Physiological effects of transforming growth factor in the newborn mouse

Transforming growth factor-type alpha accelerated incisor eruption and eyelid opening in the newborn mouse and also retarded the growth rates of hair and body weight when administered in high dosage (0.7 to 4 micrograms per gram of body weight). The results of whole animal studies indicate that transforming growth factor-type alpha and epidermal growth factor do not differ significantly in these effects and suggest that transforming growth factor-type alpha may be important in immature animals.     

Rat transforming growth factor type 1: structure and relation to epidermal growth factor

The complete amino acid sequence of rat transforming growth factor type 1 has been determined. This growth factor, obtained from retrovirus-transformed fibroblasts, is structurally and functionally related to mouse epidermal growth factor and human urogastrone. Production of this polypeptide by various neoplastic cells might contribute to the continued expression of the transformed phenotype.     

Epithelial wound healing enhanced by transforming growth factor-alpha and vaccinia growth factor

Epidermal regeneration following middermal injuries to skin requires both proliferation and migration of keratinocytes. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates the proliferation of keratinocytes in culture, and topical administration of EGF accelerates epidermal regeneration of partial thickness burns or split-thickness incisions in vivo. Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) and vaccinia growth factor (VGF) have substantial sequence homology with EGF, and all appear to bind to the same receptor protein. Whether TGF-alpha or VGF can affect epidermal wound healing in vivo is not known. The present studies show that topical administration of TGF-alpha or VGF in antibiotic cream to partial thickness burns (second degree) accelerated epidermal regeneration in comparison with untreated or vehicle-treated burns. Low levels of both TGF-alpha and VGF (0.1 microgram per milliliter) appeared to be more effective than EGF in stimulating epidermal regeneration. Regenerated epithelium from burns treated with TGF-alpha or VGF appeared normal histologically. This finding suggests that topical application of selected growth factors may be useful in accelerating healing of partial thickness injuries.     

Inhibition of endothelial regeneration by type-beta transforming growth factor from platelets

Damage to the vessel wall is a signal for endothelial migration and replication and for platelet release at the site of injury. Addition of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) purified from platelets to growing aortic endothelial cells inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation in a concentration-dependent manner. A transient inhibition of DNA synthesis was also observed in response to wounding; cell migration and replication are inhibited during the first 24 hours after wounding. By 48 hours after wounding both TGF-beta-treated and -untreated cultures showed similar responses. Flow microfluorimetric analysis of cell cycle distribution indicated that after 24 hours of exposure to TGF-beta the cells were blocked from entering S phase, and the fraction of cells in G1 was increased. The inhibition of the initiation of regeneration by TGF-beta could allow time for recruitment of smooth muscle cells into the site of injury by other platelet components.     

胃癌患者血清转化生长因子-α、癌胚抗原和糖链抗原水平的检测及临床意义

目的：检测胃癌患者血清癌胚抗原（ＣＥＡ）、糖链抗原（ＣＡ５０）和转化生长因子－α（ＴＧＦ－α）的水平变化及临床意义。方法：采用放射免疫法和微粒子化学发光免疫法对７８例胃癌,１０例重度胃粘膜不典型增生患者及３０例健康人血清的ＣＥＡ、ＣＡ５０和ＴＧＦ－α作了检测。结果：各期胃癌血清ＣＥＡ、ＣＡ５０和ＴＧＦ－α值均明显高于正常对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）;Ⅲ、Ⅳ期胃癌的ＣＥＡ、ＣＡ５０水平又显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期胃     

Growth inhibitor from BSC-1 cells closely related to platelet type beta transforming growth factor

Purified growth inhibitor from BSC-1 cells and type beta transforming growth factor from human platelets are shown to have nearly identical biological activity and to compete for binding to the same cell membrane receptor. These findings suggest that the growth inhibitor and the type beta transforming growth factor are similar molecules. The data also show that the same purified polypeptide can either stimulate or inhibit cell proliferation depending on the experimental conditions.     

Reversible inhibition of mammary gland growth by transforming growth factor-beta

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) can stimulate or inhibit growth of cells in vitro, as well as induce the transformed phenotype. Although widely distributed in animal tissue, the effects of TGF-beta in vivo are largely unknown, and a physiological role for the peptide hormone has not been demonstrated. The effect of TGF-beta on developing epithelial tissue in situ was studied by using slow-release plastic pellets containing TGF-beta to treat developing mouse mammary gland. Powerful inhibition of mammary growth and morphogenesis was observed. This growth-inhibited mammary tissue was histologically normal, and the inhibitory effect was fully reversible. Under the conditions of these experiments, TGF-beta displayed many of the characteristics expected of a physiologically active growth-regulatory molecule.     

Mediation of cardioprotection by transforming growth factor-beta

Myocardial ischemia causes heart injury that is characterized by an increase in circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF), the local production of superoxide anions, the loss of coronary vasodilation (relaxation) in response to agents that release endothelial cell relaxation factor, and cardiac tissue damage. Ischemic injury can be mimicked by TNF. When given before or immediately after ischemic injury, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) reduced the amount of superoxide anions in the coronary circulation, maintained endothelial-dependent coronary relaxation, and reduced injury mediated by exogenous TNF. Thus, TGF-beta prevented severe cardiac injury, perhaps by alleviating damage mediated by increases in circulating TNF.     

Stimulation of bone resorption in vitro by synthetic transforming growth factor-alpha

Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that tumor-derived transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) is responsible for the increased bone resorption and hypercalcemia seen in some malignant diseases. Homogeneous synthetic TGF-alpha prepared by the solid-phase synthesis method stimulated bone resorption directly in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. Incubation times of 72 hours or more were required to stimulate resorption, which is similar to the time course of bone resorption by epidermal growth factor.     

转化生长因子α对人肠上皮细胞增殖、细胞总RNA和总蛋白质含量的影响

主要探讨转化生长因子-α(Transforming Growth Factorα,TGF-α)对人结肠细胞生长、增殖以及细胞总RNA和总蛋白质含量的影响。以人结肠腺癌细胞(Adenocarcinoma,LoVo)为试验模型,分别添加重组人TGF-α0.1、1(接近人乳TGF-α含量最低值)、10(接近人乳TGF-α含量最高值)[1]和100ng·mL-1后,观察细胞增殖能力、细胞总RNA和总蛋白质含量变化。添加TGF-α24h后,细胞较对照有明显的增殖现象,且增值率随细胞浓度增加而呈上升趋势,并在10ng·mL-1时达到最大(P<0.01)。细胞总RNA含量随TGF-α浓度增加而上升为控制组的1.67倍(P<0.05)至4.20倍(P<0.01)。而100ng·mL-1组细胞总蛋白质含量明显高于控制组和其他各剂量组。为对照组的1.28倍(P<0.05)。TGF-α能够促进人肠上皮细胞细胞增殖且具有剂量依赖性,TGF-α同样能够促进人结肠上皮细胞RNA含量的增加和蛋白质的合成。     

Accelerated healing of incisional wounds in rats induced by transforming growth factor-beta

The role of polypeptide growth factors in the processes of inflammation and repair was investigated by analyzing the influence of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), applied directly to linear incisions made through rat dorsal skin. A dose-dependent, direct stimulatory effect of a single application of TGF-beta on the breaking strength of healing incisional wounds was demonstrated. An increase in maximum wound strength of 220 percent of control was observed at 5 days; the healing rate was accelerated by approximately 3 days for at least 14 days after production of the wound and application of TGF-beta. These increases in wound strength were accompanied by an increased influx of mononuclear cells and fibroblasts and by marked increases in collagen deposition at the site of application of TGF-beta. TGF-beta is thus a potent pharmacologic agent that can accelerate wound healing in rats.     

超表达杨树SBPase基因促进拟南芥光合作用及营养生长

目的卡尔文循环是植物光合作用中极为重要的生理过程,对植物的生长发育具有显著影响。前期研究表明,高光合速率的速生欧美杨的景天庚酮糖-1, 7-二磷酸酯酶(SBPase)基因表达水平在速生期显著上调,预示该基因在光合碳固定过程中可能起着关键作用。方法为进一步解析SBPase在木本植物光合速率和生长发育中的作用,本文从速生欧美杨品系NE19中克隆得到了PdSBPase基因,并构建35S:PdSBP:GFP表达载体,采用农杆菌花序侵染法转化拟南芥,通过抗生素筛选,PCR鉴定和组织定位等多种方式鉴定并成功得到了超表达PdSBPase拟南芥株系。结果在正常生长状态下,超表达植株的叶面积、根长、株高都优于野生型和突变体,其中叶面积是野生型的1.79倍,根长是野生型的1.93倍,而突变体表现为植株矮化,叶子明显发黄短小,叶绿素含量低于野生型株系。转基因株系SBPase酶活是野生型1.4倍,是突变体的1.9倍,RuBP产量以及淀粉含量均要高于野生型和突变体株系,RuBP产量分别是野生型和突变体的1.37和1.76倍,转基因株系的淀粉含量达到了50.26μg/g,而突变体的淀粉含量未检出。结论这些结果说明,PdSBPase对RuBP的形成和淀粉等多糖的合成起到关键作用,能促进植物积累更多的碳水化合物,进而正向调控植物的光合能力。      

Requirement for activin A and transforming growth factor--beta 1 pro-regions in homodimer assembly

Many proteins are initially synthesized as part of a large precursor. The role of the pro-region in the biosynthesis of transforming growth factor--beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) and activin A, two structurally related disulfide-linked homodimers synthesized as large precursors, was studied. Vectors that expressed either the pro-region or the mature regions of these molecules were used in complementation experiments, only when the pro-region was coexpressed with the mature region did intracellular dimerization and secretion of biologically active homodimers occur. The pro-regions of activin A and TGF-beta 1, therefore, aid the folding, disulfide bond formation, and export of their respective homodimers.     

Endothelial adhesiveness for blood neutrophils is inhibited by transforming growth factor-beta

Adhesion of blood cells to endothelial cells is an essential component of all inflammatory responses. The capacity of the endothelium to support adhesion of neutrophils is increased by cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, and endotoxin. Another cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), was a strong inhibitor of basalneutrophil adhesion and also decreased the adhesive response of endothelial cells to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The ability of cells to respond to TGF-beta was related to the duration of culture of endothelial cells after explantation from umbilical veins. TGF-beta is likely to serve an anti-inflammatory role at sites of blood vessel injury undergoing active endothelial regeneration.     

Modulation of epidermal growth factor receptors on 3T3 cells by platelet-derived growth factor

Platelet-derived growth factor does not compete with epidermal growth factor (EGF) for binding to EGF receptors on the murine 3T3 cell surface, but it modulates EGF receptors in two ways: (i) it induces a transient down regulation of EGF receptors and (ii) it inhibits EGF-induced down regulation of EGF receptors. These data suggest a common cellular internalization mechanism for the receptors for both hormones.