Developments in international standardization

Trade in animals and animal products has reached global proportions and so too has the threat of infectious diseases of veterinary importance. The Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines, published by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE), contains chapters on infectious diseases that may cause various degrees of socio-economic, public health, and/or zoo-sanitary consequence. These chapters cover the major diseases of cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, poultry, lagomorphs and bees. A number of factors are considered when qualifying animals and animal products for international trade including epidemiological, clinical and testing parameters. Of particular note and relevance is a strong international movement to standardize the test methods and reference reagents in order to promote harmonization of testing and facilitation of trade. There is message here that is directed to those of us involved in the development and application of test methods for infectious disease diagnosis. Serological test methods have been and still remain the mainstay of diagnostic methods prescribed for trade. More than ever, there is a need to observe and apply international guidelines for the development and validation of serological test methods. There is also a need to develop international standard reagents for use in the calibration of test methods and the production of national and working standards. In the future, veterinary diagnostic testing laboratories involved in trade may also require a form of international accreditation unique to their specialty. This presentation describes the current developments in international standardization of test methods and reference reagents.     

鸡用疫苗及其接种方法的发展

评判动物或兽用优质疫苗的标准与人用疫苗的标准可能有很大的不同,这主要取决于所使用的动物群体不同。例如,伴侣动物的疫苗标准跟人用疫苗相类似,因为单个动物的健康和福利是首要考虑的因素。另一方面,对于大部分畜牧生产者来说,兽用     

Feline immunotherapy

Feline allergen specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is considered to be a safe and effective treatment for feline atopy. ASIT is defined as the practice of administering gradually increasing quantities of an allergen extract to an allergic subject. The purpose of which is to reduce or eliminate the symptoms associated with subsequent exposures to the causative allergen. ASIT offers an effective and safe treatment option for cats. Reported success rates range for 60 to 78% in feline atopic patients. Additionally, the reported incidence of side effects in feline atopic patients undergoing ASIT is very low and mainly anecdotal.     

家禽营养的发展未来

文章探讨了家禽营养的一些热门主题,涉及管理控制、消费者反馈压力和环境保护问题,同时把家禽能量消耗,消化、健康与抗生素使用的关系认定为最重要的营养因素.家禽生产系统和遗传潜力的进化推动了家禽营养学的发展.在过去50多年,对家禽饲料原料和饲料中的营养物质已形成了非常复杂的量化系统,给家禽生产提供了非常精确的营养水平.或许只有在能量水平上,离精确描述生产用家禽营养需求仅一步之遥.     

罗非鱼养殖的新进展

2000年,罗非鱼的人工养殖量已经稳步增长到130万t(FAO Fishstat,2002)。其中,中国占总产量的50％。在罗非鱼的生产国家如马来西亚、印尼、泰国,养殖者正在寻找低成本、高质量的优质饲料。在这篇文章中,泰国CPF的研究人员用含有20％粗蛋白的膨化或颗粒饲料饲喂池塘和     

肉仔鸡能量营养研究进展

1　肉用仔鸡的能量需要各国肉仔鸡能量需要标准不尽相同。我国肉用仔鸡饲养标准的日粮浓度比NRC低 1 0 %左右 ,见表 1。表 1　肉用仔鸡能量需要中国0～5周 5周以上NRC0～3周 3～ 6周 6～8周代谢能 (MJ/kg) 1 2 1 3 1 2 55 1 3 391 3 391 3 39　　注 :引自动物营养学 ,杨凤主编 ,1 991 ,农业出版社。吴成坤等 ( 1 980 )测定了 1～ 1 0周龄白洛克肉仔鸡的能量需要 ,对进食代谢能和增重能量进行回归分析 ,得出肉仔鸡的维持代谢能需要量为0 5 38MJ/kgW0 75。肉仔鸡增重代谢能需要量平均约为每千克增重 :1～ 4周龄 1 0 46MJ/kg ,5～ 1…     

0～49日龄肉仔鸡消化参数的变化规律研究

作者通过测定10、14、17、21、28、35、42和49日龄肉仔鸡体重和采食量，嗉囊、腺胃和肌胃及空肠食糜的pH，小肠的长度，腺胃和肌胃食糜中胃蛋白酶水平以及空肠食糜中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶的活性等指标，研究0～49日龄肉仔鸡消化参数的变化规律。并探讨这几种消化参数发育与肉仔鸡生长间的关系。研究结果表明：肉仔鸡体重、采食量以及小肠长度随日龄的增加逐渐增加，体重、采食量和小肠长度的增幅分别于42、28和35日龄左右达到最大，然后呈逐渐降低趋势。嗉囊和胃pH有随日龄增加的趋势，但增幅不大。肉仔鸡空肠pH在生长过程中比较稳定，介于5．79～6．16之间。胃蛋白酶随日龄的增加而逐渐增加，于28日龄达到峰值，随后有降低的趋势。28日龄以后各日龄胃蛋白酶水平仍高于21日龄以前。空肠内淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶随日龄增加逐渐增加，并分别于35、21、14和14日龄达到峰值，随后逐渐降低。与达到峰值前酶活相比，达到峰值后各种酶活水平仍高于或接近峰值前酶活水平。小肠发育程度和消化酶水平可能会对肉仔鸡生长产生影响。     

Developments in modern intensive and conventional pig housing

Investment in the facilities for pig production is subject to the same criteria used for any other business. Until the early 1980s pig farmers were free to choose whatever housing system they considered would give them the best economic return. Now, however, other considerations have to be taken into account, particularly the welfare of the animal and the exclusion of antibiotics in the finishing feed. In terms of welfare, the tethering and stalling of sows has resulted in the development of electronically controlled systems for feeding dry sows. In the fattening herd the pressure for economic performance, where the nett margin per pig sold in real terms has not altered in 15 years, means that systems such as flatdecks and totally slatted houses which give the most consistent food conversion efficiency (FCE) and growth rate are favoured. Slatted fattening systems are the easiest to adapt to weekly modules of production which limits disease spread between batches and reduces the requirement for medication.     

寡糖在饲料中的应用研究进展

寡糖是一种新型饲料添加剂,可促进肠道有益菌繁殖、调节菌群结构、保持肠道正常生理功能、抗氧化、提高动物体液免疫和细胞免疫、促进消化吸收等。对寡糖定义、营养生理功能、作用机理及在动物生产中的应用进行了阐述。     

Venom immunotherapy for Hymenoptera allergy in a dog

A 1.5-year-old male castrated dog was presented in anaphylactic shock after suffering an apparent bee sting. Immunotherapy with bee venom was initiated based upon history, skin testing and serological testing for allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E. The dog was maintained on venom immunotherapy for five years and showed no signs of adverse effects from therapy or from repeated bee stings.