Tissue culture storage of potato germplasm. 2. Use of growth retardants

Summary The interval between transfers of organ cultures from seventeen potato cultivars has been extended from several weeks to twelve months by the addition of growth retardants to the medium. The presence of abscisic acid or mannitol in the medium increased the survival of cultures from 15 to 60% after twelve months, and in combination with a reduced temperature regime up to 73% of cultures survived. B995 and Phosphon D added to the medium had less effect and trans-cinnamic acid was ineffective. In the presence of abscisic acid and mannitol cultures became stunted with short internodes and poor root development but normal growth occurred on transfer to retardant-free medium

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Zusammenfassung Das Intervall zwischen den Uebertragungen von Organkulturen, die von siebzehn Kartoffelsorten stammen, wurde von vier Wochen auf zw?lf Monate oder l?nger ausgedehnt. Die fünfzehn Züchtungen schlossen Muster von vier Ploidygraden ein und deckten den Schwankungsbereich innerhalb kultivierter Kartoffeln. Nodienkulturen wurden routinem?ssig alle vier Wochen übertragen und auf N?hrboden nach Murashige & Skoog (1962) ohne Hormone bei 22 °C bei einer Photoperiode von 16 Stunden herangezogen. Die nach der Lagerung überlebenden Pflanzen wurden auf frischen N?hrboden übertragen und dienten der Produktion der neuen Anzucht. Der durchschnittliche Prozentsatz Ueberlebende nach 12monatiger Lagerung bei 22 °C wurde von 17 % auf 66 % bzw. 61 % mit 5 mg/l bzw. 10 mg/l Abscisins?ure im N?hrboden verbessert. Eine Erh?hung des osmotischen Druckes durch die Beifügung von Mannit erm?glichte das Ueberleben in einem ?hnlichen Ausmass, 3 % und 6 % Mannit erh?hte die Zahl der Ueberlebenden auf 64 % und 61 %. Die andern Hemmstoffe waren weniger wirksam. Nach 6 Monaten Lagerung war die Ueberlebensrate von 45 % auf 60 % mit 50 mg/l B995 und 10 mg/l Maleins?urehydrazid und auf 85% mit 1 und 3 mg/l Phosphon D verbessert; trans-Zimts?ure war unwirksam. Eine Kombination von erh?htem N?hrbodenvolumen (3,5 ml auf 60 ml) mit 20 mg/l Abscisins?ure im N?hrboden verbesserte die Ueberlebensrate von 26 % auf 73 % nach 12 Monaten Lagerung. 73 % der Kulturen wurden auch mit 10 mg/l Abscisins?ure in Verbindung mit einem zyklischen Temperaturregime erzielt. Wirksame Konzentrationen von Hemmstoffen erzeugten eine anomale Pflanzenmorphologie. Die Pfl?nzchen waren verkümmert mit kurzen Internodien und schwacher Wurzelentwicklung. Durch die Uebertragung auf frischen, hemmstoffreien N?hrboden wurde jedoch ein normales Wachstum erzielt. Die Beifügung von Hemmstoffen, besonders Abscisins?ure und Mannit, erlaubt die Lagerung von Kartoffelkulturen bei normalen Raumtemperaturen für Kulturen (22 °C) und ist auch in Kombination mit reduzierten Temperaturen wirksam.

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Résumé L'intervalle entre la mise en culture d'organes issus de dix-sept variétés de pomme de terre et leur transfert a été étendu de quatre semaines à douze mois ou plus. Ces quinze variétés comprenaient quatre niveaux de plo?die et couvraient la gamme des variations observées à l'intérieur des pommes de terre cultivées. Les explantats issus des cultures ont été transférés régulièrement toutes les quatre semaines et cultivés sur le milieu de Murashige & Skoog (1962) sans hormones, à 22 °C sous une photopériode de 16 heures. Les cultures étaient faites une à quatre semaines avant leur transfert dans les conditions expérimentales. La survie des explantats s'est exprimée par la production d'une nouvelle croissance sur le milieu frais. Le pourcentrage moyen de survie après une conservation de 12 mois à 22 °C était amélioré de 17 à 66 % et 61 % avec respectivement 5 mg/l et 10 mg/l d'acide absissique dans le milieu. Une augmentation de la pression osmotique occasionnée par l'addition de mannitol a amélioré la survie dans des proportions analogues, de 3 et 6 % à 64 et 61 %. Les autres retardateurs de croissance ont été moins efficaces. Après 6 mois de conservation le taux de survie est passé de 45 à 60 % avec 50 mg/l de B995 et 10 mg/l d'hydrazide maléique et à 85 % avec 1 et 3 mg/l de phosphon D; l'acide trans-cinnamique n'a pas été efficace. L'augmentation de la quantité de milieu (de 3.5 ml à 60 ml) combinée avec l'addition de 20 mg d'acide absissique a amélioré le taux de survie de 26 à 73% après 12 mois, et 73 % également avec 10 mg/l lorsque le cycle des températures a été alterné. La concentration des retardateurs de croissance avait pour effet de donner des anomalies morphologiques aux cultures. Les plantules étaient rabougries avec de courts entre-noeuds et peu de racines. Le transfert de celles-ci sur un milieu frais sans retardateur de croissance leur rendait une croissance normale. L'addition de retardateurs de croissance, notamment d'acide absissique et de mannitol, convient à la pomme de terre pour la conservation des cultures à la température ambiante (22 °C) et est également efficace dans le cas de températures plus basses.

     

桂竹香花器离体培养的研究

以桂竹香花柄，花瓣，花丝为外植体，研究不同激素对诱导愈伤组织和不定芽的影响，研究结果表明，4种外植体均能形成愈伤组织，但愈伤组织的发生率，发生部位及形态等表现差异，花柄愈伤组织继代MS＋2，4－D＋BA培养基，可分化产生不定芽，出芽率78％－82％，再生小苗在1／2MS＋NAA 0．5mg/L培养基中生根形成再生植株。     

The use of hormonal and osmotic growth retardants in media used for the storage of potato germplasm in-vitro

Summary Cultures of 23 potato cultivars were examined for their responses to hormonal and osmotic growth inhibitors incorporated in media used for storage in-vitro. Cultivars differed in their tolerance of inhibitors and also in their growth on a Murashige and Skoog medium with 3% sucrose. Both osmotic and hormonal growth retardants restricted the development of shoot tips but there were significant cultivar x treatment interactions, indicating that the ranking of cultivars will vary with the media used. Such interactions may complicate the establishment of facilities for storage in-vitro. However, addition to the basal medium of 5 mg l⁻¹ abscisic acid reduced both the overall mean scores and, more importantly, the between cultivar variance; its use in conjunction with low temperature shows promise as a method for conserving potato germplasm in-vitro.     

Accumulation of sugars in microtubers of potato node cuttings (cv. Kennebec) during cold storage

Summary Microtubers of potato cultivar Kennebec were stored for two months at 2 or 8°C and sampled at selected intervals for the determination of glucose, fructose, sucrose and sprout weight. The aim of this experiment was to determine whether these microtubers show the same response to storage temperature with respect to sweetening as field grown tubers. During storage at 2 °C, reducing sugars and sucrose increased rapidly to a concentration of over 1.0 and 0.7 g/100 g fresh weight, respectively. In contrast, in tubers kept at 8°C, only a relatively slight increase in reducing sugar concentration to 0.3 g/100 g fresh weight was observed and sucrose concentration remained virtually the same.     

Advantages of storage of potato pollen in liquid nitrogen

Summary Potato pollen stored in liquid nitrogen (−196 C) showed no significant decrease in percentage germination after nine months, whereas pollen stored at −20 C showed a decrease in germination to <1% over the same period.     

Tissue culture for the international transfer of potato genetic resources

The use of tissue culture techniques for the international movement of potato clonal germplasm was studied. “Multi-meristem” cultures were established from virus-free plants by procedures described earlier by the authors. Well developed plantlets, regenerated aseptically from “nodal cuttings” of shoots produced in multi-meristem cultures, were used for international transfer. The medium contained the Murashige-Skoog mineral and vitamin components, with 2% sucrose, and was supplemented with 2 mg/l calcium pantothenate and 0.2 mg/l gibberellic acid. The cultures survived the mail shipment when 1% agar medium and small test tubes were used; polystyrene containers reduced damage due to abrupt temperature changes. At the receiving end, higher survival rates during the recovery of plants was achieved through potting of plantlets regenerated from nodal cutting cultures. A total of 43 pest and disease-free potato clones have been distributedin vitro from CIP to 10 different countries. The training of technicians from developing countries played an important role in the application of these methods.     

Seed potato quality as influenced by high temperatures during the growth period. 1. Effect of storage temperature on sprout growth

Summary In the Negev area of Israel potatoes are grown in two seasons of the year: spring and autumn. Locally grown seed of cv. Up-to-Date prepared for the autumn season are grown in the spring under high-temperature conditions during the last part of the growth period. The response to storage temperature treatments consisted of different degrees of sprouting. Temperatures that encouraged bud development (12–22°C) shortened the dormant period of the tubers by about a month, and usually there is clear apical dominance. However, increasing length of the apical bud was positively correlated with storage temperature. Partial loss of apical dominance was obtained when the tubers were held at a low temperature (4°C) for at least two months after lifting. After transfer of the tubers to high temperatures for another month, there were 3 or 4 sprouts per tuber. The physiological age of seed tubers developing in the semi-arid region is discussed. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, Beit Dagan, Israel 1979 Series, No 300.     

The processing potential of tubers of the cultivated potato,Solanum tuberosum L., after storage at low temperature. 1. Fry colour

Summary Routine fry tests of material from the potato breeding programme at the Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI) detected clones which gave superior (paler coloured) crisps than the control cultivar Record, after storage at low temperatures (4°C). Thirteen of these clones and nine cultivars were fry tested at intervals after storage at 4°C and 10°C. The ability of these clones to produce an acceptable fry product direct from storage at low temperature and their superiority in this respect over existing cultivars was confirmed. Some clones examined produced an acceptable fry colour even after 30 weeks' storage at 4°C.     

“热研11号”黑籽雀稗植株再生体系的建立

以热带牧草"热研11号"黑籽雀稗(Paspalum atratum cv.Reyan No.11)种子为材料,对其外植体植株的再生过程进行系统研究.结果表明,以MS无机盐 9.0mg/L维生素B1 9.5mg/L维生素B6 4.5mg/L尼克酸 1.0mg/L水解酪蛋白 30.0g/L蔗糖 8.0g/L琼脂为基本成分(MSM),附加植物激素类物质2.0mg/L2,4-D时,适合种子的愈伤组织形成,愈伤诱导率可达65%:继代培养基附加1.0mg/L2,4-D和0.1mg/LKT:分化的培养基附加6.0mg/L6-BA,分化率可达50%;生根培养基附加0.5mg/L激素类物质NAA,生根率100%.完成植株再生约需13周.     

Wild potato (Solanum sect.Petota) germplasm collecting expedition to Argentina in 1990, and status of Argentinian potato germplasm resources

Summary A joint Argentina/United States expedition collected wild potato (Solanum sect.Petota) germplasm in Argentina between February 4–28 and March 28–April 18, 1990. This was followed by a short expedition between February 27 and March 3, 1991. Collections were made in the Andes Mountains from southern Tucumán Province (27°20′S), south to southern Rio Negro Province (40°52′S) and comprised 88 lots of germplasm of ten species, 76 as true-seed and 12 as tubers. The most important new collections included germplasm ofS. brevidens, S. maglia, S. x rechei andS. venturii. By summarizing details of these collections with those of existing collections, we have been able to suggest future collecting in Argentina.     

Changes in the surface morphology of starch granules of the cultivated potato,Solanum tuberosum L. during storage

Summary Low temperature sweetening is a major problem to chip and crisp manufacturers as it results in the production of unacceptably dark fry products. Cryo-electron microscopy was used to examine the changes which occur to the surface morphology of starch granules from tubers of cultivars Record and Brodick stored at 4°C and 10°C. At harvest, the surface of the starch granules was smooth but during storage the surface of the granules became progressívely more pitted. The feasibility of using this technique to determine whether increased starch breakdown occurs at low storage temperatures is discussed. Deceased.     

The processing potential of tubers of the cultivated potato,Solanum tuberosum L., after storage at low temperatures. 2. Sugar concentration

Summary Several clones from a potato breeding programme at the Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI) produced acceptable (pale) coloured fry products after five months' storage at 4°C. Chemical analysis of tuber samples taken at five-week intervals during storage at 4°C and 10°C gave a substantial variation in glucose, fructose and sucrose concentrations among the 22 clones examined. Several unnamed SCRI clones showed little accumulation of reducing sugars when stored at 4°C. In marked contrast, the cultivars Record and Pentland Dell, currently the most widely used cultivars for fry processing in the UK, accumulated far greater levels of sugar during low temperature storage. Glucose concentration proved more important than fructose concentration in determining fry colour. Clones with the lowest concentrations of glucose after storage at 4°C also showed lowest concentrations when stored at 10°C. These results are in agreement with previous reports on the predictive value of glucose levels at harvest, but this is the first identification of such low temperature, low sweetening variants in agronomically adapted clones of the cultivated tetraploid potato.     

Cryopreservation: an alternative for the long-term storage of old potato varieties

Summary A simple freezing method has been developed for the cryopreservation of an in vitro collection of old potato varieties. More than 125 varieties or genotypes have been frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen. Most varieties have high survival rates, averaging 80%. Plant regeneration rates were lower and averaged 40%. Plants have been obtained from all varieties or genotypes frozen and the phenotypes of regrown plants matched very well those of the unfrozen stock plants. However, one plant was found which was probably polyploid and five plants had poor growth. In addition, the genetic stability of 161 regrown plants was checked by flow cytometric measurements and DNA-fingerprinting. In the 161 tested samples neither polyploid plants nor unusual banding patterns were found.     

粤西1号芒果成熟阶段的蔗糖代谢

以粤西1号为试材研究了芒果果实成熟阶段淀粉、葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖的含量以及蔗糖代谢相关酶-酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的活性变化.结果表明:采收前淀粉含量逐渐减少,采收后快速减少;葡萄糖含量采收后呈先增后减的趋势,果糖含量采收前缓慢增加,采收后开始迅速增加,蔗糖变化与果糖变化趋势一致,完熟时含量最多的糖为蔗糖(62.55 mg,g),果糖次之(44.45 mg/g),葡萄糖最少(2.87mg/g).AI、NI、SS、SPS在采收前活性差别不大,在后熟阶段,AI、SS、SPS活性显著增加,且SPS活性达到最高值.粤西1号糖代谢以积累蔗糖为主,2种酶SPS和SS起关键作用.     

Dimethylnaphthalene and diisopropylnaphthalene for potato sprout control in storage: 1. Application methodology and efficacy

Dimethylnaphthalene (DMN) and diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) isomers applied as sprout suppressants to stored potatoes (cv. Russet Burbank) were evaluated for effects on sprout length and weight compared to chlorpropham (CIPC). One application of CIPC at 22 mg a.i. kg^-1 of tuber fresh weight (f.w.), and one or two applications of DMN and DIPN at 100, 200, and 300 mg a.i. kg^-1 f.w. were applied as thermal aerosol fogs. Two applications of DIPN at 300 mg a.i. kg^-1 f.w. were as effective as CIPC in suppressing sprout growth during ten months of storage. DMN also suppressed tuber sprout growth but was not as effective as two applications of DIPN or one application of CIPC. One application of DIPN or DMN at 300 mg a.i. kg^-1 f.w. was an effective suppressant of sprout growth on a short-term basis. Whole tuber residue analyses were also conducted. After ten months in storage, DMN and DIPN residue concentrations were equal to or less than those of CIPC.     

野生亚麻无性扩繁及保存技术的研究

野生亚麻(Linum stelleroides Planch)是二年生植物,要通过有性繁殖留取种子的方式进行保存颇有难度。本项研究采用组织培养的方法对野生亚麻的茎段进行无性扩繁获得成功,一年内从2株无菌苗入手培养最终获得再生植株600多株,繁殖倍数达300倍,而且移栽成活的再生植株已开花结实。同时进行了低温保存不定芽的研究,结果显示,4℃条件下保存3个月对野生亚麻茎段分化率有一定的促进作用,初步确定MS(附加6-BA0.5mg/l,NAA0.05mg/l)培养基为茎段分化的适宜培养基,1/2MS(附加一定量的激素)培养基为不定芽保存培养基。     

The rate of respiration of potato tubers during storage. 3. Relationships between rate of respiration,weight loss and other variables

Summary In 1973 the rate of respiration of stored potato tubers was highest in those cultivars which had the greatest weight loss, but this was not found in 1972. The rate of respiration could almost completely be explained by the factors storage temperature, degree of sprouting and storage duration, and the interactions between these factors. The main effects often had a strong curvilinear component. The increase in rate of respiration found after one and a half years of storage at low temperatures was cuased by physiological deterioration of the tubers. Paper No 690, Department of Vegetable Crops, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853, USA