不敏感。大肠杆菌K88对黄芩、一点红、鸡蛋花和少花龙葵都呈高度敏感,黄芩和鸡蛋花的最小抑菌浓度在1/20～1/10;一点红和少花龙葵大于1/10;对青葙子和五色梅不敏感。大肠杆菌26和大肠杆菌40除对黄芩呈高度敏感外,对其他5种中草药均不敏感。     

水溶性甲壳胺体外抑菌活性的试验研究

用二倍稀释法测定 6种甲壳胺样品的最低抑菌浓度 (MIC) ,并根据MIC制作含有甲壳胺的普通琼脂培养基和药敏试纸片。结果表明 :编号为 1 #、 3 #、 4 #、 6 #甲壳胺在一定浓度时对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、巴氏杆菌均有不同的抑制作用 ;2 #、 5 #在试验所用浓度下抑菌效果不明显。用与MIC相同浓度配制的甲壳胺琼脂的抑菌作用与试管MIC法相同 ,而甲壳胺试纸片则需要 8个MIC才有抑菌作用。     

In vitro antibacterial activity of thymol and carvacrol and their effects on broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens

Background:In the post-antibiotic era,essential oils(EO) are promising alternatives to growth-promoting antibiotics.The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial activities of an EO product and its components thymol and carvacrol in vitro,and the efficacy of EO to control Clostridium perfringens challenge in broiler chickens.Results:The in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration assay showed strong antibacterial activity of the EO product,thymol,and carvacrol against pathogenic Escherichia coli,C.perfringens,and Salmonella strains,and weak activity towards beneficial Lactobacillus strains.Besides,an additive effect was observed between thymol and carvacrol.The in vivo study was carried out with 448 male broiler chicks following a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement to test the effects of EO supplementation(0,60,120,or 240 mg/kg EO in wheat-based diet),pathogen challenge(with or without oral gavage of C perfringens from day 14 to day 20) and their interactions.Each treatment consisted of eight replicate pens(seven birds/pen).The challenge led to macroscopic gut lesions,and resulted in a significant increase in ileal populations of C.perfringens and Escherichia subgroup(P 0.05) on day 21.Dietary EO supplementation did not influence C perfringens numbers,but linearly alleviated intestinal lesions on day 21 and 28(P=0.010 and 0.036,respectively),and decreased Escherichia populations in ileum with increased EO dosages(P=0.027 and 0.071 for day 21 and 28,respectively).For caecum,EO quadratically influenced Lactobacillus populations on day 21(p=0.002),and linearly decreased the numbers of total bacteria and Escherichia on day 28(P=0.026 and 0.060,respectively).Mean thymol and carvacrol concentrations in the small intestine were 0.21 and 0.20 μg/g in intestinal digesta(wet weight),respectively,for birds fed 60 mg/kg EO,and 0.80 and 0.71 μg/g,respectively,for birds fed 240 mg/kg EO.Conclusions:These results indicated that dietary EO supplementation could affect intestinal microbiota and alleviate intestinal lesions in broilers,which may contribute in controlling C.perfringens infection in broiler chickens.