沿江圩区局部洼地排涝模数关联因子分析及应用

沿江圩区局部洼地涝灾频发,是目前圩区涝灾治理的重点.针对局部洼地排涝特点,以扬州江都沿江开发区为例,通过排涝水文分析计算得到排涝模数与排涝面积、水面率、调蓄水深、暴雨重现期4种关联因子之间的关系,选取典型区对局部洼地涝灾进行成因分析,并在此基础上提出圩区内局部洼地涝灾的防治措施.结果表明:排涝面积与排涝模数的偏相关系数为-0.905,相关性最大;局部洼地排涝面积小,洪水汇流速度快,洪峰径流模数和排涝模数较大;局部洼地区缺乏小型河网、河流间距过大、水系布置不合理和采用排涝模数较低,是涝灾频发的主要原因.以关联因子分析和成因分析为基础,提出了通过缩小河流间距、增加水面率、充分发挥河道的调蓄作用等措施以防治涝灾的产生,并且提出了符合圩区局部洼地水情特征的一种排水管网与河道布置模式.     

东港镇勤新联圩排涝模数计算方法初探

合理确定圩区排涝模数对于降低涝灾损失具有重要意义.圩区内土地利用性质不同,产汇流机制和排涝标准也不同,但排涝模数计算方法基本一致.本文依据《江苏省暴雨洪水图集》材料,采用20年一遇最大24h暴雨设计,充分考虑圩内河道调蓄作用.以东港镇为例,对勤新联区排涝模数进行计算,同时对其他圩区的排涝模数计算提供借鉴.     

城市化圩区排涝模数及其与主要影响因子间的关系研究

随着社会经济的快速发展,我国南方圩区城市化进程加快,圩区内下垫面条件和排涝特点发生改变,原有农业圩区排涝模数计算方法不再适用。以江苏南部青阳园区为例,详述了城市化圩区排涝模数计算的平均排除方法,同时利用多元回归分析法定量得出了排涝模数与调蓄库容、综合径流系数3者之间的多元回归方程,回归方程通过了显著性检验。研究成果可以为圩区水系规划与水资源开发利用提供决策依据,也可为沿江城市化圩区排涝水文计算分析提供参考。     

混合圩区排涝布局优化研究

随着我国城市化进展加快,一些传统的农业圩区逐渐转型为半城区半农业的混合圩区,区内人口密集,经济发达,圩区排涝计算对保障人民生命安全,减少受涝损失有着重要意义。以往排涝分析只着重于排涝模数,排涝动力的计算,很少考虑对排涝动力的配置计算。采用回归分析法确定河道平均洪水位与泵站排涝能力线性函数关系,并运用最优化法最终确定排涝动力的布局。以广东肇庆大旺经济开发区为例,在确定排涝模数和排涝动力的基础上,通过分析计算,实现排涝动力的优化配置。     

圩区现状排涝标准反演分析研究

分析圩区的现状排涝能力和现状排涝标准,对于合理评估除涝减灾效益,探讨相应的治理对策具有重要现实意义。探讨了圩区现状排涝能力的影响因素,并对现状排涝能力的测算方法进行系统论述;借鉴平均排除法计算排涝模数的过程,提出用现状排涝模数反推典型降雨量,进而反演现状排涝标准。     

基于大系统分解协调技术的中小型圩区除涝排水规划探讨

以某圩区为例,依据中小型圩区排涝泵站的特点,以排涝泵站开机机组耗电费用最少为目标函数,以各时段机组开机台数为决策变量,特定排水标准下的排水水量为约束条件.采用大系统分解协调的方法,探讨了在满足特定排涝设计标准下该圩区内排涝泵站最优运行方式,对提高圩区排涝泵站管理水平,减少运行费用有一定的指导作用.     

改进平湖法的时间步长对排涝模数的影响探讨

改进平湖法是排涝规划中感潮河段水闸水力计算的重要方法。以上海某圩区为背景,针对改进平湖法在实际计算中时间步长的划分问题,研究了不同的时间步长对设计排涝模数的影响,得出在一定的范围内,随着时间步长的增大,排涝模数也增大的结论,并详细分析了产生这些结果的原因。可为利用改进平湖法进行水力计算时选取合理的时间间隔提供依据和参考。     

不受潮汐影响城镇圩区排涝泵站群常规调度方案优化

为降低不受潮汐影响城镇圩区排涝泵站群常规调度能耗,提出了排涝总能耗最小单目标选优和圩区内(外)河水位限制多目标去劣的优化方法。为圩区排涝泵站群常规调度确定若干种典型排水条件组合,对每组排水条件,以泵站为试验因素、各泵站不同的运行规则为试验水平、不同运行规则组合下的最小运行能耗为试验结果开展正交试验;对试验结果开展正交分析获得各泵站从优到劣不同运行规则组合序列。对每组运行规则序列,根据各泵站排水能力限制,应用动态规划法可获得圩区泵站群最低排涝能耗及对应的各泵站开机方案;对最低排涝能耗排序可获得圩区泵站群优化运行方案序列,进一步应用圩区内(外)河水位限制条件可获得圩区泵站群某排水条件下最优调度方案。以上海市城区某区域为实例,阐明了优化计算全过程,优化计算结果比现行调度方案的排涝能耗至少可节省6%。     

平原混合圩区排涝模数理论模型的研究与改进

随着城市化脚步的加快,越来越多的农业圩区逐渐发展成半城半农的混合圩区,随着圩区性质的转变,开展混合圩区排涝计算方法研究对于合理确定平原混合圩区的排涝系统规模具有重要的现实意义。在对现状排涝计算方法进行分析的基础上,提出了一种适用于混合圩区排涝计算的水量平衡法的改进算法,并将该方法应用于南京周岗圩地区的排涝计算中。结果表明:与传统的面积权重法相比,该算法引入了最高控制水位及期末水位等约束条件,兼顾了农田地区与城镇地区的排涝要求,排涝计算结果偏于安全。研究成果可为平原混合圩区排涝计算提供参考。     

基于SWAT和CLUE-S模型的不同土地利用方式对排涝模数的影响

【目的】研究土地利用方式变化对排涝模数的影响,优化区域排涝管理。【方法】选取湖北四湖流域螺山排区为研究区域,将流域水文模型SWAT和土地利用变化模型CLUE-S联合应用,设置了6种水旱比、5种水面率及5种城市化率的单因素变化(即其他2个因素不发生变化)条件下不同土地利用情景,应用CLUE-S模型模拟生成各情景下的土地利用空间分布图,建立了SWAT模型模拟不同土地利用情景的降雨径流过程,分析了不同土地利用方式对排涝模数的影响。【结果】在相同的设计暴雨、其他因素维持现状条件下:当水旱比由0增加到1时,排涝模数减小了0.117 m~3/(s·km~2);当水面率由0增加到20%时,排涝模数减小了0.111 m~3/(s·km~2);当城市化率由0增加到10%时,排涝模数增加了0.104 m~3/(s·km~2)。排涝模数随着水旱比和水面率的增大均呈减小趋势,随着城市化率的增大呈增大趋势。在相同设计暴雨、其他因素维持现状条件下:当水旱比由0增加到0.2时,排涝模数只减小了3.06%;当水面率由0增加到10%时,排涝模数减小了14.03%;当城市化率由0增大到10%时,排涝模数增大了16.67%。3种引起土地利用方式变化的因素中,排涝模数对水面率和城市化率变化的敏感程度相当,对二者的敏感程度明显大于水旱比。【结论】在未来区域规划中,可以通过增大水旱比、增大水面面积和限制城市扩张来减轻排涝压力,其中适当增大水面面积和限制城市扩张更加有效。     

Modeling the impact of alternative drainage practices in the northern Corn-belt with DRAINMOD-NII

The hydrologic and water quality impacts of subsurface drainage design and management practices are being investigated through field and simulation studies throughout the northern Corn-belt. Six years of data from an ongoing field study in south central Minnesota (Sands et al., 2008) were used to support a modeling effort with DRAINMOD-NII to investigate: (1) the performance of the model in a region where soils are subject to seasonal freeze-thaw and (2) the long-term hydrologic and water quality characteristics of conventional and alternative subsurface drainage practices. Post-calibration model prediction and efficiency were deemed satisfactory using standard model performance criteria. Prediction errors were primarily associated with early spring snowmelt hydrology and were attributed to the methods used for simulating snow accumulation and melting processes, in addition to potential sublimation effects on ET estimates. Long-term simulations with DRAINMOD-NII indicated that drainage design and/or management practices proposed as alternatives to conventional design may offer opportunities to reduce nitrate (NO₃)-nitrogen losses without significantly decreasing (and in some cases, increasing) crop yields for a Webster silty clay loam soil at Waseca, Minnesota. The simulation study indicated that both shallow drainage and controlled drainage may reduce annual drainage discharge and NO₃-nitrogen losses by 20-30%, while impacting crop yields from −3% (yield decrease) to 2%, depending on lateral drain spacing. The practice of increasing drainage intensity (decreasing drain spacing) beyond recommended values appears to not significantly affect crop yield but may substantially increase drainage discharge and nitrate-nitrogen losses to surface waters.     

Drainage design practices in France

Subsurface drainage annual rate boomed in France in late 70s and reached a steady rate of 130 000 hectares in 1982. As a consequence, better knowledge of drainage requirements, techniques and effects on farm management is requested. Emphasis has been put on preliminary survey planning. First of all extension and location of areas to be drained is determined with the help of farmers and local representatives within so-called “local juries”. Secondly, drainage recommandations are derived using the so-called “soil reference area” method. Drainage criteria and design methods are discussed on the basis of recent field experimental results. Drain spacing computation is related to tail recession stage; soil hydraulic properties are measured in situ using Guyon's pumping test. Subsurface and arterial drainage design rate are related to discharge exceedance duration curves and annual level of protection.     

Time-dependent drainage from root zone and drainage coefficient under different irrigation management levels for subsurface drainage design in Egypt

Drainage water from the lower boundary of the root zone is an important factor in the irrigated agricultural lands for prediction of the water table behavior and understanding and modeling of water and chemical movement in the soil profile. The drainage coefficient is an important parameter for the design of subsurface drainage. On a 33,138 ha of the Nile Delta in Egypt, this study is conducted using 90 irrigation periods over a 3-year crop rotation to estimate the time-dependent drainage from the root zone and the design subsurface drainage coefficient with different cropping seasons and irrigation management levels.The results showed that the cropping seasons and the irrigation management levels as indicated by different irrigation efficiency are significantly affected the drainage rate from the root zone and the design value of subsurface drainage coefficient. Drainage rates from the root zone of 1.72 mm/d and 0.82 mm/d were estimated for summer and winter seasons, respectively. These rates significantly decreased in a range of 46% to 92% during summer season and 60% to 98% during winter season when the irrigation efficiency is increased in a range of 5% to 15%. The subsurface drainage coefficient was estimated to be 1.09 mm/d whereas the design drain pipe capacity was estimated to be 2.2 mm/d, based on the peak discharge of the most critical crop (maize), rather than 4.0 mm/d which is currently used. A significant decrease of the drainage coefficient and the drain pipe capacity ranges from 18% to 45% was found with the increase of irrigation efficiency in a range of 5% to 15%. The leaching requirement for each crop was also estimated.     

Modeling subsurface drainage for salt load management in southeastern Australia

Subsurface drainage has been implemented in irrigation areas of South-eastern Australia to control water logging and land salinisation. Subsurface drainage has been identified as a major salt exporter from irrigated areas. The water table management simulation model DRAINMOD-S was evaluated to simulate daily water table depth, drain outflow, and salt loads by using experimental field data from a two year field trial was carried out in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area South-eastern Australia to study different options for subsurface drainage system design and management to reduce salt load export. Three subsurface drainage systems were modeled, deep widely spaced pipe drains, shallow closely spaced drains and deep pipe drains that were managed with weirs to prevent flow when the water table fell below 1.2 m. The reliability of the model has been evaluated by comparing observed and simulated values. Good agreement was found between the observed and simulated values. The model confirmed the field observations that shallow drains had the lowest salt load and that by managing deep drains with weirs salt loads could be significantly reduced. This work shows the value of the DRAINMOD-S model in being able to describe various drainage design and management strategies under the semi-arid conditions of South-eastern Australia. The model can now be used to investigate design and management options in detail for different site conditions. This will assist decision makers in providing appropriate subsurface drainage management policies to meet drainage disposal constraints within integrated water resources management planning.     

基于水动力耦合模型的平原地区排涝规划

针对滨海平原感潮河网地区水系流态复杂、受边界条件和工程调度影响显著的特点,遵循充分发掘水系调蓄能力、多闸联调和水闸优先抢排的原则,对感潮河网和湖泊分别构建一维和二维水动力数学模型,利用2种模型模拟水位、流量相等的条件,对一维和二维水动力数学模型进行耦合.以辽东湾新区水系排涝规划为例,对4种设计方案进行了分析对比,得出了河道断面和排涝闸门规模.结果表明：方案一和方案二中,河道断面尺寸不变时,排涝闸门规模偏小,造成上游水位偏高;方案三和方案四中,排涝闸门规模不变时,扩大河道断面尺寸对域内水位影响不大.从排涝能力和经济等角度综合考虑,选取方案四为最优方案.计算结果较好地反映了滨海平原感潮河网地区河道断面尺寸和排涝闸门规模对排涝能力的影响,可为区域工程设计和制定排涝方案提供技术保障.     

农田不同排水措施地下排水效果模拟试验研究

在地下水位较高、地表易于形成积水的中国南方地区,通过农田排水措施可以及时排除多余地表积水,快速降低地下水位,以达到排涝降渍、协同调控的目的.文中基于室内砂槽试验,揭示暗管排水、明沟排水、不同反滤体高度的反滤体排水及改进暗管排水等措施的地下排水规律及效果.结果表明:将暗管周围土体置换为高渗透性土体介质的改进暗管排水可明显提高排水流量,当土体置换高度达2 cm时(对应于田间条件40 cm),其排水流量均高于相同埋深条件下的其他排水措施,达暗管排水的1.59~1.66倍;改进暗排在地表积水消失时仍保持较大的排水流量,可达相同埋深暗管流量的2倍以上,在积水层消失后,能迅速降低农田土壤水的渍害胁迫,将地下水位降低至暗管埋设高度;各种排水措施,在地表积水即将消失时,出现了流量与水头变化幅度较大的现象.相对于各种地下排水措施,改进暗管排水在除涝降渍中存在明显优势.研究结果可为涝渍灾害易发地区高效除涝降渍减灾工程设计和建设提供参考.     

A new approach to water management of tropical peatlands: a case study from Malaysia

The use of peatlands in the humid tropics requires drainage to remove excess rainfall. The design principles for the drainage systems currently being implemented on peatlands are the same as for mineral soils. The objective of such systems is the timely removal of excess rainfall by surface runoff. For peatlands, with their different soil-hydraulic characteristics, these systems have resulted in poor watertable control and high rates of irreversible subsidence. Concerns about this rate of subsidence and the level of sustainability of the present land use have prompted a study to develop a new water management system. This new system includes a shift from a drainage system that focuses on discharge of excess water towards a system that combines drainage and water conservation. In the new two-step design, the drain spacing and corresponding drain discharges are obtained with a steady-state approach. These outputs are used to calculate the capacity of the drains, including control structures, using an unsteady-state approach. The new system results in a shallower but more narrowly spaced drainage system and maintains a more constant but relatively high watertable and reduces subsidence. It should be remembered however, that even with the improved water management, subsidence cannot be arrested; it is the price one has to pay for the use of tropical peatlands.     

Verification of drainage design criteria in the Nile Delta,Egypt

A monitoring programme to verify the design criteria of subsurface drainage systems was conducted in a pilot area in the Nile Delta in Egypt. The programme, which covered a 9-year period, included the monitoring of the cropping pattern, crop yield, soil salinity, watertable, discharge and salinity of the drainage water and overpressure in the subsurface drainage system. The results showed that the yield of all crops (wheat, berseem, maize, rice and cotton) increased significantly after the installation of the subsurface drainage system. Optimum growing conditions for the combination of crops that are cultivated in rotation in the area required that the watertable midway between the drains had a average depth of 0.80 m. A corresponding drain discharge of 0.4 mm/d was sufficient to cope with the prevailing percolation losses of irrigation water and to maintain favourable soil-salinity levels. The additional natural drainage rate in the area was estimated at 0.5 mm/d. The most effective way to attain these favourable drainage conditions is to install drains at a depth between 1.20 to 1.40 m. For drain-pipe capacity the Manning equation can be used with a design rate of 1.2 mm/d, for collector drains this rate should be increased to 1.8 mm/d to compensate for the higher discharge rates from rice fields. These rates should be used in combination with a roughness coefficient (n) of 0.028 to take sedimentation and irregularities in the alignment into account. When this value of the roughness coefficient is used, no additional safety has to be incorporated in the other design factors (e.g. the design rate).     

Analysis of groundwater behaviour in a farmer controlled subsurface tile drainage system in Mardan, Pakistan

Extensive subsurface drainage system was installed in districtMardan in the North West Frontier Provinceof Pakistan in 1987 to control increasingwater logging and salinity problems due tocanal irrigation. Several recentlycompleted fields studies have indicatedthat subsurface drainage system hasenormously lowered watertable in certainareas due to extensive drainage network. Therefore, a study of controlled subsurfacedrainage technique was initiated in MardanScarp area to observe the temporal andspatial variations in water table depths ofthis specific case under various modes ofcanal irrigation and monsoon rains. Twoartificially drained areas, consisting of40 ha and 160 ha respectively, werecontrolled and selected for extensivemonitoring. A total of 98 observationswells (7.6 cm dia. and 4.1 m depth) wereinstalled in between lateral drains toobserve water table fluctuation. Theresults of this study are very interesting.Each of the two areas monitored in thestudy behaved differently. It was observedthat in one of the areas design water tabledepth at 1.1 m was maintained with properfunctioning of the controlled techniqueapplied to the subsurface drainage system. The results from this area showed that 25to 55% of the time throughout the yearachieved this objective whereas in thesecond area desired water table could notbe maintained and water table depth in thisarea remained between 2.0 to 2.7 m causingunnecessary water stress to plants. Alsoit was observed that watertable in theformer area is mostly controlled by thefunctional behavior of the irrigationcanal. In addition, the proper functioningof controlled techniques in subsurfacedrainage system supplemented veryefficiently to retain the groundwater levelto the optimal limits in dry season and tothe design ones in the others for timelyneeds of the crops. Also rainfalls havesignificant impact on the spatial andtemporal behaviors of water table depths inboth the areas during the monsoon season.     

塑料大棚控制排水系统设计及水管理研究

采用水管理软件DRAINMOD,以SEW30为指标,确定塑料大棚暗管控制排水系统的间距和埋深。然后根据淋洗土壤盐分的需要,选取不同降雨水平年,采用不同的暗管控制排水出口深度及不同的灌水量,共组合成9种方案,以SEW30、土壤0~60 cm土层盐分脱减率、排水量作为评价指标,分析出研究区不同降雨水平年的水管理方案：丰水年...