CIP抗晚疫病、抗青枯病种质资源材料的筛选与评价

鉴于我国西南山区马铃薯主栽品种米拉的晚疫病抗性明显衰退，导致晚疫病大面积流行．青枯病也有蔓延趋势，严重威胁着马铃薯的发展，生产上急需新的抗病品种．根据所承担的国家“八五”马铃薯攻关任务，为抗病育种提供高水平的抗晚疫病，抗青枯病亲本材料，我们加强了种质资源的引进、鉴定、筛选和创新工作．１９９１年以来又筛选出１０份高抗晚疫病，８价高抗青枯病材料．     

CIP抗晚疫病,抗青枯病种质资源材料的筛选与评价

鉴于我国西南山区马铃薯主栽品种米拉的晚疫病抗性明显衰退，导致晚疫病大面积流行，青枯病也有蔓延趋势，严重威胁着马铃薯的发展。生产上急需新的抗病品种，根据所承担的国家“八五”马铃薯攻关任务，为抗病育种提供高水平的抗晚疫病，抗青枯病亲本材料，我们加强了种质资源的引进，鉴定，筛选和创新工作，１９９１年以来筛选出１０份高抗晚疫病，８份高抗青枯病材料。     

马铃薯防御酶系活性与其抗晚疫病的关系

应用比较生理学方法,以6个对晚疫病抗性不同的马铃薯品种为材料,研究无病原菌浸染及病原菌浸染后抗、感病品种的马铃薯叶片中防御酶系活性的变化与其抗晚疫病的关系。结果表明:无病原菌浸染及病原菌浸染后,抗病品种比感病品种有较高的PPO、POD和-β1,3-葡聚糖酶活性。因此认为PPO、POD和-β1,3-葡聚糖酶活性与马铃薯抗晚疫病有关。另外,接种后各指标测定结果均不同程度地高于无病原菌浸染时期,表明病原菌浸染后诱导马铃薯体内与抗晚疫病有关的防御酶活性升高。本研究从防御酶活性变化方面阐明马铃薯抗病的生理基础,为马铃薯抗病生理选种提供理论依据。     

12个马铃薯品种对晚疫病抗性比较与药剂防治

通过田间试验,探讨常用马铃薯晚疫病防治药剂对不同马铃薯品种晚疫病防治效果,对产量影响及筛选出对马铃薯晚疫病有抗性的品种。结果表明,田间晚疫病发病初期,银法利单用或与其他药剂混用均可以有效控制马铃薯晚疫病,并且增加田间产量;‘荷兰7’,‘黄麻子’、‘荷兰15’和‘尤金’为马铃薯晚疫病易感品种,因此田间管理要提前预防马铃薯晚疫病的发生;‘克新18号’、‘麦肯’、‘延薯4号’和‘克新13号’对晚疫病有较高的抗性;‘中兴202’、‘Lt-5’、‘夏波蒂’和‘克新1号’对晚疫病表现中抗,病害发生初期施药可以有效的控制病害扩展。     

晚疫病对利川市马铃薯生产的影响

利川市气候特点适于晚疫病发生,由于当地主栽品种晚疫病抗性丧失,药剂防治难以控制,给马铃薯生产造成严重影响,重灾年份减产达30%～50%,根据生产实际,推广抗晚疫病马铃薯新品种,是促进利川市马铃薯产业发展的最佳选择.     

化学杀秧对马铃薯晚疫病防病效果的研究

1　前　言我国目前在生产上对早熟马铃薯品种的晚疫病防治主要以生育后期的化学药剂防治为主。但由于近些年来生产上广泛使用的瑞毒霉等系列药剂已使晚疫病菌产生了抗药性 ,造成了防治效果的下降 ,而且药剂防治会对环境造成一定程度的污染。因此如何在少量药防的基础上采取其它措施而不降低晚疫病的防治效果 ,显得尤为必要。而化学试剂杀秧对马铃薯晚疫病的防病效果国内已有过报道 ,但何时杀秧对晚疫病防效最佳 ,尚未见详细研究。2　材料与方法供试品种为尤金 (原种 1代 ) ,该品种的茎叶和块茎均感晚疫病。 2 0 0 2年试验在黑龙江省农科院马…     

云南省部分马铃薯产区晚疫病菌抗药性测定

由致病疫霉菌(Phytophthora infestans)引起的马铃薯晚疫病是严重危害马铃薯生长和产量的主要病害之一。在马铃薯晚疫病的化学防治过程中,几乎所有马铃薯主产区都有马铃薯晚疫病菌抗药性的报道。对云南省马铃薯主产区晚疫病菌抗药性进行检测,明确云南省马铃薯产区晚疫病菌的抗药性情况。通过抑菌试验检测马铃薯晚疫病菌对甲霜灵、银法利和大生M-45的抗性,测定来自云南省5个马铃薯产区的53个菌株。结果表明,中甸、丽江、剑川、石林和小哨未发现对甲霜灵、银法利和大生M-45的抗性马铃薯晚疫病菌,上述药剂仍可以有效防治马铃薯晚疫病。     

基于效应子E38识别与NB-LRR富集测序挖掘抗晚疫病马铃薯资源

为挖掘抗晚疫病马铃薯资源,研究利用4个不同毒力的晚疫病菌株,基于离体叶片接种法对四倍体材料'陇薯12号'和'L05Nsr-j-1'进行抗性鉴定.结果表明'陇薯12号'高抗除"超级生理小种"CN152外的其余3个菌株,'L05Nsr-j-1'则对4个菌株均表现为高感;进一步利用晚疫病菌效应子E38在上述2份材料上进行农杆...     

墨西哥野生马铃薯Solanum pinnatisectum抗晚疫病及抗马铃薯甲虫新基因的遗传分析与分子标记(英文)

马铃薯晚疫病(Phytophthora infestans)和科罗拉多马铃薯甲虫(CPB)是马铃薯生产中最为严重的病虫害。培育高抗晚疫病和甲虫的马铃薯品种是加拿大马铃薯育种工作的重要组成部分。目前,我们实验室在二倍体1EBN墨西哥野生种中已鉴定出抗马铃薯晚疫病和甲虫的新基因,并利用原生质体融合技术成功的将其转移到栽培品种中。但是,培育出抗晚疫病和抗甲虫的马铃薯新品种仍然是一项艰难而繁杂的工作。为了加快分离抗性基因,建立与抗性基因紧密关联的DNA分子标记至关重要。本研究以感病的二倍体马铃薯品种S.cardiophyllum作为父本,与带有抗性基因的墨西哥野生种S.pinnatisectum杂交。用叶片离体鉴定的方法测试F1和BC1代群体的抗病性,从而筛选抗晚疫病和抗甲虫的植株。US-8/A2交配型病菌测试显示所有的F1代植株都表现出抗晚疫病,而在BC1群体中抗病与感病植株的比例为1:1。这个结果证明,在墨西哥野生种S.pinnatisectum中存在一个抗晚疫病的单显性基因Rpi1。马铃薯甲虫抗性检测中,BC1群体的抗虫性分离比例为1:3.这表明其对甲虫的抗性是由多基因遗传控制的。在F1和BC1群体中利用分子标记结合集团分离分析法(BSA)对S.pinnatisectum中的晚疫病抗性基因Rpi1进行精细作图。根据马铃薯第7条染色体上RFLP标记TG20A和CP56之间的EST和STS标记的序列信息,合成了27对特异性PCR引物。获得一些与抗晚疫病基因Rpi1相关联的新的DNA标记。对BC1群体中大量的个体植株进行的分析表明,在马铃薯第7条染色体上位于抗晚疫病基因Rpi1两侧的两个标记S1c9和GP127-300,它们与Rpi1基因的遗传距离分别为1.17cM和3.89cM。这些标记被用来筛选两个细菌人工染色体(BAC)文库,并分离出与晚疫病抗性相关的90-125kb的BAC克隆,这些克隆将在后续的工作中通过图位克隆的方法而用于分离晚疫病抗性基因。同时分离与甲虫抗性紧密相关的分子标记的工作正在进行中。     

马铃薯抗晚疫病机制的研究进展

马铃薯晚疫病是由致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestans)引起的马铃薯的毁灭性病害,严重威胁着马铃薯的生产。因此研究马铃薯抗晚疫病菌机制对于控制马铃薯病害尤为重要。本文从马铃薯的细胞结构、防御酶系、活性氧的变化以及介入马铃薯抗性的各种信号分子等几个方面叙述了近几年来马铃薯抗晚疫病机理的研究进展。     

黑龙江省马铃薯晚疫病菌交配型的研究

由致病疫霉Phytophthora infestans(Mont.)de Bary引起的晚疫病是目前危害马铃薯生产最严重的病害之一,明确A2交配型在黑龙江省的存在与否,对晚疫病防治策略的制订具有重要的指导意义。本研究将采自黑龙江省大兴安岭、嫩江、讷河、克山、海伦、绥棱、绥化、巴彦、呼兰、哈尔滨、双城、林口、望奎的马铃薯晚疫病样品进行分离纯化得到124个菌株,通过对峙培养鉴定方法进行交配型测定,结果显示:124个菌株中未发现A2交配型菌株,表明黑龙江省未出现马铃薯晚疫病A2交配型。     

Late blight resistant varieties for Cameroon

In October 1992 the first three late blight resistant varieties developed under local conditions were officially released in Cameroon. This resulted from the first four years of research collaboration between the Institute of Agricultural Research (IRA) of Cameroon and the International Potato Center (CIP). The three varieties were selected from a group of 95 advanced clones sent by CIP in early 1988. The new varieties are well adapted to the highlands of the country, where late blight is the main pathological constraint on potato production. CIPIRA (CIP 381381.13) is a variety with white skin, as compared to TUBIRA (CIP 381406.6) and BAMIRA (CIP 720055) which have a red skin. These varieties have shown a consistent late blight reaction between 1–3 (scale of l=immune to 9=highly susceptible) during the four years of field trial evaluations, a growing cycle of 90–125 days at elevations between 1,000-2,000 m, and an average potential yield of 30–40 ton/ha under low fertilizer inputs (60/60/40 kg NPK/ha). Seed will be available for distribution to farmers in late 1994, utilizing a basic seed production scheme based on mass production of rooted stem cuttings developed by the IRA/CIP Project in Cameroon.     

Twenty-five years of international potato research,a retrospective and forward look

Summary After an initial phase of development and programme establishment the activities of the International Potato Center (CIP) grew rapidly from 1981 to 1985, putting emphasis on germplasm distribution, research on diffused-light storage and TPS, and exploration of sources of resistance. Later, strong emphasis was given to genetic resource utilization and field resistance to late blight. The impact of CIP research showed internal rates of return ranging from 26 to 102 percent. At the end of the 1980s CIP's financial resources were cut severely and restructuring the programme was necessary. Through a careful process of prioritizing, programmes are identified which will contribute most to ensuring the continued increase of potato production in developing countries and to continuing the leading role of CIP in potato research.     

黑龙江省马铃薯晚疫病菌A_2交配型的测定

黑龙江省地处高纬地区,气候冷凉,是中国著名的马铃薯产区,但同时也是晚疫病常年发生区,明确是否存在晚疫病菌A2交配型对当地的晚疫病防治方法和策略具有重要影响。本文利用晚疫病菌A1和A2标准菌株,采用对峙培养法,对采自黑龙江省的马铃薯晚疫病菌进行了2年的交配型测定,结果表明,所测定的来自全省8个县市的109个菌株均为A1交配型,未见A2交配型。     

马铃薯晚疫病水平抗性杂交组合后代群体的晚疫病抗性评价

试验对CIP提供的26个马铃薯晚疫病水平抗性杂交组合的实生苗及其中选无性系进行了晚疫病鉴定。结果显示,实生苗阶段通过人工接种进行晚疫病鉴定筛选具有较高的准确性。供试杂交组合后代的晚疫病群体抗性表现为中等,按照9级标准统计,各病级分布呈典型的水平抗性分布。统计分析显示,组合间晚疫病病情指数没有显著差异。无性系连续2年的鉴定结果差异亦未达到显著水平,表现出较好的稳定性。     

Late blight resistant potato germplasm release AWN86514-2

Potato breeding selection AWN86514-2, Solanum tuberosum gp tuberosum, is being released as germplasm that is highly resistant to prevalent North American strains of Phytophthora infestans. This selection has been tested under field conditions in Mount Vernon, Washington (P. infestans US11 and US8 with complex virulence pathotypes), as well as Corvallis, Oregon, and eight other locations in North America (predominantly P. infestans US8) between 1994 and 1997. Both foliage and tubers show partial resistance. Although AWN86514-2 is pollen sterile, it can be successfully used as a female parent. An average of 34% of the progeny from crosses between AWN86514-2 and four susceptible clones were resistant to late blight when tested at Toluca, Mexico, in 1996. AWN86514-2 also has high resistance to Verticillium wilt and potato virus Y. AWN86514-2 is late maturing, with medium yields of smooth, longoblong, buffskinned tubers. Specific gravity is high and french fry color from 7 C (45 F) storage is excellent. The male parent of AWN86514-2 was Ranger Russet, a dual purpose french fry and fresh market variety, and the female parent was KSA195-96, a selection made at Aberdeen, Idaho, from Polish germplasm received as true seed from the Polish Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute. Possible sources of the late blight resistance in this clone include S. acaule, S. demissum, S. phureja, S. simiplicifolium, S. stoloniferum, and S. tuberosum gp andigena which are in the lineage of KSA195-96. This germplasm was developed and released by USDA-ARS in cooperation with the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.     

瓜类疫病研究进展

瓜类蔬菜是中国主要蔬菜种类,瓜类疫病迅猛发展,严重制约瓜类生产。文章综述了近几年来国内外瓜类疫病的病原菌种类、抗性鉴定技术、抗性机理、育种进展,针对当前生产上防治措施的问题,提出了瓜类疫病的防治策略。     

中国杂交水稻白叶枯病抗性的遗传改良

 20世纪80年代,中国杂交水稻抗白叶枯病育种进展迅速。在大面积种植的籼型三系和两系杂交稻中主要应用白叶枯病抗性基因Xa4,白叶枯病在生产中几乎“销声匿迹”了20年。但近年来,此病害却在长江流域一些种植新组合的稻田里又爆发了。什么原因引起它再度流行？品种的抗性是否还有效？抗病育种是否还是水稻改良的主要目标之一？通过哪些途径才能更有效地利用抗病基因培育出更为持久的抗性品种？为回答这些问题,就我国杂交水稻对白叶枯病抗性的改良,寄主与病菌群体的互动演变效应进行了分析,讨论了拓宽抗性遗传基础、白叶枯病菌毒性群体结构、基因轮换、合理利用基因等问题。 在采用了包括传统方法、分子标记辅助选择和转基因技术的综合策略后,杂交水稻抗白叶枯病育种研究将出现新的局面。     

Genetics and Improvement of Bacterial Blight Resistance of Hybrid Rice in China

Since 1980s,rice breeding for resistance to bacterial blight has been rapidly progressing in China. The gene Xa4 was mainly used in three-line indica hybrid and two-line hybrid rice. The disease has been ‘quiet’ for 20 years in China,yet in recent years it has gradually emerged and been prevalent in fields planted with newly released rice varieties in the Changjiang River valley. Under the circumstances,scientists inevitably raised several questions:what causes the resurgence and what should we do next? And...