杂粕型饲粮添加杂粕酶对肉鸡生产性能和经济效益的影响

选择21日龄AA肉鸡360羽,研究在玉米杂粕型饲粮中添加杂粕酶对其生产性能和经济效益的影响。试验采用单因子完全随机分组设计,共设3个处理,分别饲喂玉米豆粕型饲粮（正对照）、玉米杂粕型饲粮（负对照）和玉米杂粕加杂粕酶饲粮（试验组）,每个处理组设3个重复,每个重复40只。试验结果表明：饲粮中添加酶组比杂粕饲粮组日增重提高8.07%（P〈0.05）,料肉比降低12.02%（P〈0.05）,增重饲料成本降低了22.63%（P〈0.01）;与豆粕型饲粮组相比日增重、采食量和料肉比差异不显著（P〉0.05）,增重饲料成本显著降低（P〈0.05）。说明在肉鸡玉米杂粕型饲粮中添加杂粕酶可以保持生产性能不变,降低生产成本,提高经济效益。     

木聚糖酶对肉中鸭生产性能及效益的影响

试验选择12日龄奥白星肉中鸭360只,研究在小麦-豆粕型日粮中添加木聚糖酶(小麦酶制剂)对其生产性能的影响。试验采用单因素完全随机试验设计,将试验动物分成3组,即小麦-豆粕型饲粮组(负对照)、小麦-豆粕型加木聚糖酶组(负对照+酶)和玉米-豆粕型饲粮组(正对照),每处理组3个重复,每个重复40只,结果表明:饲粮中添加0.015%酶制剂组比小麦-豆粕型饲粮组日增重提高5.48%(P<0.05),同时,料肉比明显著降低(P<0.05),增重饲料成本降低了8.72%,差异显著(P<0.05);与玉米-豆粕型饲粮的处理相比日增重、日采食量、料肉比和增重饲料成本差异均不显著。说明在小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加木聚糖酶(小麦酶制剂)具有一定的生产实用效果。     

玉米-杂粕型日粮中添加蛋氨酸对肉鸡生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究在杂粕日粮中添加蛋氨酸对肉鸡生产性能的影响。试验选用12栋标准化肉鸡舍,每栋鸡舍内饲喂1日龄、体重相近的AA肉鸡6,000只。试验分为4个处理组,每个处理3个重复,每栋鸡舍为一个重复组,处理1为纯豆粕日粮组,处理2为杂粕日粮组,处理3和处理4组分别在杂粕日粮中添加0.1%和0.2%的DL-蛋氨酸。结果表明,饲喂杂粕日粮组肉鸡平均日采食量、料重比显著高于纯豆粕日粮组(P<0.05);在杂粕日粮中添加蛋氨酸,可显著降低日粮的日采食量和料重比(P<0.05),对日增重有所改善;杂粕0.2%蛋氨酸添加组与纯豆粕日粮组相比,日增重、日采食量差异不显著(P>0.05),料重比显著降低(P<0.05);杂粕中添加0.2%蛋氨酸比0.1%蛋氨酸组,料重比显著降低(P<0.05)。因此,在杂粕日粮中,合理地补充外源性氨基酸可改善日粮的营养水平,提高肉鸡生产性能。     

非淀粉多糖复合酶制剂对肉鸡生产性能及养分表观利用率的影响

本试验旨在研究非淀粉多糖（NSP）复合酶制剂对肉鸡生产性能、养分表观利用率的影响。试验采用单因子随机分组试验设计,选取320只1日龄的科宝肉鸡商品代公雏,随机分到2个处理组,各处理组8个重复,每个重复20只鸡。处理1饲喂基础饲粮,处理2饲喂基础饲粮＋150 g/tNSP复合酶制剂F。1-21 d基础饲粮采用为玉米-豆粕型饲粮,22-42 d基础饲粮采用玉米-豆粕-杂粕型饲粮,低温制粒。试验结果：（1）NSP复合酶制剂F对采食玉米-豆粕型饲粮的肉鸡1-21 d生产性能无改善趋势（P〉0.20）,对采食玉米-豆粕-杂粕型饲粮的肉鸡22-42 d增重有增加趋势（P〈0.20）,对22-42 d料重比有降低的趋势（P〈0.20）;显著增加肉鸡1-42 d增重（P〈0.05）,对1-42 d肉鸡平均采食量有增加趋势（P〈0.20）,1-42 d料重比有降低趋势（P〉0.05）。（2）NSP复合酶制剂F对肉鸡玉米-豆粕型饲粮1-21 d养分表观利用率无改善趋势（P〉0.20）;对肉鸡玉米-豆粕-杂粕型饲粮22-42 d干物质、能量表观消化利用率有提高趋势（P〈0.20）。本试验结果表明在1-21 d肉鸡的玉米-豆粕型饲粮中添加NSP酶制剂F对肉鸡生产性能和养分表观利用率无改善作用,而在22-42 d高杂粕（3%菜粕、3%棉粕和8%DDGS）的玉米-豆粕-杂粕型肉鸡饲粮中添加NSP复合酶酶制剂F对22-42 d和1-42 d肉鸡生产性能都有改善作用,一定程度改善22-42 d肉鸡饲粮的养分表观利用率。     

杂粕型日粮中添加酶制剂对肉鸭生产性能的影响

本研究用营养充足的玉米-豆粕-杂粕型日粮分别添加5种复合酶制剂(500g/t饲料,)与不添加酶组进行对比试验。共设6个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复50只樱桃谷肉鸭。在9、21和42日龄检测肉鸭的日增重和采食量,考察肉鸭的生产性能。结果表明:在玉米-豆粕-杂粕型日粮中添加酶制剂可以不同程度的提高0～9和0～21日龄肉鸭ADG,改善幅度分别为1.21%～4.25%和1.13%～4.50%。在给肉鸭饲以玉米-豆粕-杂粕型日粮中添加酶制剂时,从改善生产性能的效应来看,在生长前期的添加更重要。与添加单一酶相比,以复合酶的效应最好。对饲以玉米-豆粕-杂粕日粮的肉鸭,在生长前期,以复合酶3改善生产性能的效应最优。在生长后期和全期,以复合酶1改善生产性能的效应最优。     

棕榈仁粕饲粮中添加甘露聚糖酶对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

三种处理棕榈仁粕以30%比例添加到日粮中代替玉米,研究棕榈仁粕饲粮中添加甘露聚糖酶对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响。结果表明:试验前期,三种棕榈仁粕处理饲粮组平均采食量和平均体增重均显著低于对照组(P0.05),且料肉比显著高于对照组(P0.05)。PKM-c组料肉比显著高于PKM-a组(P0.05)。试验后期,三种棕榈仁粕处理饲粮组平均体增重显著低于对照组(P0.05),而料肉比显著高于对照组(P0.05)。PKM-c组体增重显著高于PKM-a组(P0.05),但其料肉比显著低于PKM-a组(P0.05)。添加甘露聚糖酶后,前期料肉比有显著改善(P0.05)。     

蛋白酶对鲁烟白猪养分消化率及氮平衡的影响

为研究蛋白酶组合对鲁烟白猪养分消化率及氮平衡的影响,试验选取6头体重相近(30±1)kg、健康去势的鲁烟白猪,采用有重复的6×6拉丁方设计进行消化试验,试验设3种饲粮为玉米-豆粕型、玉米-杂粕型、小麦-杂粕型,每种饲粮设对照组不添加蛋白酶,加酶组添加0.1%复合蛋白酶。试验分为6期,于每期试验的第6、7天连续收集48 h的粪样和尿样测定养分消化率和氮平衡代谢。结果表明,蛋白酶组合在玉米-豆粕型、玉米-杂粕型和小麦-杂粕型饲粮中对鲁烟白猪粗蛋白质消化率分别比对照组提高1.19(P0.05)、3.63(P0.01)和1.91(P0.01)个百分点;氮总利用率加酶组分别比对照组提高1.21(P0.01)、1.97(P0.01)、0.92(P0.01)个百分点。综合分析,试验中的蛋白酶组合对鲁烟白猪养分消化率及氮平衡有显著影响,其中蛋白酶组合对玉米-杂粕型饲粮效果显著或极显著高于玉米-豆粕型和小麦-杂粕型饲粮。     

日粮类型、能量水平和木聚糖酶对肉鸡生长性能的影响

试验采用2×2×2因子设计,共8个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复20只肉鸡,研究日粮类型、能量水平和木聚糖酶对肉鸡生产性能的影响.试验结果:饲粮类型对肉鸡前期料肉比影响不显著(P＞0.05),极显著影响肉鸡各阶段日增重和日采食量(P＜0.01),对后期和全期的料肉比也有极显著影响(P＜0.01).能量水平显著影响后期和全期的料肉比(P＜0.05),显著影响前期日增重(P＜0.05).木聚糖酶显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)影响肉鸡各阶段的料肉比和日增重,但对采食量没有显著影响(P＞0.05).饲粮类型和能量水平对后期料肉比的影响具有极显著的互作效应(P＜0.01),对全期料肉比的影响具有显著的互作效应(P＜0.05);饲粮类型和木聚糖酶对前期、后期和全期日增重的影响具有显著的交互效应(P＜0.05);能量水平和木聚糖酶对前期日采食量的影响具有极显著的交互效应(P＜0.01);饲粮类型、能量水平和木聚糖酶对后期的料肉比、日采食量和全期的料肉比、日采食量的影响具有显著的交互效应(P＜0.05).试验结果表明,玉米型饲粮组肉鸡生长性能优于小麦组;高能水平组肉鸡生长性能优于低能组,加酶组肉鸡生产性能优于不加酶组.     

去皮豆粕和普通豆粕对肉鸡生产性能及营养素利用率的影响

本试验选用192只1日龄AA肉公鸡,随机分成2个处理组,每个处理设6个重复,每个重复16只鸡,采用玉米-豆粕型饲粮,比较去皮豆粕和普通豆粕对肉鸡生产性能及营养素利用率影响的差异。结果表明:去皮豆粕对各阶段肉鸡的采食量、增重及料重比均无显著影响(P>0.05);去皮豆粕组饲粮粗蛋白质利用率比普通豆粕组提高8.80%(P<0.05),去皮豆粕组饲粮粗灰分、钙、磷利用率分别比对照组提高2.54%、4.63%、4.37%,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。     

菜粕型日粮添加腐殖酸对肉鸡生长性能、肉品质及饲养成本的影响

文章旨在评估菜粕型日粮添加腐殖酸对肉鸡生长性能、胴体性状及肉品质的影响。试验将675只体重接近的1日龄商品肉仔鸡随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复45只。各组肉鸡分别饲喂豆粕型日粮、菜粕型日粮、菜粕型日粮+5 g/kg腐殖酸,试验为期42 d。结果：菜粕组21 d体重、1～42 d日增重均显著低于豆粕组（P＜0.05）,同时豆粕组和腐殖酸组42 d肉鸡体重、22～42 d平均日采食量显著高于菜粕组（P＜0.05）,而1～21 d料重比显著低于菜粕组（P＜0.05）。豆粕组和腐殖酸组肉鸡胸肌重量、十二指肠、空肠和回肠长度显著高于菜粕组（P＜0.05）,但菜粕组心脏重量显著高于其他两组（P＜0.05）。腐殖酸组肌胃重量显著高于豆粕和菜粕组（P＜0.05）。腐殖酸组肌肉系水力、肉色a值、C18：0含量均显著高于其他两组（P＜0.05）。豆粕组肌肉C14：0和C16：0脂肪酸浓度显著高于其他两组（P＜0.05）,但C20：6脂肪酸浓度显著降低（P＜0.05）。结论：饲喂菜粕型日粮降低了1～42 d肉鸡的生长性能,补充5 g/kg腐殖酸可以改善生长性能,提高胸肌产量及肌肉中不饱和脂肪酸含量。 [关键词]菜粕|腐殖酸|肉鸡|生长性能|肉品质|脂肪酸|饲养成本     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.