中国退耕还林工程固碳现状及固碳潜力估算

为了科学评估中国退耕还林工程的固碳能力,收集整理了退耕还林一期工程（1999—2010年）详细的造林资料,结合中国主要树种的蓄积量（生物量）生长曲线和退耕还林前后土壤有机碳变化特征及各树种碳储量计算的相关参数,估算退耕还林工程1999—2050年的固碳量及其变化。结果表明：截至2010年,退耕还林工程造林总固碳量（土壤和植被）为355.87 Tg;工程实施期间,造林后期固碳量显著大于造林前期,平均每年固碳量为29.66 Tg;工程林固碳增汇潜力不断增加,预计到2050年中国退耕还林工程的固碳增汇潜力为1 234.04 Tg。因此,中国的退耕还林工程产生了巨大的碳汇效益。     

洞庭湖湿地植被系统的碳贮量及其分配

利用生物量调查和实验数据.对洞庭湖湿地植被生态系统的碳密度、碳贮量及其分配进行研究.结果表明:乔木层植被碳密度为15.607～40.501 t/hm~2,草本层植被为5.906～21.632 t/hm~2.水生植物植被1.460～3.492 t/hm~2,平均14.954 t/hm~2比温带地区湿地植物碳密度高;未受干扰草甸土壤碳密度为260.510 t/hm~2,每年收获产品草甸是185.492 t/hm~2,林地234.513 t/hm~2,水生植物土壤为206.882 t/hm~2,低于全国湿地土壤平均值.碳贮量分配中.植被层、凋落物层和土壤层的碳贮量分别占各植被类型系统碳的总贮量的0.47%～14.69%,0.29%～1.10%和84.54%～99.53%.每年收获部分产品的草甸土壤碳密度只有未受人为干扰草甸的71.2%,原生草本植物草地改造成林地后,6年的时间,土壤的碳密度减少了10%.因此,控制人为干扰,防止湿地破碎化、保护好湿地、保证湿地的固碳潜力,是湿地管理中应该优先考虑的问题.     

太行山区不同土地利用方式下土壤碳贮量的研究

通过实测对比分析了太行山区不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳贮量的变化。研究结果表明：（1）不同土地利用方式下，土壤有机碳含量有明显差异，总的趋势是经济林（板栗林）〉水土保持林〉农田；（2）各种土地利用方式下，土壤有机碳和有机碳密度均随土壤深度增加呈现递减的趋势，但土地利用方式不同，其减少程度不同，农田土壤有机碳含量在土层深度上变化较小；（3）研究区域土壤总碳贮量为41573．67t，土壤碳贮量以经济林（板栗林）最大，达到了46．02％，水土保持林次之，而农田贡献最小，仅占5．43％。分析表明：土地利用方式对陆地生态系统碳贮量有明显影响，通过调整土地利用方式可以增加土地生态系统的碳贮量；经济林虽然人为干扰较为强烈，但由于人为投入较大，土壤碳贮量仍能保持较高的水平。     

毛竹林地土壤团聚体稳定性及其对碳贮量影响研究

通过对集约经营毛竹林地土壤团聚体的测定,结果表明毛竹林地3个土壤层次各粒径团聚体分布特征为>5 mm的含量在土壤团粒结构中占主导地位,占总团聚体的比例为26.39%~42.38%;其次为1~5 mm含量,占14%~18%;<0.25 mm的含量最小,占2.31%~6.73%。毛竹林土壤团聚体平均重量直径平均值为0.90 mm,并且随着土壤层次的增加有逐渐增加的趋势。毛竹林地土壤总有机碳的积累与0.25~3.15 mm土壤团聚体中有机碳含量呈显著相关,与>3.15 mm和<0.25 mm团聚体有机碳含量相关不显著。毛竹林地0~20 cm土壤层中,分布在>5 mm和3.15~5 mm粒径土壤团聚体中的有机碳比例分别为14.86%和11.26%,低于20~40 cm和40~60 cm土壤。这也说明,长期集约经营毛竹林后,林地土壤有机碳含量下降的主要原因可能是>5 mm粒径土壤团聚体有机碳含量下降。     

西藏草地生态系统植被碳贮量及其影响因子分析

在广泛收集资料的基础上,利用平均碳密度方法,估算了西藏草地生态系统中17类草地植被的碳贮量,并分析了其影响因子。结果表明:(1)17类草地植被总面积为8 205.194×10~4hm~2,草地植被总碳贮量为189.367 TgC,草地植被平均碳密度为2.308 t/hm~2,不同草地植被类型差异较大,在0.396～20.471 t/hm~2之间波动;(2)从区域分布来看,阿里、那曲、日喀则3地区,既是西藏草地主要的分布区,分布面积占西藏草地总面积的84.156%,又是西藏草地生态系统碳贮量的主要贮藏库,其中植被碳贮量占整个17类草地植被碳贮量的60.278%;(3)采用逐步回归模型和主成分分析方法,分析了气候因子对西藏草地植被碳贮量的影响程度,指出降水对草地植被碳贮量的贡献大于气温。     

太行山丘陵区群落演替进程中碳贮量变化特征

为了解植被演替过程中碳贮量分布格局,以太行山丘陵区典型群落为研究对象,采用样地调查法,对其生态系统碳贮量进行了研究.结果表明:(1)土壤碳密度随演替进程逐渐提高,其排序为:乔木阶段(58.3 t/hm2)＞灌丛阶段(43.1 t/hm2)＞草本阶段(20.47 t/hm2);(2)土壤活性有机碳含量随演替进程呈逐渐增高的趋势.其含量排序为:乔木阶段(0.94%)＞灌丛阶段(0.84%)＞草本阶段(0.34%);(3)在群落演替的过程中,植被碳贮量逐渐增加,栓皮栎群落最高,达40.30 t/hm2;草本群落阶段最低(1.34 t/hm2);灌木群落居中(8.26 t/hm2).在碳贮量构成中,乔、灌群落的乔木层碳贮量所占比重最高;草本层所占比例最小.草本层碳贮量所占比例随演替进程呈下降趋势.(4)生态系统碳总贮量随演替进程呈上升态势.由草本阶段的21.81 t/hm2,增加到灌木阶段的51.36 t/hm2,乔木群落阶段达到最大,为92.63 t/hm2.生态系统碳贮量增加约4.3倍.在碳贮量构成中,土壤碳储量所占比重最大.土壤碳贮量占总贮量的比重随演替进程呈下降趋势.     

采伐剩余物处理方式对杉木人工林固碳量的长期影响

在全球气候变化背景下,人工林的适应性管理对固碳潜力的提升具有重要影响。应用加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚大学开发的FORECAST森林生态系统管理模型,通过外业调查、查找相关文献资源等方式收集不同立地条件下杉木林分的生物量积累、林分密度、光响应曲线及土壤养分方面的数据。模型经过校准和检验后,模拟不同采伐剩余物处理方式对杉木人工林固碳量的影响。结果表明:SO处理(采伐茎干,采伐剩余物留在林地)对杉木林长期固碳效果最好;FR处理其次(采伐茎干,清除地上部分采伐剩余物),而WH(全树采伐,清除所有采伐剩余物)和SB(采伐后,火烧采伐剩余物)固碳效果最差。该研究可为杉木人工林的可持续经营提供理论依据。     

连栽对杉木人工林碳贮量的影响研究

选择不同栽植代数(1、23、代)、不同发育阶段(幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林)的杉木人工林进行不同栽植代数杉木林含C率、C贮量和年净固C量比较研究结果表明,不同栽植代数杉木林的含C率在45%~55%之间,不同代数间差异不明显,同一栽植代数相同发育阶段杉木林乔木层各器官含C率表现为皮>叶>干>根>枝。随栽植代数增加,杉木林C贮量和年净固C量明显降低,但不同发育阶段杉木林代数间差异程度不同,中龄林代数间差异最明显,与1代中龄林相比,2、3代杉木林C贮量分别下降16.98%和63.60%,年净固C量分别下降14.01%和25.14%。     

苏北海堤林带树木根系固土功能研究

该文通过对海堤林带树木根系及土壤抗冲，抗蚀和渗透性的测定分析，发现同一地段土壤的抗冲，抗蚀指数表土层大于底土层。树木根系，尤其是根径≤２ｍｍ的细根有较强的固特土壤功能，抗冲指数与根长，根量间有明显的相关性，单相关系数分别为０．９３２６和０．８２５６。吸机质含量高的土壤抗蚀性强，抗蚀指数大，与有机含量间的相关系为０．８９３１，与细根的根长和根量的相关性相对较低，单相关系数分别为０．８２１６和０．７４     

白洋淀湿地典型植被芦苇储碳固碳功能研究

湿地生态系统具有很强的储碳、固碳能力,在全球碳循环中占有重要地位。在实地调查和实验室测定的基础上,研究了白洋淀湿地芦苇（Phragraites austrdis（Cav．）Trin．Ex Steudel）的现存生物量和初级生产,并根据光合作用原理测算了其碳储量和固碳能力,进而从光能利用率的角度探讨了其固碳潜力。结果表明,白洋淀湿地芦苇的碳储量较大,为2．52-3．44kg·m^-2,平均2．9kg·m^-2,且地下部分的生物量大于地上部分,两者比值为2．38—3．30,平均2．90,地下部分碳储量是地上部分的近3倍。白洋淀湿地芦苇具有较强的固碳能力,为0．82～1．65kg·m^-2·^-1,是全国陆地植被平均固碳能力的1．7～3．4倍,全球植被平均固碳能力的2．0-4．0倍。白洋淀湿地芦苇的光能利用率仅为0．6％-1．2％,若提高到植物理论最大光能利用率5％～6％,则固碳能力可较目前提高3．2-9．0倍,达到6．60-8．25kg·m^-2·a^-1,潜力很大。     

河北省北部森林植被碳储量和固碳速率研究

为了了解河北省北部森林植被固碳能力,本文以该区域阔叶林、针叶林、混交林、经济林和灌丛为研究对象,基于政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)推荐采用的加拿大林业碳收支模型(CBM-CFS3),利用第7次全国森林资源连续清查数据和野外森林植被调查样地数据,拟合出研究区的蓄积-生物量转换参数和林木器官生物量比例参数,建立研究区内不同森林植被类型的蓄积生长方程、蓄积-干材生物量转换方程、生物量组分比例方程,采用这些方程评估了2010年河北省北部森林生态系统植被碳储量、碳密度和固碳速率。结果表明:拟合的不同森林植被蓄积生长方程的决定系数均大于0.7,蓄积-干材生物量转换方程的决定系数均大于0.8,生物量组分比例方程拟合效果较好,可用于评估该区域森林植被碳汇功能和潜力。2010年河北省北部森林植被碳储量为59.66 Tg(C),平均森林植被碳密度为25.05 Mg(C)×hm~(-2),森林植被固碳速率为0.07~1.87Mg(C)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1);其中阔叶林、针叶林、混交林、经济林碳储量和碳密度分别为30.97 Tg(C)、12.36 Tg(C)、15.73Tg(C)、0.60 Tg(C)和26.09 Mg(C)×hm~(-2)、26.14 Mg(C)×hm~(-2)、24.50 Mg(C)×hm~(-2)、7.53 Mg(C)×hm~(-2)。河北省北部森林植被碳密度与固碳速率均从西北到东南呈升高趋势。造林后森林面积增加6 400 km2,森林植被碳储量增加19.54 Tg(C)(不包括灌丛);林龄结构以中幼龄林为主,未来森林固碳潜力巨大。说明造林在增加森林植被碳储量和提高森林的固碳速率中起到了重要作用。     

Mitigation of atmospheric CO2 concentrations by increased carbon sequestration in the soil

 The International Panel on Climate Change distinguished three main options for the mitigation of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations by the agricultural sector: (1) reduction of agriculture-related emissions, (2) creation and strengthening of C sinks in the soil, and (3) production of biofuels to replace fossil fuels. Options for sustained sequestration of C in the soil through adapted management of land resources are reviewed in the context of the ongoing discussion on the need to reduce greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Enhanced sequestration of atmospheric CO₂ in the soil, ultimately as stable humus, may well prove a more lasting solution than (temporarily) sequestering CO₂ in the standing biomass through reforestation and afforestation. Such actions will also help to reverse processes of land degradation, thus contributing to sustained food productivity and security for the people in the regions concerned. Received: 1 December 1997     

Modeling long-term soil carbon dynamics and sequestration potential in semi-arid agro-ecosystems

Long-term soil carbon (C) dynamics in agro-ecosystems is controlled by interactions of climate, soil and agronomic management. A modeling approach is a useful tool to understand the interactions, especially over long climatic sequences. In this paper, we examine the performance of the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) to predict the long-term soil C dynamics under various agricultural practices at four semi-arid sites across the wheat-belt of eastern Australia. We further assessed the underlying factors that regulate soil C dynamics in the top 30 cm of soil through scenario analysis using the validated model. The results show that APSIM is able to predict aboveground biomass production and soil C dynamics at the study sites. Scenario analyses indicate that nitrogen (N) fertilization combined with residue retention (SR) has the potential to significantly slow or reverse the loss of C from agricultural soils. Optimal N fertilization (N_opt) and 100% SR, increased soil C by 13%, 46% and 45% at Warra, Wagga Wagga and Tarelee, respectively. Continuous lucerne pasture was the most efficient strategy to accumulate soil C, resulting in increases of 49%, 57% and 50% at Warra, Wagga Wagga and Tarlee, respectively. In contrast, soil C decreases regardless of agricultural practices as a result of cultivation of natural soils at the Brigalow site. Soil C input, proportional to the amount of retained residue, is a significant predictor of soil C change. At each site, water and nitrogen availability and their interaction, explain more than 59% of the variation in soil C. Across the four sites, mean air temperature has significant (P < 0.05) effects on soil C change. There was greater soil C loss at sites with higher temperature. Our simulations suggest that detailed information on agricultural practices, land use history and local environmental conditions must be explicitly specified to be able to make plausible predictions of the soil C balance in agro-ecosystems at different agro-ecological scales.     

Enhancing crop productivity for recarbonizing soil

Plants capture atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) for carbon (C) assimilation through photosynthesis, with the photosynthates stored as plant biomass (above- and below-ground plant parts). The C stored as living biomass is a short-term C sequestration strategy, whereas soil organic carbon (SOC) is a long-term C sequestration strategy. In this regard, plant roots are the primary route of C entry into the SOC pool. Through establishing a recalcitrant SOC pool, long-term sequestration can potentially offset the C losses caused by soil degradation in industrial and pre-industrial eras. Over the next 50–100 years, implementing effective agricultural practices could sequester 80–130 GT (10⁹) C as SOC. Carbon, as the primary elemental component of soil organic matter, plays a significant role in shaping the soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties, ultimately influencing soil biomass productivity. By enhancing crop productivity and biomass production, farmers can increase C sequestration, creating a positive feedback loop that contributes to overall C sequestration. Carbon sequestration has numerous co-benefits, including climate change mitigation, ecosystem health, food security, and farm profitability. Adopting conservation agriculture and site-specific practices and developing crop and pasture genotypes with high yields and C sequestration potential should significantly improve crop productivity and C sequestration simultaneously. This opinion article delves into the nexus between photosynthesis and soil C sequestration, highlighting its significance in enhancing farm productivity while mitigating climate change.     

发展碳汇林业 应对气候变化——中国碳汇林业的实践与管理

 在阐述林业在应对气候变化中的功能与作用,辨析森林碳汇、林业碳汇、碳汇林业的概念和意义的基础上,总结中国碳汇林业的实践。据此,提出加强碳汇林业管理的建议:以实施《应对气候变化林业行动计划》为主线,加强全国森林碳汇计量、监测体系建设和碳汇项目计量队伍资质管理,促进低碳经济林业试点工作。     

Carbon sequestration and relationship between carbon addition and storage under rainfed soybean–wheat rotation in a sandy loam soil of the Indian Himalayas

Soil organic matter (SOM) contributes to the productivity and physical properties of soils. Although crop productivity is sustained mainly through the application of organic manure in the Indian Himalayas, no information is available on the effects of long-term manure addition along with mineral fertilizers on C sequestration and the contribution of total C input towards soil organic C (SOC) storage. We analyzed results of a long-term experiment, initiated in 1973 on a sandy loam soil under rainfed conditions to determine the influence of different combinations of NPK fertilizer and fertilizer + farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 Mg ha⁻¹ on SOC content and its changes in the 0–45 cm soil depth. Concentration of SOC increased 40 and 70% in the NPK + FYM-treated plots as compared to NPK (43.1 Mg C ha⁻¹) and unfertilized control plots (35.5 Mg C ha⁻¹), respectively. Average annual contribution of C input from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) was 29% and that from wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Emend. Flori and Paol) was 24% of the harvestable above-ground biomass yield. Annual gross C input and annual rate of total SOC enrichment were 4852 and 900 kg C ha⁻¹, respectively, for the plots under NPK + FYM. It was estimated that 19% of the gross C input contributed towards the increase in SOC content. C loss from native SOM during 30 years averaged 61 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The estimated quantity of biomass C required to maintain equilibrium SOM content was 321 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The total annual C input by the soybean–wheat rotation in the plots under unfertilized control was 890 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Thus, increase in SOC concentration under long-term (30 years) rainfed soybean–wheat cropping was due to the fact that annual C input by the system was higher than the required amount to maintaining equilibrium SOM content.     

农田土壤有机碳固定机制及其影响因子研究进展

全球气候变暖引起的环境问题已经引起各国政府及科学家的密切关注。农田土壤作为大气CO2的源和库,在全球碳循环中的重要角色日渐被认识。本文围绕土壤固碳的基本问题,总结了农田土壤固碳潜力、土壤有机碳固定机制及其影响因素的国内外研究进展。国内研究表明,目前耕地的地力不稳,土壤有机碳密度较低,农田土壤固碳的潜力较大。因此,加强不同区域农田土壤固碳潜力、固碳过程、固碳机理等方面的研究,设计合理优化的农业管理措施,是今后研究的重点。     

Potential for soil carbon sequestration of eroded areas in subtropical China

Soil plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, and carbon sequestration in soil is important for mitigating global climate change. Historically, soil erosion led to great reductions of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in China. Fortunately, with the economic development and remarkably effective soil erosion control measures in subtropical China over the past 20 years, soil erosion has been greatly decreased. As a result, soil organic carbon sequestration has gradually increased due to the rapid recovery of vegetation in the area. However, little information exists concerning the potential of soil carbon sequestration in the area. This paper introduces a case study in Xingguo County, Jiangxi Province, China, which used to be a typical area with significant soil loss in subtropical China. This work represents a systematic investigation of the interrelations of carbon sequestration potential with soil erosion types, altitudes, soil types and soil parent materials. In this study, 284 soil samples were collected from 151 sampling sites (51 are soil profile sites) to determine soil physicochemical properties including organic carbon content. Soil organic carbon distribution maps of the surface layer (0–20 cm) and whole profile (0–100 cm) were compiled by linking soil types to the polygons of digital soil maps using GIS. Assuming that SOC was lost following the destruction of native vegetation, these lands hold great promise for potentially sequestering carbon again. The potential of soil carbon sequestration in the study area was estimated by subtracting the organic carbon status in eroded soils from that in non-eroded soils under undisturbed forest. Results show that the potential of SOC in the surface layer is 4.47 Tg C while that in the whole profile is 12.3 Tg C for the entire county. The greatest potential for carbon sequestration (3.72 Tg C) is found in severely eroded soil, while non-eroded soil has the smallest potential. Also, soil carbon sequestration potential decreases with increasing altitude. Soils at altitudes of <300 m show the greatest potential (5.01 Tg C), while those of >800 m have the smallest potential (0.25 Tg C). Among various soil types, red earths (Humic Acrisols) have the greatest potential of carbon sequestration (5.32 Tg C), and yellow earths (Ferralic Cambisols) have the smallest (0.15 Tg C). As for soils derived from various parent materials, soils derived from phyllite possess the greatest carbon sequestration potential, and soils from Quaternary red clays have the smallest.     

Re‐evaluating the biophysical and technologically attainable potential of topsoil carbon sequestration in China's cropland

To assess the topsoil carbon sequestration potential (CSP) of China's cropland, two different estimates were made: (i) a biophysical potential (BP) using a saturation limit approach based on soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation dynamics and a storage restoration approach from the cultivation‐induced SOC loss, and (ii) a technically attainable potential (TAP) with a scenario estimation approach using SOC increases under best management practices (BMPs) in agriculture. Thus, the BP is projected to be the gap in recent SOC storage to either the saturation capacity or to the SOC storage of uncultivated soil, while the TAP is the overall increase over the current SOC storage that could be achieved with the extension of BMPs. The recent mean SOC density of China's cropland was estimated to be 36.44 t/ha, with a BP estimate of 2.21 Pg C by a saturation approach and 2.95 Pg C by the storage restoration method. An overall TAP of 0.62 Pg C and 0.98 Pg C was predicted for conservation tillage plus straw return and recommended fertilizer applications, respectively. This TAP is comparable to 40–60% of total CO₂ emissions from Chinese energy production in 2007. Therefore, carbon sequestration in China's cropland is recommended for enhancing China's mitigation capacity for climate change. However, priority should be given to the vast dry cropland areas of China, as the CSP of China is based predominantly on the dry cropland.     

Soil carbon sequestration with continuous no-till management of grain cropping systems in the Virginia coastal plain

Carbon sequestration in agroecosystems represents a significant opportunity to offset a portion of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. Climatic conditions in the Virginia coastal plain and modern production practices make it possible for high annual photosynthetic CO₂ fixation. There is potential to sequester a substantial amount of C, and concomitantly improve soil quality, with the elimination of tillage for crop production in this region. The objectives of our research were to: (1) measure C sequestration rate with continuous no-till management of grain cropping systems of the Virginia middle coastal plain; (2) determine the influence of biosolids application history on C content and its interaction with tillage management; and (3) evaluate the impact of continuous no-till C stratification as an indicator of soil quality. Samples were collected from 63 sites in production fields using a rotation of corn (Zea mays L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)/soybean double-crop (Glysine max L.) across three soil series [Bojac (coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults), Altavista (fine-loamy, mixed semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults), and Kempsville (fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults)] with a history of continuous no-till management ranging from 0 to 14 years. Thirty-two of the sites had a history of biosolids application. Five soil cores were collected at each site from 0–2.5, 2.5–7.5 and 7.5–15 cm and analyzed for bulk density and soil C. Bulk density in the 0–2.5 cm layer decreased and C stratification ratio (0–2.5 cm:7.5–15 cm) increased with increasing duration of continuous no-till due to the accumulation of organic matter at the soil surface. A history of biosolids application resulted in an increase of 4.19 ± 1.93 Mg C ha⁻¹ (0–15 cm). Continuous no-till resulted in the sequestration of 0.308 ± 0.280 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (0–15 cm). Our results provide quantitative validation of the C sequestration rate and improved soil quality with continuous no-till management in the region using on-farm observations.