生活垃圾微生物强化堆肥对放线菌群落的影响

为了探讨微生物强化堆肥对生活垃圾好氧堆肥过程及堆肥过程中放线菌群落的影响,在堆肥过程中接种高效细菌复合菌剂和真菌复合菌剂,并以不接种的堆体为对照,对堆肥过程的温度变化和木质纤维素的降解效率进行了测定,并借助于PCR-DGGE方法对堆肥过程中放线菌群落的动态变化和种群多样性进行研究。结果表明：微生物强化堆肥能缩短堆体起爆时间,并能有效提高堆体降温期和二次发酵期的温度;和自然堆肥相比微生物强化堆肥使半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的降解率分别提高8.95%、12.72%和10.13%。DGGE图谱显示：2种堆肥方式的放线菌多样性指数表现出极显著差异,微生物强化堆肥能增加堆体中优势菌群的种类和数量,能有效提高腐熟期的放线菌群落多样性,有利于堆肥腐熟。优势条带测序结果表明：在接种堆肥过程中检测到了放线菌门的棒杆菌属、分支杆菌属、链霉菌属、热孢菌属、迪茨菌属、糖丝菌属和放线菌属。     

氧浓度对复合菌系MC1纤维素降解能力的影响

堆肥系统内氧浓度一直是影响堆肥进程的重要因子,它决定了堆肥系统中微生物活动的强弱,从而影响堆肥中复杂有机物的分解速率.该文研究了氧浓度对纤维素降解复合菌系MC1功能的影响.通过不同封口方式与不同大小容器培养实验,揭示静置培养条件下复合菌系MC1在纤维素降解过程中,氧浓度对该复合菌系分解纤维素能力的影响.得出复合菌系MC1在微耗氧条件下(＜0.05 mg/L)分解纤维素,分解纤维素最佳的氧浓度范围在0.01～0.02 mg/L,氧浓度过高或过低均不利于纤维素的分解.特定氧浓度有利于复合菌系MC1执行分解功能.     

牛粪堆肥各阶段主要纤维素降解菌分离与作用规律分析

以纤维素降解率和糖生成率为主要指标,对堆肥各阶段主要纤维素降解菌进行分离筛选,并对其作用规律进行了初步研究.结果表明,纤维素降解分为转化为堆肥有机质及糖等小分子物质两个方面;堆肥早期糖生成量相对较多,对发酵微生物生长及堆体升温具有重要作用;堆肥中后期则更多转化为堆肥有机质,对腐殖质形成具有重要作用;嗜纤维菌、假单胞菌,小单孢菌、纤维单胞菌、纤维弧菌、芽孢杆菌,高温放线菌、小多孢菌、链霉菌、曲霉,小单孢菌、木霉、青霉、曲霉、芽孢杆菌等分别为低温、中温、高温、降温阶段纤维素降解主要功能菌;以纤维素降解率和糖生成率作为研究和筛选纤维素降解菌的主要指标,具有重要应用价值.     

功能菌剂对堆肥中木质纤维素降解的影响

以鲜牛粪和稻草为材料进行好氧堆肥,主要研究了接种木质纤维素降解菌对堆肥过程中木质纤维素降解酶活性、木质纤维素降解菌数量动态及木质纤维素降解率变化的影响。结果表明,接菌处理使堆肥在第3 d进入高温期,并维持45℃以上高温长达20 d(自然堆肥为14 d)。接菌处理堆肥中的木质纤维素酶活性在各个时期均高于自然堆肥,其中羧甲基纤维素酶、滤纸酶和半纤维素木聚糖酶活性最大值分别为1 120、268、1 681 U/L,高出自然堆肥959、209、1 459 U/L;漆酶活性在第18和31 d出现两次峰值,分别为4 666和3 666 U/L,而自然堆肥的漆酶活性在第18 d出现一次明显峰值,仅为1 700 U/L。接菌处理的木质纤维素降解菌数量在堆肥各个时期均高于自然堆肥;堆肥结束时,接菌处理堆肥中木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的降解率分别高于自然堆肥14.33%、31.31%和19.57%。以上结果表明,加入木质纤维素降解菌可明显提高堆体温度,延长堆肥高温期,增加堆肥中木质纤维素降解菌数量,提高相关酶活性和木质纤维素降解率,可以考虑将其进一步应用于较大规模的牛粪堆肥处理或其他禽畜粪便的堆肥处理。     

秸秆对猪粪静态兼性堆肥无害化和腐熟度的影响

为促进猪粪静态兼性堆肥产品无害化和腐熟,通过添加玉米秸秆调控堆体物理结构特性和碳氮比,采用传统自然发酵方式进行为期90d的静态兼性堆肥试验,分别设置纯猪粪处理(P)和秸秆调控处理(PC)研究静态兼性堆肥过程腐熟度指标、粪大肠菌群以及微生物群落结构演变特征。结果表明,秸秆调控增加了堆体孔隙率(提高19.41%),促进氧气向堆体内部扩散,增强了好氧微生物对有机质的降解,降低NH₄⁺-N,可溶性有机氮(dissolved total nitrogen, DTN)等植物毒性物质含量,提升了堆肥腐熟度,两组处理堆肥产品种子发芽指数分别为40.84%(P)和114.60%(PC)。静态兼性堆肥经过30～40 d自然发酵后,粪大肠菌群数量达到卫生安全标准,堆体温度、NH₄⁺-N和有机酸含量均会影响粪大肠杆菌的活性。堆体中微生物以厚壁菌门、放线菌门、变形菌门等与木质纤维素降解相关的菌门为优势菌门,堆体自上而下由好氧菌属演替为厌氧菌属,并形成好氧、兼性、厌氧的微生物分层。秸秆调控增加了堆体的好氧区域,促进和提高了猪粪...     

添加腐熟猪粪对猪粪好氧堆肥效果的影响

为明确添加腐熟猪粪对猪粪好氧堆肥启动期和高温期微生物数量及酶活性变化规律,探讨微生物影响堆肥温度的机制,揭示影响畜禽粪便堆肥持续高温的主要微生物,该研究比较了猪粪自然堆肥与添加腐熟猪粪(质量分数3%)堆肥过程中有机质降解及嗜温、嗜热微生物数量和脱氢酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶活性变化特征。结果表明,24 h内添加腐熟猪粪堆肥温度比自然堆肥高出5℃,但高温期平均温度较自然堆肥低8℃,高温（＞50℃）期比自然堆肥短4 d。自然堆肥和添加腐熟猪粪堆肥嗜温菌数量先高后低,嗜热菌数量随着温度的升高而上升。添加腐熟猪粪堆肥升温期嗜温、嗜热细菌和纤维素降解菌增殖速度较快,且数量分别比自然堆肥高出12.2%、152.6%、60.3%。添加腐熟猪粪堆肥脱氢酶、纤维素酶活性高峰提前,并使蛋白酶活性增加4.9%。但高温期后,嗜热纤维素降解菌数量比自然堆肥少22.5%,纤维素酶活性及有机质损失率也分别比对照低25.8%、6.1%。以上结果表明,在猪粪高温好氧堆肥中添加腐熟猪粪可以加快堆肥初期升温速度,但由于高温期嗜热纤维素降解菌数量减少,纤维素酶活性降低,不能促进猪粪堆肥持续高温。该研究为猪粪堆肥菌剂的筛选及适宜的接种时间提供依据。     

有机废物堆肥中的微塑料污染:来源、相互作用及展望

微塑料作为新型污染物,近年来受到高度关注。堆肥作为一种广泛使用的有机废物处理技术,对微塑料具有一定的降解作用。目前,关于堆肥中微塑料污染的研究少之又少,但微塑料隐藏在堆肥中并随堆肥进入土壤环境的危害已初见端倪。一方面,微塑料改变堆肥微环境,影响微生物多样性,降低堆肥品质;另一方面,在堆肥过程中,微塑料降解释放内源性有毒物质,且其表面可吸附重金属和有机污染物等,可能导致复合污染效应。从堆肥产品中微塑料的污染情况、对堆肥的影响、堆肥对微塑料的降解作用与改良方法等方面进行了系统综述,结合不同种类微塑料在堆肥中的降解情况,提出目前可生物降解塑料存在的问题,展望堆肥中微塑料研究的未来发展方向。     

降解菌对堆肥中多环芳烃降解作用的初步研究

通过在堆肥中加入经过驯化的降解菌这种土壤有机污染生物修复技术,以超声波提取－高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）分离测定的方法,对堆肥材料中多环芳烃的浓度变化进行监测,从而了解降解解菌对堆肥中多环芳烃的降解作用。实验结果表明,降解菌对堆肥中的多环芳烃有明显的降解作用。     

PBDEs好氧微生物降解动力学过程及热力学机制研究

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一种曾在全球范围内被广泛使用的溴代阻燃剂,具有半挥发性、生物蓄积性、神经毒性和内分泌干扰效应等,严重威胁生态环境和人体健康安全。本研究选择典型好氧降解菌伯克氏菌属LB400,对环境中普遍检出的中低溴联苯醚开展了降解动力学过程研究,探讨了外加碳源作为共代谢底物对降解性能的影响,模拟计算了降解中关键反应路径热力学状态函数性质变化,以揭示其与表观降解速率常数k之间的相关关系。结果表明:联苯作为共代谢底物时PBDEs的去除效率最高,在降解菌的作用下,0~120 h内中低溴代PBDEs均能够发生降解,降解过程符合一级反应动力学。羟基化反应可能是PBDEs微生物降解过程的速控步骤,相比于间/对位取代,活性氧自由基如·OH更倾向于攻击苯环碳原子的邻/间位置,这为揭示PBDEs好氧微生物降解的分子作用机制,促进土壤中高效好氧降解菌的选育与污染修复应用提供了科学依据。     

微生物降解1,2,4-三氯苯研究进展

1,2,4-三氯苯(1,2,4-TCB)的微生物降解机制包括好氧降解、还原脱氯和共代谢。本文简要综述了国内外对1,2,4-TCB微生物降解方面的研究进展,分析了其微生物降解的可行性,讨论了其好氧降解的微生物种类以及降解途径,阐述了厌氧条件下,混合菌群以及纯菌株对1,2,4-TCB还原脱氯的过程,目的是为1,2,4-TCB污染土壤的微生物修复提供依据。     

The Compostable Plastic Poly(lactic) Acid Causes a Temporal Shift in Fungal Communities in Maturing Compost

The compostable biopolymer, poly(lactic) acid (PLA), is increasingly being used as an alternative to conventional plastics for short shelf-life products, disposable bags and packaging, and in agriculture. Despite the increase in the amount of PLA entering composting systems, few studies have examined the impact of PLA degradation on the compost microbial community. Thermophilic fungi play an import role in the composting process as they secrete hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down an array of complex natural polymers. In this study, the impact of PLA hydrolysis on the compost fungal community was examined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and 454 sequencing. At 25°C, the effect of PLA on the surrounding compost community was relatively small and no physical changes were observed to the PLA films. However, when incubated at 50°C, where physical disintegration of PLA was occurring, a clear divergence between the compost populations in the presence and absence of PLA was evident after 2 months but became closer to the population in the absence of PLA after 4 months indicating that, after causing an initial perturbation after 2 months, the population began to return to that seen in the absence of PLA. The only exception was in the population containing 50% (w/w) PLA film, which remained divergent after 4 months and was associated with a marked acidification of the compost. Thus, 454-pyrosequencing revealed that the presence of PLA caused a strong selection for a Thermomyces sp. that was present only at low abundance in the absence of PLA.     

采用EEM-FRI方法研究黑曲霉对牛粪堆肥腐熟及纤维素降解影响

为了优化堆肥工艺,提高堆肥产品质量,研究黑曲霉对牛粪堆肥腐熟度和纤维素降解的影响.该研究以牛粪为原料,小麦秸秆为辅料,以不添加黑曲霉为对照,分别添加1％、2％和3％的黑曲霉进行好氧堆肥,研究了黑曲霉不同添加量对腐熟度指标、养分含量、腐殖质组成以及纤维素组分的影响,并采用激发发射荧光光谱结合荧光区域积分(Excitati...     

Composting of Silicone Polymer Under Different Moisture Conditions,and with the Addition of Various Amounts of Soil

Silicone polymers (polydimethylsiloxanes, or PDMS) are used in many down-the-drain consumer products and thus enter wastewater treatment facilities, after which they can be composted with the resulting sludge. Our previous experiments showed that PDMS would not harm the composting process, and although it does not degrade in moist compost, it will degrade (60% in 4 months) after compost is added to soil. The present experiment investigates the fate of PDMS in compost which is allowed to dry to various extents. PDMS (350 cst) was added to moist compost to yield 2000 mg PDMS/kg of (dry weight) compost. Compost (180 g dry weight) was mixed with moist soil (either 0, 18, or 54 g dry weight) and 30 g (dry weight) of microcrystalline cellulose. Samples were incubated at 58°C for one month using four different moisture regimes, varying from continuously moist to dry. The release of CO₂ from cellulose degradation was monitored as an indication of microbial activity in the four moisture regimes. After incubations were completed, compost samples were extracted and assayed for evidence of PDMS degradation. PDMS degradation increased with increasing severity of compost drying. Little degradation (>90% recovery) was found in continuously moist samples, while samples exposed to partial drying/rewetting showed 40-90% recovery. Dry samples had 20-30% recovery. Some (maximum <13%) degradation products (mostly dimethylsilanediol) were found, but the majority had biodegraded or volatilized. The addition of soil had little effect on PDMS degradation, and the compost itself was active enough to degrade PDMS.     

接种高温嗜热菌剂加快牛粪秸秆堆肥发酵进程

  【目的】  探究添加高温嗜热菌剂对牛粪堆肥的发酵效率、木质纤维素降解和堆肥品质的影响。  【方法】  以牛粪和玉米秸秆为原料进行堆肥。添加嗜热菌剂处理(GLL)的菌剂主要由普通高温放线菌(Thermoactinomyces vulgaris)、地尿素芽孢杆菌(Ureibacillus terrenus)和嗜热脱氮芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus thermodenitrificans)组成,以分别添加两个市售有机肥发酵菌剂的处理(A、B)为对照,同时设不接种菌剂的空白对照(CK),发酵试验为期30天。在堆肥第0、3、7、12、16、23、30天取样,烘干样用于测定堆肥木质纤维素含量,鲜样用于测定含水率、pH、电导率（EC）值、种子发芽率指数(GI)和细菌群落结构。  【结果】  GLL处理在堆肥第2天迅速升温至超高温期(85.8℃),超高温期持续5天;CK、A和B处理在堆肥第3天内进入高温期(分别为56.3℃、59.2℃和57.6℃),高温期分别持续了10、11和13天。接种GLL显著降低了堆肥水分含量,堆肥结束时含水量下降至34.3%,而CK、A和B处理的含水量分别下降至45.4%、43.8%和44.6%,未能满足产品水分标准。GLL处理半纤维素、纤维素和木质素在堆肥后比初始值分别下降81.6%、65.2%和53.7%,对木质纤维素的降解能力明显高于CK、A和B处理。在GLL处理堆肥高温期及超高温期,厚壁菌门细菌相对丰度增加到46.6%。接种GLL菌剂发酵后的堆肥产物的有机质、总养分、机械杂质质量分数及酸碱度、GI值等均满足NY/T 525—2021的要求。  【结论】  接种高温嗜热菌剂能够显著提高堆肥温度,延长高温期持续时间,实现超高温堆肥,降低水分含量,提高木质纤维素的降解效果,快速获得满足NY/T 525—2021要求的堆肥产品。     

酒糟型生物有机肥初始酵解条件对木质纤维

木质纤维是有机物料堆肥化过程最难降解的物质,影响着堆肥化进程。提高木质纤维降解,有利于促进堆肥的快速腐熟,提高堆肥质量。试验应用二次通用回归旋转组合设计四因素（1/2 实施） 方案,研究酒糟型生物有机肥堆制初始条件对总碳、木质纤维降解的影响,旨在为木质纤维高效快速降解提供理论依据。结果表明,在本试验条件下,秸糟比对总碳、半纤维素的影响作用最大;含水率对纤维素、木质素的影响作用最大。实现总碳等较好降解效果的各因子配比方案范围为: pH值6.63～7.02,接种量0.49%～0.551%、含水量65.52%～66.68%、秸糟比41.61%～44.32%。     

农林废弃物对厨余垃圾堆肥腐殖化的影响与微生物驱动机制

高碳源农林辅料复配是实现厨余垃圾好氧堆肥促腐提质的关键技术,但不同辅料对厨余垃圾堆肥过程腐殖化的影响及其相应的微生物驱动机制仍不清楚,从而限制了对辅料的有效筛选与利用。为此,该研究选用园林废弃物、玉米秸秆和西瓜秧3种典型高碳源农林废弃物为辅料,探究其对厨余垃圾堆肥过程有机质腐殖化的调控效果与机制。研究结果表明：相较于园林废弃物和西瓜秧,添加15%玉米秸秆（湿质量）作为辅料,能够有效调节堆体物料结构,富集功能微生物,促进厨余垃圾堆肥产物腐熟度提升,种子发芽指数可达139%。具体而言,西瓜秧蛋白质含量较高,作为辅料能够在堆肥初期促进堆体快速升温,但不利于高温期延续,且产物腐殖化程度较低。相比之下,园林废弃物和玉米秸秆添加可以在高温期和降温腐熟期富集更多Ureibacillus、Bacillus Oceanobacillus和Flavobacterium等具有木聚糖降解和纤维素降解功能的细菌,促进有机质转化为多酚、氨基酸等腐殖质前驱物,进而推动稳定的腐殖酸生成。特别是玉米秸秆作为辅料时有效增加了具有木质纤维素降解功能的细菌,从而能够加速有机质的降解,促进腐殖化提升75%,研究结果为选取适宜的辅料强化厨余垃圾堆肥产品品质提供参考。     

Evaluation of a new composting method in terms of its biodegradation pathway and assessment of compost quality,maturity and stability

The need for scientific composting methods for effective utilization of organic waste is increasing day by day. In this respect, a new process called the Novcom composting method is being increasingly adopted by the organic tea planters of Assam and Darjeeling (India) for large-scale composting. Study of the biodegradation process under this method and quality evaluation of the end product was carried out at Maud tea estate (Assam) during 2008–2009 and 2009–2010. Generation of high temperatures (>65°C) within the compost heap during the biodegradation process provided an indication regarding the destruction of pathogens and weed seeds in the composted material. Samples collected on day 0, 7, 14, 21 and 30 of composting, were analyzed for physicochemical properties, nutrient status, microbial population, stability and phytotoxicity parameters. The most significant finding was the high microbial population (in the order of 10¹⁶ cfu g^?1) in the final product, which was generated naturally during biodegradation. Assessment of the maturity and stability parameters of the compost indicated that biodegradation was complete in ～3 weeks. The study provided an indication of the potential of the Novcom composting method for the production of good quality, stable and mature compost, within a short period.     

Alkaline Amendment for the Enhancement of Compost Degradation for Polylactic Acid Biopolymer Products

This research evaluates the addition of alkaline amendments to enhance the degradation of polylactic acid polymers (PLA) in compost conditions. The use of compostable biopolymers is increasing in part because they are advertised as compostable. However, PLA degrades slowly compared to the organic wastes in compost and even when processed in commercial composting facilities may not fully break down. This results in the accumulation of biopolymers in compost facilities and increased difficulty in identifying and removing contamination from traditional plastics. Alkaline amendments were used to accelerate the degradation of two PLA products in compost conditions. Six flasks containing food scraps, compost inoculant, and an alkaline amendment were set up as bioreactors with half containing clear PLA and the others including opaque PLA. The six bioreactors were incubated for 22 days. The mass loss and final visual inspection, including microscopy, showed increased degradation within the bioreactors containing the alkaline treatments. These results show that the addition of alkaline amendment to composting systems may enable more effective processing of biopolymers, expanding the range and quantity of wastes that can be processes. The enhanced degradation of biopolymers in compost may enable greater diversion rates for institutions and cities by enabling the acceptance of biopolymers and any mixed organics stream which includes biopolymers wastes.