起飞绿色带试飞方法研究

本文以某型民用飞机为背景,阐述了确定飞机起飞绿色带的重要性,在起飞绿色带相关适航要求的基础上,给出了相应的试飞方法,可应用于民用飞机起飞绿色带相关条款的适航验证。     

起飞绿色带仿真计算分析流程

本文以某型民用飞机为背景,阐述了完成民用飞机起飞绿色带仿真计算的必要性和重要性。在此基础上,介绍了起飞绿色带仿真计算的流程,可应用于民用飞机的设计、验证。     

民机刹车系统发展研究

飞机刹车系统是保证飞机安全起飞和着陆的关键,对飞机刹车系统的研究具有重要意义。通过分析研究波音系列飞机和空客系列飞机的刹车系统,研究当前民用飞机常用的刹车系统,得到了民用飞机刹车系统的发展历程及发展趋势。我国民用飞机现正处于起步阶段,对我国民用飞机刹车系统的研制具有一定指导意义。     

民用飞机减推力起飞方法分析

根据飞机实际运营的情况,本文介绍了民用飞机减推力起飞常用的等级减推法和灵活温度法,并且与适航实际要求相结合。由于灵活温度法泛用性更好,本文还具体分析了在使用过程中如何确定灵活温度上下限的方法和使用灵活温度起飞的逻辑,可以作为实际运营的参考。     

民用飞机着陆灯系统性能需求捕获与确认

民用飞机着陆灯系统为飞机起飞、近进、降落时提供照亮机场跑道的照明。着陆灯系统设计过程中有效的需求捕获和确认完善了系统的整体设计及设计效果,是整个设计流程中尤其重要的一环。本文提供一套全面、详实的着陆灯系统的需求捕获与确认方法。     

运输类飞机地面最小操纵速度试飞研究

地面最小操纵速度是飞机起飞性能中的重要参数。本文以适航条款CCAR25.149(a)(e)为基础,分析了该条款对制定地面最小操纵速度的具体适航要求;系统梳理和归纳了该条款的符合性验证思路及表明对该条款符合性的飞行试验中需要关注的问题,可为民用飞机的地面最小操纵速度试飞提供经验参考。     

尾吊布局民用飞机动力装置大侧风适航验证技术与经验

尾吊布局的民用飞机动力装置大侧风试验,是考核发动机在装机环境下进气道与发动机之间工作兼容性的适航试验,涉及对CCAR§25.939(a)(c)、§25.1091(a)(1)、§25.903(d)(2)和§25.1309(c)条款符合性验证,通过侧风地面试验制定出发动机在装机环境下的地面侧风运行包线,由侧风下的滑跑起飞和着陆试验验证发动机装机条件下的滑跑起飞侧风范围,并在飞行手册中给出飞机侧风飞行的要求和程序。     

民用飞机货物漂移特定风险分析

在民用飞机研制过程中,特定风险项的分析历来是充满挑战性的课题。本文结合适航规章要求及民用飞机的特点,研究了货物漂移特定风险项对民用飞机的安全性影响,总结了民用飞机货物漂移特定风险评估的一般方法,并提出了在民用飞机设计研发过程中针对该风险可采取的防护措施,最大限度保障飞机安全。     

民用飞机复合材料维修性设计要求初步探讨

民用飞机各主要系统、零部件在设计研制过程中应首先制定维修性设计要求。本文对民用飞机复合材料维修性设计要求展开研究,介绍了民用飞机复合材料使用现状及复合材料结构维修步骤,并在此基础上对民用飞机复合材料维修性设计要求进行了探讨。     

纵向操纵性工模实验分析流程

本文以某型民用飞机为背景,阐述了完成民用飞机纵向操纵性工模实验的必要性和重要性。在此基础上,介绍了纵向操纵性工模实验的流程,可应用于民用飞机的设计、验证。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.