小麦二混合种的产量优势及其成员品种的生态组合力研究

利用３个耐盐小麦品种和４个普通丰产品种，按不完全双列混合配法等量混配成１２个二系混合种，在花碱地上研究了小麦二系混合的混合优势及其７个成员品种的生态组合力。结果表明，小麦二混合种的混合优势普遍存在，且组合间的混合优势差异显著，平均优势幅度为－４．５％～２０％，超亲优势为－１２．３％～１６．８％；生态组合力分析表明，成员品种间生态组合力差异显著，同一成员品种在不同的环境生态组合力表现亦有差异。因此，     

小麦多系品种利用问题探讨

该文以小麦多系品种的产量能力，混配选择方法技术及混配配选择成员基因型应注意的问题进行了探讨。作者认为：①多系品种的生产潜力大，在生产上有很大的利用价值。②在混配选择小麦多系品种时，应根据基因型的生态组合力选择成员基因型。选择一般生态组合力好和特殊生太合力方差大，或者虽一般生态组合力差但特殊生态组合力方差大的基因型，由这样的基因型混配成优异多系品种的可能性大。③在混配选择多系品种时要注意各成员基因型     

利用品种混合控制小麦病害之研究进展

作物多样性在病害防治上的应用包括多系混合、品种混合和物种混合,其中品种混合策略备受重视。对于小麦,品种混合与它的组分净种时的表现相比至少有两方面的优势,即增加籽粒产量的稳定性和减少病害的危害．特别是对减轻锈病和白粉病的危害更为明显。但是,由于病害防治而获得的产量收益比较小．一般平均只有4％-5％。对于小种专化的病原物,小麦混合群体中复杂小种(能侵染两个或两个以上混合组分)的相对频率高于简单小种的情况并不少见,因此有必要实行小组分数目品种混合系统的多样化、增加组分之间的抗性差异或增加混合组分数目。影响品种混合防病效应的因素是今后需要大力研究的问题。     

利用品种混合控制小麦病害的研究进展

作物多样性在病害防治上的应用包括多系混合、品种混合和物种混合,其中品种混合策略备受重视。对于小麦,品种混合与它的组分净种时的表现相比至少有两方面的优势,即增加籽粒产量的稳定性和减少病害的危害,特别是对减轻锈病和白粉病的危害更为明显。但是,由于病害防治而获得的产量收益比较小,一般平均只有4%~5%。对于小种专化的病原物,小麦混合群体中复杂小种（能侵染两个或两个以上混合组分）的相对频率高于简单小种的情况并不少见,因此有必要实行小组分数目品种混合系统的多样化、增加组分之间的抗性差异或增加混合组分数目。影响品种混合     

河南省小麦品种（系）遗传多样性和抗条锈性分析

为评价2008－2011年河南省参加全国小麦区试品种（系）的遗传多样性和抗条锈性,采用亲缘系数（ Coeffi-cient of parentage ,COP）分析方法,对参试的91个小麦品种（系）的遗传多样性进行聚类分析,并利用我国当前或曾是小麦条锈菌流行小种和新的致病类型的混合菌系进行抗条锈性鉴定与评价。结果显示,在供试的91个品种（系）的4095个组合中,约46．13％的品种（系）间存在遗传相似性,所有供试品种（系）的COP值为0．0000～1．0000,亲缘系数总和为423．9662,平均值为4．6590;通过COP值的聚类分析,将供试材料分为10大类,抗病品种占61．54％。4年间,参试品种（系）的遗传相似性逐年提高,遗传多样性下降,而抗条锈性呈上升趋势,这可能与周麦13和周麦16的广泛利用有关。     

小麦Rht3矮秆系杂种F1粒重优势表现及遗传分析

按ｐ×ｑ交配模式,以４个Ｒｈｔ３矮秆系为母本,１０个小麦品种（系）为父本配制了４０个杂种Ｆ１,研究其粒重优势表现。结果表明,４０个杂种的平均优势平均为１１９５％,变幅为－６４９％～２８８３％。超亲优势平均为０１２％,变幅为－１８９５％～１７５７％。竞争优势平均为－４９６％,变幅为－２４２４％～１７７４％。选用粒重较高的Ｒｈｔ３矮秆系如ＮＤ３５和ＮＤ３７作母本,粒重超过对照的品种（系）作父本,较易获得粒重具正向竞争优势的杂种。１４个亲本的配合力分析,针对选育高粒重的杂交组合育种目标,矮秆系中ＮＤ３５和ＮＤ３７利用价值较高,１０个品种（系）中邯分８６１３、鲁８９５０２３和鲁８９６０１８的利用价值较高。讨论了克服Ｒｈｔ３基因对粒重的不利效应,选育高粒重半矮秆杂种小麦的途径     

多样性混合间栽对水稻根际细菌群落结构与功能的影响

为了明确水稻多样性混合间栽对稻瘟病防治及根际细菌群落结构和功能的影响,利用Illumina Hiseq测序技术,对筛选的高防治效果(E=54.48%)组合(汕优63||黄壳糯)和低防治效果(E=14.12%)组合(合系39||黄壳糯)分别在间栽和净栽下进行水稻根际土壤细菌16SrRNA测序分析。结果表明,多样性间栽系统中水稻根际共检测到土壤细菌37门116纲244目384科689属,绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)为主要细菌优势类群,相对丰度均在15%以上。Alpha多样性分析显示,高防效组合在间栽条件下可显著提高水稻根际细菌群落香农指数和Chao1指数(P<0.05),而低防效组合无差异(P>0.05)。ANOSIM及PCoA分析发现,净栽条件下各品种根际细菌群落结构差异显著(r=0.48,P<0.01),间栽后高防效组合和低防效组合根际细菌群落结构无显著差异(P>0.05),即间栽增加了组配品种间细菌群落结构的相似性。细菌优势类群组成结果表明,与净栽相比高防效组合中汕优...     

2007—2008年度冀鲁豫川四省小麦区试品种（系） 遗传多样性和抗条锈性分析

为了解2007—2008年度河北、河南、山东和四川四省小麦区试品种（系）的遗传多样性和抗条锈性,采用亲缘系数系统分析了参试的75个小麦品种（系）的遗传多样性,并接种条锈菌混合菌系（CYR33、CYR32、CYR31、CYR30、CYR29、CYR17、Su-1和V26）进行抗条锈性鉴定与评价。结果表明,在供试品种（系）的2775个组合中,284个组合存在遗传相似性,所有供试品种（系）的COP值在0.0000～0.5000,亲缘系数总和为216.4531。通过对COP值聚类分析,将供试材料分为10大类;河北、河南、山东3省参试品种（系）间遗传相似性较高,对小麦条锈病抗性相对较差,四川参试品种（系）遗传相似性较低,对小麦条锈病的抗性较好。从参试品种（系）系谱看,利用前一个时期选育的品种作亲本,特别是主要推广品种‘豫麦2号’作为亲本的利用率较高是河南省参试品种（系）遗传相似性较高的重要原因;四川省参试品种（系）遗传多样性相对较高,抗条锈性相对较好,主要由于该省广泛利用了当地和其他地区的种质资源。因此,不断发掘小麦新的种质资源,并提高其利用水平,是当前高产稳产新品种选育的当务之急。     

北方冬麦区新育成优质小麦品种面条品质相关性状分析

为了解近年北方冬麦区育成优质小麦品种的品质状况,两年两点统一种植52份优质品种(系)及6份国外代表性品种,测定其磨粉品质、和面仪和混合实验仪特性、淀粉糊化特性及面条品质,并利用5个基因特异性标记分析基因型分布及其对品质性状的影响。结果表明,大部分品种为硬质、中强筋类型,品种间出粉率、面粉a*值、b*值、黄色素含量、PPO活性、和面仪参数、混合实验仪形成时间和稳定时间差异较大。和面仪8 min带宽和混合实验仪稳定时间可作为预测面条品质的重要指标,可分别解释面条总分变异33.3%和34.4%。Ppo-A1a和Ppo-A1b频率为41.4%和58.6%,两种基因型间PPO活性差异显著(P<0.05);Ppo-D1a和Ppo-D1b频率为51.7%和48.3%,但PPO活性差异不显著;Psy-A1a和Psy-A1b频率为81.0%和19.0%,两种基因型间黄色素含量差异显著(P<0.05);1BL/1RS易位和非易位品种频率为13.8%和86.2%,两种基因型间面粉L*值、黄色素含量、和面仪衰落势与8 min带宽、混合实验仪稳定时间等差异显著(P<0.05)。面条品质较好的品种包括Sunzell、石优17、郑麦366、中麦 895、周麦 26、CA1004和石4185。本研究明确了58份小麦品种(系)的品质特征和基因型分布,为优质小麦新品种选育和推广提供了重要信息。     

不同抗蚜性小麦品种（系）的遗传多样性 SSR 标记分析

为了揭示小麦抗蚜品种（系）的遗传多样性,在田间蚜虫圃对150份小麦品种（系）孕穗期和灌浆期蚜量比值进行2年对比的基础上,选取抗性结果较为一致的材料,利用筛选的54对具有多态性的SSR标记检测了43个不同抗蚜水平小麦品种（系）的遗传多态性。结果表明,54对SSR标记在这43份不同抗蚜水平小麦品种（系）中检测到365个等位变异,每个引物检测到2～18个等位变异,平均为6．7个;从每条谱带在所有材料中出现的频率来看,变异范围为2．3％～97．7％;多态性信息量为0．05～0．91,平均为0．65;43个小麦品种间的相对遗传距离为0．30～0．90,平均为0．52;SSR标记聚类分析在相对遗传距离为0．55处将43个不同抗蚜水平小麦品种（系）分为五大类群。选育和推广抗虫品种时尽可能选择聚类图中亲缘关系较远的材料;抗蚜品种京冬6号单独聚为一类,与其余品种亲缘关系较远,可作为新的抗源用于抗蚜育种。因此,用SSR分子标记分析不同抗蚜水平小麦品种（系）间的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,可以为培育和推广抗蚜小麦品种提供参考。     

Lodging and Yield of Dry Peas (Pisum sativum L.) as Influenced by Various Mixing Ratios of a Conventional and a Semi-Leafless Cultivar

Lodging is a serious problem in dry pea production in North-West Europe. Therefore, lodging and its effects on yields were studied in five field-experiments with two cultivars with two different canopy structures, both as single crop and in various mixing weight ratios. In 1985, mechanically simulated lodging decreased yield by about 45% in both the conventional type cv. Rondo and the semi-leafless type cv. Solara , by reducing both the number of seeds and seed weight. Natural lodging brought about the same effect in 'Rondo' but in 'Solara' , however, effects were less because of delayed lodging. In 1986, 1987 and 1988, mixtures of the conventional cv. Finale and Solara showed delayed lodging compared to 'Finale' single and tended to produce higher yields than the single crops of both cultivars. Polynomial analysis of the yields of all mixing experiments showed maximum yields at 53% 'Solara' (quadratic analysis) or 67% 'Solara' (cubic analysis). Thus, mixing high yielding, lodging sensitive conventional cultivars with lower yielding but lodging resistant semi-leafless cultivars may improve yield in dry peas.     

Yield Comparison of Within Row Mixtures, Between Row Mixtures, and Composites of Spring Faba Bean Cultivars

The performance of three spring faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) cultivars Stella, Danas, and Minden in monocultures were compared with mixtures of Stella + Minden, and Danas + Minden sown as within row mixtures, alternate row mixtures, and as composites.
Mixtures of both cultivar combinations, whether mechanical or composites, had net increases in seed yield per plot ranging from 10.5 % to 20 % above the means of the component cultivars grown in monoculture. Cultivars grown in mixtures in alternate rows had slightly greater seed yield than when they were grown alternately within rows. A further yield enhancement was obtained from growing composites.
Data for total plant dry weight were similar to those for seed yield. The number of podded nodes per plant was the major yield component responsible for the increased yields of the component cultivars in mixtures. The ecological aspects of these results are discussed.     

不同冬小麦品种产量和节水性状差异及对供水的反应

以24个冬小麦品种(系)为材料,在不同的灌水处理下,研究了产量、产量构成因素和抗旱指数的品种差异。结果表明,灌水处理间与品种间产量差异均极显著,灌水与品种互作差异显著。2水处理产量高于4水。石4185,冀 5579,石麦12等19个品种2水处理产量高于4水,多丰2000,师栾02-1,良星99等5个品种4水产量高于2水。分别以2水处理和4水处理下的产量作为水地产量计算抗旱指数,得出抗旱型,不抗旱型和中间型比例分别为4．2％, 29．2％,66．6％和20．8％,20．8％,58．4％。综合分析认为石麦12,冀5579和石新618等产量和节水综合性状较好的品种更适于节水栽培。     

大穗型,中间型,多穗型高产小麦品种产量潜力和稳产性能的研究

本文通过1988～1990年度的研究,明确了三类高产品种产量与其构成因素的关系,比较了三类品种的产量潜力和稳产性能,认为中间型品种具有较多的有利因素.在山东生态条件下,高产品种的产量结构,应在兼容大穗型、多穗型品种的前提下,着重走中间型的路子.     

Commonality analysis and selection of parents for within-boll yield components in upland cotton

Relationships between lint yield and within-boll yield components are important for genetic improvement of lint yield in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars. F₂ plants derived from crosses between germplasm lines and high yielding cultivars were analyzed to determine the contributions of within-boll yield components to lint yield and to select parents with desirable combining ability for multiple within-boll yield components. Forty-five F₂ hybrids were planted at two field sites in 2010 and 2011 with 4 and 3 replicates, respectively. There were a total of six yield components analyzed including lint percentage (LP), seed number per boll, lint weight per seed (LW_S), seed surface area per seed, lint weight per unit seed surface area (LW_SA), and lint number per unit seed surface area (LN_SA). The contributions of these yield components to lint yield were analyzed by commonality analysis that separated the contributions to lint yield into the unique contributions of single yield components and the common contributions of the single yield components with one or more other yield components. The unique contributions of the six yield components to lint yield ranged from 1.6 to 21 % of total variation for lint yield in the 2-year experiments. The greatest common contributions to lint yield among all combinations of the six yield components were identified for a combination of four components, LP, LW_S, LW_SA, and LN_SA with 67 and 44 % of the total variation of lint yield in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Results suggest that all four of these yield components should be considered simultaneously in breeding for genetic improvement of lint yield. The germplasm line SP225 was detected as a good combiner with positive general combining ability (GCA) for LP (1.4 %), LW_SA (0.03 mg mm^?2), and LN_SA (14.3 no mm^?2), and favorable GCA for fineness (?3.1 mg km^?1).     

Preliminary Diallel Analysis of Anther Culture Response in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A four-parent complete dialleld mating-set of three Triticum aestivum L. cultivars ‘Edwall’, ‘Chris’ and ‘Spillman’, and an alloplasmic line of ‘Selkirk’ in Aegilops variabilis Eig. cytoplasm was used. Genetic components among total variation for callus induction, green plant percentage and green plant yield werr 92%, 80% and 77%, respectively, but lower (36%) for plant regeneration. General combining ability (GCA) variance components and narrow-sense heritabilities estimated for callus induction, green plant pereentnge and green plant yield were 74%, 66%, and 53%, and 0.68, 0.54 and 0.43. respectively. Specific combining ability (SCA) variancw was calculated as 85%) of total genctie variation for plant regeneration. Significant reciprocal effects for callus induction. green plant percentage and green plant yield were observed.     

Breeding behavior of yield components and hollow heart in tetraploid-diploid vs. conventionally derived potato hybrids

Summary A factorial mating design with six 4x cultivars as stylar parents mated to three groups of pollen parents (4x cultivars, 4x high protein selections, and 2x S. phureja) was used to study breeding behavior of yield, tuber set, marketable yield and hollow heart in potatoes. Mean yield for the 4x-2x hybrids was equivalent to that of their cultivar parents although yield components, tuber set and average tuber size, were greater and less, respectively, than the cultivar parents. High estimates of general combining ability were found in both pollen and stylar parents for yield, tuber set, marketable yield, number of marketable tubers and hollow heart in all three hybrid populations. Specific combining ability estimates were significant only for yield and hollow heart. Frequency of white-fleshed 4x-2x progeny of five heterozygous yellow-fleshed 2x phureja genotypes was used to confirm cytological identification of a first division restitution mechanism operative in the 2x parents. Although three of these phureja genotypes generated high-yielding progeny, two others produced 4x-2x progeny with mean yield similar to that of hybrids among 4x cultivars.Scientific journal series article 11,601 of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.     

不同氮素籽粒生产效率类型籼稻品种产量及其构成的基本特点

在群体水培条件下，以国内、外不同年代育成的常规籼稻代表品种（2001年为88个、2002年为122个）为材料，测定叶面积系数、干物重（包括根系）、氮素含量、产量及其构成因素等，采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种按氮素籽粒生产效率(NUEg)从低到高依次分为A、B、C、D、E、F等6类，研究各类品种产量构成的基本特点。结果表明，（1）供试品种间NUEg的差异很大（344%、425%），A、B、C、D、E、F类品种的平均NUEg 2001年分别为20.51、31.04、35.64、39.46、43.55、50.92 g·g^-1，2002年分别为24.33、31.61、35.83、39.06、43.51、50.00 g·g^-1；（2）随着NUEg水平的提高，籼稻品种的产量水平显著提高，两年结果一致；多元回归分析表明，氮素总吸收量（包括根）和NUEg对产量均有显著影响，改良二者均可提高籼稻品种的产量水平；（3）高NUEg类品种的基本特点为单位面积穗数较多、库容量大、结实率高、抽穗期叶面积系数较小、抽穗期单位叶面积籽粒产量高、经济系数高，而每穗颖花数、千粒重以及生物产量等与籼稻品种的NUEg水平关系不密切。     

The effect of specific and non-specific resistance in mixtures of barley or genotypes on infection by mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei) and on yield

Summary Preliminary field trials indicated that the yields of mixtures of barley cultivars partially resistant to mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei) were greater than those expected from the mean of their components. Subsequent trials in 1988, 1989 and 1990 demonstrated that such mixtures gave enhanced yield. However, fungicide treatment of mixtures gave significant positive and negative effects on yield. In mixtures with cultivars containing partial resistance there was evidence of a positive relationship between high yield loss due to mildew (low disease tolerance) in cultivars grown in monoculture and their yield advantage in mixtures. The converse resulted in yield disadvantage.