沿海滩涂区土壤重金属含量分布及其有效态影响因素

为揭示沿海地区土壤重金属含量的空间分布特征及其与自然、人为因素的关联,以近年来围垦开发强度较大的江苏沿海某滩涂区为研究对象,采用经典统计与地统计相结合的方法研究了表层土壤主要重金属Pb、Cr、Cd、As全量与有效态含量状况及其空间分布,分析了沿海滩涂区土地利用方式对重金属含量的影响,探讨了重金属有效态含量与土壤理化性质的相关性。结果表明:目前研究区土壤环境质量状况良好,土壤Pb、Cr、Cd、As均呈累积趋势但基本都低于土壤环境质量一级标准值;土地利用方式不同程度地影响了Pb、Cr、Cd全量与有效态含量,As全量与有效态含量受土地利用方式影响较小;研究区土壤Pb、Cr、Cd全量与Pb、Cr有效态含量具有明显的趋势效应,且研究区土壤重金属全量与有效态含量的空间分布受大尺度的潮汐作用与小尺度的人为因素的共同控制;土壤Pb、Cr、Cd有效态含量与黏粒含量、阳离子交换量和p H显著负相关,与有机质呈显著正相关,土壤As有效态含量仅与土壤p H显著正相关。本研究为沿海滩涂区土壤重金属源头减量、活性钝化、污染消减与风险防范提供科学依据。     

北碚区菜地规划区内不同土地利用方式下土壤铅、镉研究

通过野外采样、室内测试及数理统计,对北碚区菜地规划区内前期不同土地利用方式下土壤的铅、镉进行研究.结果表明:(1)通过描述统计与方差分析得出不同土地利用方下铅和镉全量、有效态含量、生物有效性系数有不同程度的差异,土地利用方式对其有不同程度的影响.(2)在研究区内,车辆废气排放、肥料施用的差异是影响全量差异的可能因素,土壤pH值的差异、有效磷含量差异、铅与镉全量的差异是影响有效态含量差异的可能因素.全量的差异是影响生物有效性系数差异的主要因素.(3)以重庆市土壤铅、镉背景值为标准,通过地质累积指数法计算得出,菜地规划区内土壤铅、镉受轻度污染,其中混作地与水田土壤铅污染程度较菜地的明显,菜地土壤镉污染程度较水田和混作地的明显.     

吉林省黑土某些微量元素环境地球化学特征

根据吉林省第二次土壤普查资料 ,对黑土中微量元素B、Cu、Fe、Mn、Mo和Zn的全量、有效态含量、它们在土壤剖面中的迁移分布等环境地球化学特征及其影响因素进行了研究 ,得出如下结论 :①吉林省黑土B、Mn、Mo、Zn的全量缺乏 ,Cu、Fe的全量略低 ;②黑土B、Cu、Zn的有效态含量缺乏 ,其中Zn严重缺乏 ;③黑土剖面中 ,B、Cu、Fe、Mn、Mo、Zn等微量元素全量与有效态含量分布相似 ,均以淋溶层最低 ,表层和淀积层较高 (Mo的全量除外 )。微量元素有效态含量剖面分布中淀积层层次较深 ,表层富集程度稍强 ;④黑土中B、Fe、Mn、Mo、Zn的有效态含量与土壤有机质含量呈显著的正相关 ;B、Mo的有效态含量与 pH值呈显著正相关 ,而Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn的有效态含量则与pH值呈负相关 ;黑土B、Cu、Fe、Mn、Mo、Zn有效态含量与其全量均达到显著相关水平。根据吉林省黑土中微量元素全量和有效态含量分布的特点 ,需施用微量元素肥料 ,增加黑土中微量元素的含量 ,促进该地区农业的可持续发展     

西昌市土壤Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn有效性评价及其影响因素分析

在分析西昌市土壤微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn有效含量状况及其分布特征的基础上,从成土母质、土地利用方式、有机质和pH等4个方面探讨其对土壤微量元素有效含量的影响。结果表明:西昌市土壤有效Fe含量丰富,有效Cu和Zn略低且分布不均,有效锰有32.18%的土壤缺乏。成土母质是重要的影响因素,第四纪紫色洪冲积物发育的土壤Fe、Mn、Zn有效含量较高,二迭纪岩浆岩洪冲积物发育的土壤有效Cu含量较高,坡残积物发育的土壤4种微量元素有效态含量均较低;水田土壤各元素有效含量均大于旱地;有机质与有效Fe、Cu间显著正相关;pH值在中性偏碱时,有效Cu和Zn含量较低。     

有机肥长期施用对设施土壤全镉和有效态镉含量的影响

应用长期田间定位试验方法,比较研究了长期有机肥不同施肥方式（不施肥、有机肥常量、有机肥减量及有机肥减量配施化肥）对设施土壤镉（Cd）全量及有效态含量的影响,同时考察了其对土壤特性的影响及二者的相关性。结果表明：与不施肥的设施土壤（对照）相比,长期定量施用有机肥土壤表层（0～20 cm）Cd全量显著降低,且随着施用量下降,这种效果更显著,但对亚表层（20～40 cm）Cd全量无显著影响。长期施用有机肥会提高设施土壤表层Cd有效态含量,特别是0～10 cm土壤有效态Cd含量显著高于对照,但与有机肥常量处理相比,有机肥减量和有机肥减量配施化肥处理土壤有效态Cd含量分别显著降低了17.56%和14.04%;同时,有机肥减量配施化肥对设施土壤有机质、全氮、表层有效磷均有大幅提升,且pH偏高于有机肥常量。相关分析表明,设施土壤有机质、有效磷含量均与土壤Cd全量和有效态含量之间呈显著或极显著正相关,土壤全氮含量与Cd有效态含量呈显著正相关,pH与有效态含量之间呈极显著负相关。上述结果表明有机肥适当减施,同时辅以适量化肥,可进一步改善设施土壤特性,进而控制设施土壤表层Cd累积。     

中国典型设施栽培土壤Cu、Zn累积特征及风险预测

为了探明铜(Cu)和锌(Zn)在设施栽培土壤中的累积现状及潜在风险,该研究基于中国8个省16个州市典型区域的设施栽培土壤全量和有效态含量,系统分析了Cu、Zn的累积现状及风险特征,并采用分段线性模型(Split-line Model)拟合了土壤Cu、Zn有效态累积量与种植年限的关系,预测了土壤Cu、Zn累积量超风险限量值的种植年限。结果表明:1)与各省对应土壤背景值及农业土壤有效态元素丰缺指标相比,中国设施栽培土壤的全量Cu、Zn均有不同的累积效应,Cu较为明显,有效态含量大部分均达到了极丰富水平,所有样品均未出现低于缺乏临界值的现象;2)与农用地土壤污染风险筛选值相比,全量Cu、Zn平均分别超标16.03%、4.58%;与土壤有效态风险限量值相比,土壤有效态Cu的平均超限率达到了16.92%,辽宁、河南、云南的超限率分别达到了33.33%、62.50%、32.00%,表现较为严重,有效态Zn均未超限;3)基于有效态的风险评价结果表明设施栽培土壤整体安全,仅辽宁达到了轻度污染,河南和云南均达到了警戒值水平,均以元素Cu的累积贡献较为突出;4)土壤有效态Cu、Zn累积量与其种植年限具有显著正相关关系(P0.05),基于线性模型的分析结果显示,现有设施栽培条件下,连续再种植6.7、20.5、19.3 a可分别导致酸性、中性、碱性土壤中有效态Cu累积量达到风险限量值,连续再种植32.5、67.9、91.9 a可分别导致酸性、中性、碱性土壤中有效态Zn累积量达到风险限量值。因此,设施栽培土壤Cu、Zn累积具有风险,且逐年加重,需要采用合理的安全利用措施(包括修复技术、农资产品选用)来进一步保障设施农业健康可持续发展。     

沈阳南部沿城乡梯度土壤铅时空分布研究

对沈阳南部沿城乡梯度土壤铅含量的分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,全量Pb沿城乡梯度显著降低,但不同土层之间无显著差异。有效态Pb含量沿城乡梯度具有显著降低,并且在城市土壤中呈现较明显的季节性变化。另外,土壤有效态Pb含量在夏季郊区样品和秋季城市样品的层次之间也有显著变化。相关性分析表明,土壤理化性质如土壤质地、pH和CEC对全量及有效态Pb含量产生了一定影响,而人为等因素是影响土壤全量及有效态重金属的主要因素。     

中国农田土壤的有效锌含量及影响因素分析

土壤有效Zn含量是土壤整体营养状况的一个重要评价指标,明确中国土壤有效Zn含量的时空分布特征,针对缺锌的土壤类型和区域采取有效的补Zn措施,可以实现微量营养元素的精准施肥。本研究以中国农业生态站监测点的数据为基础,分析了土壤有效Zn含量的时空差异,探讨了土壤类型、土地利用方式、土壤理化性质(有机质、pH值、有效N、有效P、有效K与阳离子交换量-CEC)对土壤有效Zn含量时空变化的影响。结果显示,中国土壤有效Zn含量整体上处于中等水平,呈南高北低,东高西低的分布趋势,与全国范围内土壤pH值分布、干湿区划分及土壤类型地带性分布有很好的相关性;在时间序列上,从2005年到2015年,土壤有效Zn含量呈上升趋势;土壤类型及土地利用方式不同,土壤有效Zn含量存在显著差异,不同土类中,水稻土和红壤的有效Zn含量较高,土地利用方式中,水田的土壤有效Zn含量最高;土壤理化指标中,土壤pH值和土壤有机质对土壤有效Zn含量有显著影响。风沙土、草甸风沙土、黄绵土等土类及水浇地和旱地等土地利用方式,要注重Zn肥的补充,并可通过土壤pH值的调整及施用农家肥等措施来提高土壤有效Zn含量。     

苏南典型地区土壤锌的空间分布特征及其与土壤颗粒组成的关系

在GIS的支持下,运用地统计学方法研究了苏南典型地区原锡山市土壤全Zn和有效Zn的空间分布特征,并简要分析了土壤全Zn和有效Zn含量与土壤颗粒组成之间的关系。结果表明,研究区域土壤全Zn和有效Zn的空间分布表现出一定的结构性,其空间相关范围分别达到6.6km和7.5km。Kriging插值结果表明,土壤全Zn含量在研究区域东北部最低,东南部相对较高;有效Zn含量与全Zn有着相似的空间分布趋势,受土壤自身特性的影响,其含量在北部地区普遍较低。土壤全Zn和有效Zn含量与土壤粘粒含量之间呈极显著正相关,而与砂粒含量之间呈显著负相关。     

高效栽培雷竹林土壤重金属含量的分析研究

雷竹(Phyllostachyspraecox)是最近十几年发展起来的优良笋用竹种,近年来以重施肥和冬季地表覆盖增温为核心的高效栽培技术在生产上得到了大面积推广。为了解高效栽培雷竹林土壤重金属含量现状,采集了浙江省雷竹主产区40个样点土壤样品,利用ICP法分析了土壤重金属含量。结果表明,雷竹林土壤重金属镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)和锌(Zn)全量含量分别为0.23±0.11,68.23±25.61,23.26±6.61,12.47±2.86,108.50±54.92mg/kg,所有样点5种重金属全量均未出现超标现象。Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn有效态含量分别为0.028±0.025,0.150±0.102,3.482±1.304,1.636±1.022,10.814±9.767mg/kg,5种重金属有效态含量变异均明显大于全量。重金属Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn有效态含量占全量百分比较高。从不同栽培历史雷竹土壤重金属含量变化来看,Cu、Pb、Zn3种元素随着栽培历史延长,土壤中全量含量显著上升,其中Cu上升量最大,栽培历史从2～3年延长到8～10年,Cu含量增加了1.39倍。重金属Cd、Cu、Zn全量与有效态含量间具有显著或极显著相关性。     

An appraisal of soil organic C content in Mediterranean agricultural soils

Low soil organic carbon (SOC) levels in dry areas can affect soil functions and may thus indicate soil degradation. This study assesses the significance of SOC content in Mediterranean arable soils based on the analysis of a broad data set of 2613 soils sampled from Mediterranean grasslands and agricultural land. The distribution in values of SOC, pH, clay and carbonates was analysed according to different climatic areas (semi‐arid, Mediterranean temperate, Mediterranean continental and Atlantic) and with respect to six different land uses (grassland, cereal crops, olives and nuts, vineyards, fruit trees and vegetable gardens). The general trend was for low SOC in arable land and decreased with aridity. In wet areas (Atlantic and Mediterranean continental), acidic soils had a higher SOC content than did calcareous soils, whereas in the Mediterranean temperate area SOC had little relationship to soil pH. In low SOC arable soils, the SOC content was related to clay content. In calcareous arable soils of the Mediterranean temperate zone, SOC content was more closely related to carbonates than to clay. In contrast to the Atlantic area, Mediterranean grassland soils had much lower amounts of SOC than forest soils. Mediterranean calcareous and temperate acidic soils under grassland had SOC‐to‐clay ratios similar to or only slightly greater than that under a crop regime. In contrast, Mediterranean continental acidic soils under grassland had a much higher SOC‐to‐clay ratio than arable soils. This suggests a low resilience of the Mediterranean temperate and calcareous arable soils in terms of SOC recovery after the secession of ploughing, which may be a result of intensive use of these soils over many centuries. Consequently, we hypothesize that the Mediterranean calcareous soils have undergone significant changes that are not readily reversed after ploughing ceases. Such changes may be related to alterations in soil aggregation and porosity which, in turn, are associated with soil carbonate dynamics. Decarbonation processes (the depletion of active carbonates) may therefore be relevant to the reclamation of highly calcareous arable soils through fostering soil re‐aggregation. The article concludes by discussing the suitability of zero tillage, manuring or the introduction of woody species to increase SOC in calcareous arable soils that are highly depleted of organic matter.     

Changes in Soil Properties and Microbial Indices across Various Management Sites in the Mountain Environments of Azad Jammu and Kashmir

The mountainous region of the Himalayas is covered with forest, grassland, and arable land, but the variation in ecosystem functions has not been fully explored because of the lack of available data. This study appraises the changes in soil properties over the course of a year (spring, summer, autumn, winter) for forest, grassland, and arable soils in a typical hilly and mountainous region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Soil samples were collected from major land-cover types in the mountain region: natural forest, grassland, and cultivated land (arable). The natural forest served as a control against which changes in soil properties resulting from removal of natural vegetation and cultivation of soil were assessed. Soil samples were collected from depths of 0–15 and 15–30 cm six times during the year and examined for changes in temperature, moisture, electrical conductivity (EC), micronutrients [iron, manganese, copper, and zinc (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, respectively)], and microbial population. Significant differences were found in soil temperature, soil moisture, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and number of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi among the three land-cover types. Soil under cultivation had 4–5 °C higher temperature and 3–6% lower moisture than the adjacent soils under grassland and forest. Electrical conductivity (EC) values of forest, grassland, and arable soil were 0.36, 0.30, and 0.31 dS m^?1, indicating that soil collected from the forest had 18–20% more EC than the adjacent arable and grassland soils. On average, amounts of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn in the soil collected from the arable site were 6.6, 5.7, 1.7, and 0.8 mg kg^?1, compared with 24.0, 12.1, 3.5, and 1.2 mg kg^?1 soil in the forest soil, showing that arable had two to four times less micronutrients than grassland and forest. Populations of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi in the forest were 22.3 (10⁵), 8.2 (10⁵), and 2.5 (10³), respectively, while arable land exhibited 8.2 (10⁵), 3.2 (10⁵), and 0.87 (10³). Season (temperature) and depth showed significant effects on microbial activity and nutrient concentration, and both decreased significantly in winter and in the subsurface layer of 15?30 cm. Different contents of the parameters among arable, grassland, and forest soils indicated an extractive effect of cultivation and agricultural practices on soil. Natural vegetation appeared to be a main contributor to soil quality as it maintained the moisture content and increased the nutrient status and microbial growth of soil. Therefore, it is important to sustain high-altitude ecosystems and reinstate the degraded lands in the mountain region.     

Effects of different land-use types on soil quality in the hilly area of Rawalakot Azad Jammu and Kashmir

Abstract

Vegetative cover plays an important role for the quality of soil especially in hilly and mountainous areas such as Azad Jammu and Kashmir where erosion is a major threat to the ecosystem and productivity. The study focuses on the impact of land-use types on soil quality by measuring the differences in chemical and physical properties at three sites in adjacently located natural forest land (forest), fallow grassland (grass) and arable land (arable). Soil samples from 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth were collected and examined for particle distribution, dry bulk density, organic matter (OM), pH, macro- and micro-nutrients. Land-use types had a significant effect on primary soil particle distribution. Highest clay content was found in forest and highest sand content in arable. Forest had relatively the highest levels of OM, macro- and micro-nutrients and arable the lowest. Most of the properties of the 0-15 cm surface level of grass were similar to those observed in the 15-30 cm level in forest. Arable exhibited lowest nutrient status and poorest physical conditions, indicating a degrading effect of arable cultivation practices on soil. Grass and arable showed, compared to forest, a 30–60% average increase in bulk density and 26–66% average decrease in OM. Regression analysis showed a significant correlation of OM with available phosphorus and potassium while it had negative correlation with dry bulk density and pH. Natural vegetation appeared to be a main contributor of soil quality as it maintained the organic carbon stock, and increased the nutrient status of soil and is therefore important for sustainable development of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and other similar areas. Furthermore, OM was shown to be an important indicator of soil quality.     

山东省沂源县土壤重金属来源分布及风险评价

为建设高标准农田及保证食品安全,对土壤重金属污染状况进行精确评估极为关键。选取山东省山地丘陵区典型区域—沂源县为研究区,系统采集427个表层土壤样品(0~20 cm),测定了As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Hg和Zn共10种重金属含量;采用多元统计分析和地统计分析方法,揭示了土壤重金属的主要来源;进一步分析得出研究区重金属的空间分布以及与成土母质、工业排放和农业生产污染之间的关系。研究表明:1)沂源县表层土壤中10种重金属元素的平均含量值均高于土壤背景值但未超过国家二级土壤元素限定值,存在一定程度的重金属富集。2)经主成分分析和单因素方差分析后将研究区重金属的来源主要分为3类:As、Co、Cu和Mn主要来源于成土母质,属自然源因子;Hg、Cd、Zn和Pb受到母质和工农业污染双重控制,属于混合来源;Cr和Ni主要是成土母质影响下的自然来源。3)自然来源重金属含量的高值区主要与石灰岩成土母质类型分布相一致,Hg、Cd、Zn和Pb元素含量的高值区与工业区分布基本一致。4)通过潜在生态风险评价,沂源县表层土壤目前处于中度潜在生态风险等级,其中Hg和Cd潜在生态风险最强,达到中度生态危害,其他元素具有轻微的潜在生态危害。研究中通过多元统计-地统计模拟分析法有效的揭示了土壤重金属污染源汇特征,可作为评估该区土壤污染现状和对土壤重金属污染进行风险评价的重要依据。     

基于土壤肥力的江苏省耕作层土壤剥离分区与深度确定

耕作层土壤是农业生产的物质基础,是耕地资源的核心,剥离利用对保障耕地数量和质量动态平衡具有重要意义。该研究在江苏省内收集了来自20世纪80年代的201个代表性土壤剖面及其不同层次有机质、容重、p H值、全氮、全磷、速效钾和土层厚度等属性数据,通过主成分分析确定江苏省耕地肥力差异主控因子,在此基础上运用聚类分析得出江苏省耕地肥力性质差异分区,最后采用显著性检验方法,得出了全省不同分区下耕地耕作层土壤剥离深度。通过研究发现:1)对于所选取的指标体系来看,影响全省耕地肥力性质差异的因素主要有p H值、全磷、全氮含量和容重。2)江苏省耕地土壤亚耕层/犁底层与表耕层肥力相似、性状略差,应考虑剥离利用,而心土层与表耕层、亚耕层/犁底层差异较大,不具有所需的质量,不宜剥离利用。3)全省耕作层土壤剥离深度可分为6个区,分区结果与农业综合区划相类似。4)耕作层土壤剥离深度应区分水田、旱地、菜地,并结合全省不同地区的耕地保护压力、耕地(农用地)年转用量、复垦开发补充耕地面积情况等,实施差别化的管理。可为江苏省耕作层剥离工作提供参考。     

Agricultural nitrogen balance and water quality in the UK

Abstract. Nutrient balance calculations have been advocated as indicators of the risk of nitrate loss from agricultural land. To explore this concept, a spatially distributed UK agricultural nitrogen balance was derived using annually updated statistics. The mean UK N surplus for 1995 was 115 kg N ha^–1, made up of 51 kg ha^–1for arable land, 140 kg ha^–1 for agricultural grassland (excluding rough grazing) and an additional 14 kg N ha^–1for agricultural land from pig and poultry units. Nitrogen surpluses were greater in lowland grassland (mainly in western, wetter areas) than in arable areas. However nitrate concentrations in rivers were generally greater in arable areas. The relationship between N balance and nitrate leaching was very different for grassland and arable systems, and was also sensitive to climate, level of inputs and management practices. Nitrogen surplus was therefore weakly or even negatively correlated with river nitrate concentrations or loads. A positive correlation was found only where the comparison was restricted to grassland-dominated catchments. Nitrogen surplus calculations identified areas of very high livestock densities, which would be associated with increased risk of pollution. However their use in isolation as indicators of N leaching, or of progress towards mitigation, could be misleading especially if comparing areas differing in land use, climate or soil type.     

贵州铅锌冶炼区农田土壤镉铅有效性评价与预测模型研究

农田土壤重金属的不同活性库分布和土壤-溶液分配模型能够提供重金属的生物有效性和浸出能力等信息,因而在风险评价和修复实践中非常重要。本研究采集毕节铅锌冶炼区30个历史污染农田土壤,同时在贵州省范围内采集5种类型背景土壤制成不同浓度Pb/Cd单一污染土壤;经3个月老化,分别测定由0.43 mol/L HNO_3、0.1 mol/L HCl和0.005 mol/L DTPA提取态表征的重金属反应活性库以及由0.01 mol/L CaCl_2提取态表征的直接有效库;分析铅锌冶炼区农田土壤Cd、Pb不同有效库的分布特征,建立土壤-溶液分配模型,并讨论土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:历史污染土壤中Cd和Pb的直接有效库占全量比例分别比人工污染土壤低4倍和223倍,然而历史污染土壤Cd和Pb的反应活性库(0.43 mol/L HNO_3提取态)占全量比例要高于相应人工污染土壤中的比例。拓展Freundlich形式吸附方程能够准确描述各提取态表征的Cd和Pb活性库与土壤全量Cd和Pb的关系,尤其0.43 mol/L HNO_3提取方法能够克服土壤理化性质对土壤Cd和Pb提取的影响而与总量建立极显著的相关关系。pH依附性Freundlich吸附方程准确描述了Cd和Pb的总反应活性库分别与土壤溶液Cd和Pb的关系,对于Pb而言,还要考虑土壤有机质和有效磷的影响。本研究可为矿区农田土壤重金属污染评价、修复以及农田有效态标准的推导提供参考。     

不同土地利用方式下紫色土磷吸附-解吸动力学特征

[目的]研究川东紫色丘陵区旱耕地、林地、果园、荒草地、茶园、水稻田6种土地利用方式下土壤磷吸附与解吸特征及其影响因素,以期为四川低山丘陵区不同土地利用方式下紫色土磷潜在流失风险评估提供理论依据。[方法]采取研究区内6种土地利用方式下的0—20cm土层土壤样品,通过土壤磷吸附解吸试验,计算土壤磷吸附—解吸参数,测定土壤相关理化指标,利用主成分分析和旋转因子分析法评估土壤磷素流失风险及其主要影响因子。[结果]土壤pH值,有机质,水溶性磷,速效磷,全磷,CaCO3,有效锌是影响磷吸附的重要因子,主因素分析得出速效磷、全磷、CaCO3有效锌对紫色土吸附磷能力贡献率分别为86.9%,89.2%,89.4%,96.9%。通过因子分析法分析土壤磷吸附解吸参数,得出可用最大吸磷量Qm,最大缓冲量MBC,易解吸磷RDP,拟合吸附量与解吸量的相关关系式中的截距值b这4个参数来综合预测紫色土磷素流失风险。[结论]研究区域6种土地利用方式下,果园与旱耕地土壤磷素流失风险较大,水稻田及茶园磷素流失风险较低。     

不同土壤类型和农业用地方式对土壤微生物量碳的影响

通过野外调查与室内分析,研究了山东桓台县3种土壤类型(潮土、褐土和砂姜黑土)与农业用地方式(林地、菜地和粮田)对土壤表层(0—10.cm)微生物量碳的影响。结果表明,不同农业用地方式对微生物量碳的影响较大,3种利用方式的微生物量碳含量差异显著,依次为:粮田>菜地>林地;土壤类型不同,土壤微生物量碳含量也不相同。任何一种土壤,菜地的N、P、K含量都高于粮田和林地;有机质含量粮田>菜地>林地;pH值林地>粮田>菜地。全N、有机质与土壤微生物量碳呈极显著正相关,有效P与微生物量碳呈弱负相关,速效K、pH值和微生物量碳不相关。不同用地方式下土壤养分与微生物量碳的相关程度不同。秸秆还田和施用有机肥有利于提高土壤中微生物量碳水平,施用化肥在一定程度上能够增加微生物量碳。     

耕地不同利用方式下的土壤养分状况分析

以山东青州市为例,在对耕地土壤养分状况进行全面的调查分析,获取大量土壤养分数据的基础上,以数理统计方法对5种耕地利用方式下17种土壤养分状况的差异性进行分析,进而系统地探讨了耕地不同利用方式对土壤养分状况的影响。研究结果表明：耕地不同利用方式对土壤有机质及大量元素、交换性钙、镁、有效硅、锌、硼、土壤pH值和全盐含量有显著影响。由于菜地高施肥量及高产出的影响,大部分菜地土壤养分的含量明显高于粮田,但有效硅含量粮田则远高于菜地。粮田土壤pH值高于菜地,全盐含量菜地高于粮田。在旱地、水浇地粮田和露天菜地中有效磷含量变异最大,但设施菜地中全氮、有效硫含量的变异最大。研究结果对于探明耕地利用对土壤的养分状况的影响,对研究区耕地资源的合理利用与保护将具有积极意义。