Dietary rapeseed meal and the incidence of tainted eggs

1. Incorporating 0, 3, 6 or 9% rapeseed meal in the diet of brown‐egg laying birds for 28 d resulted in the production of 0, 1.2, 19.3 and 20.9% tainted eggs respectively, the first tainted eggs being laid on the fifth day.

2. During the second and third weeks the incidence of tainted eggs exceeded 20% but fell to 11.4% during the final week.

3. Omission of the rapeseed meal from the diets halted the production of tainted eggs.

4. Neither egg production nor the health of the birds was adversely affected by the treatments.

5. The taint was described as “ fishy ” or “ crabby ” and was distinctive, but the source was not identified.     

Chronic orthopaedic disease in adult male broiler breeding fowls

An assessment has been made of spontaneous orthopaedic disease in 100 male broiler breeding fowls aged between 51 and 62 weeks. Lesions were identified in the pelvic limbs of 92 birds, 85 of which showed total or partial rupture of ligaments or tendons. Total ligament or tendon failure was identified at one or more skeletal sites in 54 birds. In two cases, avulsion of the femoral origin of the cranial tibial muscle had occurred. Other findings included degenerative changes in a number of joints but there was no correlation with ligament derangement. Partial or total detachment of the femoral head occurred in 16 birds. The primary lesion was disturbed endochondral ossification and, once detached, the femoral head normally became necrotic. In the reparative phase, 'creeping substitution' was identified.     

Nutrients and toxicants in rapeseed meal: a review

The composition of rapeseed meal and hulls is reviewed with emphasis on components of nutritional interest. Carbohydrates in rapeseed meal are mainly pectins, pentosans and cellulose and comprise nearly one-half the gross energy. The digestibility of energy is lower for rapeseed than for soybean meal. Protein is well digested, but the protein digestion coefficient and the availability of amino acids are lower than for soybean meal. Data on digestible and metabolizable energy are summarized. The kinds of glucosinolates present in high (HG) and low (LG) glucosinolate rapeseed meal and the nature of their hydrolytic products are discussed. The toxic effects of oxazolidinethione , isothiocyanates, thiocyanates and nitriles, and their relationship to their parent glucosinolates , to myrosinase action and to conditions during rapeseed processing are reviewed briefly. The effects of glucosinolates in animal tissues and products and the effects of converting to LG rapeseed meal are presented. Finally, a brief review is given of the responses of swine and cattle to the feeding of HG and LG rapeseed meal. The nutritional advantages of LG rapeseed meal, over the older type HG meal, are clearly evident from the feeding trials.     

发酵菜籽粕对番鸭生长性能和血液指标的影响

本研究旨在分析日粮添加不同比例的发酵菜籽粕对白羽公番鸭生长性能和血液指标的影响。将480只同批次、体重相近的28日龄健康白羽公番鸭随机分成4组,每组6个重复,每重复20只。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,试验组分别用12%、16%和20%的发酵菜籽粕等氮代替基础日粮中的豆粕,试验期为期21 d。结果表明:1)对照组和16%组番鸭的末体重和平均日增重显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),对照组番鸭的平均日采食量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。2)16%组番鸭血清总蛋白、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白含量均显著低于12%组(P<0.05);16%组番鸭血清的谷丙转氨酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于12%组(P<0.05),而血清甲状腺激素含量则相反。3)16%组番鸭血清的超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而其他指标无显著性差异。以上结果显示,日粮中适当添加发酵菜籽粕替代豆粕不会影响番鸭的生长性能,其中添加16%的效果较好。     

棉粕和棉籽壳诱发雄性细毛羊尿结石

用棉粕和棉籽壳诱发雄性细毛羊尿结石,研究棉粕和棉籽壳引起雄性细毛羊尿结石的致病因素.测定结石羊血清和尿液的生化指标,观察尿液结晶和泌尿系统组织形态变化,并应用X线能谱分析法、X线衍射分析法、扫描电子显微镜观察法和红外分析光谱法对结石进行微观结构观察和成分分析.结果显示,膀胱结石主要成分为MgKPO4和MgKPO4·6H2O,肾结石主要成分为Mg2P2O7.结果表明,在产棉区,绵羊尿结石是由棉粕和棉籽壳导致的矿物质营养代谢疾病,尿结石的发生与棉粕和棉籽壳中高剂量棉酚和磷、钾、镬代谢有密切关系.     

Rapeseed meal and egg taint: Treatment of rapeseed meal to reduce tainting potential

1. Treatment of rapeseed meal with calcium hydroxide suspension decreased the sinapine content by up to 90%. Smaller decreases were obtained by autolysis, steaming and treatment with ammonia.

2. When this treated meal was fed to susceptible ("tainting") hens the concentration of trimethylamine in the eggs was decreased to much less than that required to cause taint.     

Net energy of corn,soybean meal and rapeseed meal in growing pigs

Background: Two experiments were conducted to estimate the net energy(NE) of corn, soybean meal, expel er-pressed rapeseed meal(EP-RSM) and solvent-extracted rapeseed meal(SE-RSM) using indirect calorimetry and to validate the NE of these four ingredients using pig growth performance.Methods: In Exp.1, 24 barrows(initial BW = 36.4 ± 1.6 kg) were allotted to 1 of 4 diets which included a corn basal diet,a corn-soybean meal basal diet and two rapeseed meal diets containing 20% EP-RSM(9.5% ether extract) or SE-RSM(1.1% ether extract) substituted for corn and soybean meal. The design allowed the calculation of NE values of corn,soybean meal and rapeseed meals according to the difference method. In Exp.2, 175 growing pigs(initial BW = 36.0± 5.2 kg) were fed 1 of 5 diets for 28 d, with five pigs per pen and seven replications(pens) per treatment in order to validate the measured energy values. Diets were a corn-soybean meal diet and four diets including 10% or 20% EP-RSM and 10% or 20% SE-RSM.Results: The NE of corn, soybean meal, EP-RSM and SE-RSM were 12.46, 11.34, 11.71 and 8.83 MJ/kg DM, respectively. The NE to ME ratio of corn(78%) was similar to tabular values, however, the NE to ME ratios of soybean meal(70%) and rapeseed meal(76%) were greater than tabular values. The greater NE value in EP-RSM than in SE-RSM is consistent with its higher EE content. Increasing EP-RSM or SE-RSM did not affect the growth performance of pigs and the caloric efficiency of NE was comparable for al diets.Conclusions: The NE of EP-RSM was similar to soybean meal, and both were greater than SE-RSM. The DE, ME and NE values measured in Exp.1 are confirmed by results of Exp. 2 with comparable caloric efficiencies of DE, ME or NE for all diets.     

Forms of leg abnormality observed in male broilers fed on a diet containing 12.5 percent rapeseed meal

The incidence of leg abnormalities was studied in 216 male Ross I broilers, fed for 10 weeks on a diet containing 12.5 per cent extracted rapeseed. Regular serological examination showed that the birds remained free from Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae and avian reovirus throughout the period of investigation. Post mortem examination and radiographs were performed when birds were culled due to leg deformities or at the end of the experiment. Leg abnormalities were seen in 19.4 per cent of the birds which represents a very significant increase above that currently seen in commercial flocks. They consisted of a large range of skeletal deformities including valgus and varus deformities, dyschondroplasia, slipped gastrocnemius tendons, dislocated condyles, rotation and penetration of the distal tibiotarsus and fractured fibulas. Multiple forms of leg abnormality were often observed in individual birds and their association is briefly discussed.     

Effect of dietary levels of rapeseed meal and polyethylene glycol on the performance of male broiler chickens

1. In a 5 × 2 factorial experiment, the performance of male broiler chickens given starter (1 to 21 d) and finisher (21 to 42 d) diets containing five concentrations (0, 74.5, 149.0, 223.5 and 298.0 g/kg) of rapeseed meal (RSM) and two concentrations (0 and 15 g/kg) of polyethylene glycol (PEG) was measured.

2. Bodyweight gain and food intake decreased (P<0.01) with increasing dietary RSM both in the starter and finisher phases.

3. The relative weights of thyroid glands, liver, heart and the ratio of water to food intake increased (P<0.01) while the dressing percentage, abdominal fat‐pad weight and the feather condition score decreased (P<0.01) with increasing dietary RSM.

4. The mortality rate was increased (P<0.05) on diets containing 149 g/kg or more of RSM. The main causes of deaths and culling on the high RSM diets were enlarged livers and hearts, liver haemorrhage and leg disorders.

5. The inclusion of 15 g/kg PEG in the starter diets increased (P<0.01) bodyweight gains and food intake. It also increased (P<0.05) water consumption between 37–39 d, faecal moisture content at 40 d and the haemoglobin content in blood.

6. There were no interactions between the dietary concentrations of RSM and PEG on growth and other variables measured.     

Performance,carcass characteristics and chemical composition of beef affected by lupine seed,rapeseed meal and soybean meal

To test the effects of different protein sources and levels on performance, carcass characteristics and beef chemical composition, concentrates with three protein sources [Lupine seed (L), Rapeseed meal (R) and Soybean meal (S)] and two protein levels [‘normal protein’ (NP) or ‘high protein’ (HP)] were fed to 36 Simmental calves. Calves initially weighed 276 ± 3.9 kg and averaged 6 months of age and were randomly allocated to the six treatments. Maize silage was offered ad libitum and supplemented with increasing amounts of concentrates (wheat, maize grain, protein sources, vitamin–mineral mix). Normal protein and HP diets were formulated to contain 12.4% and 14.0% crude protein (CP) dry matter (DM) respectively. At the end of the fattening period of 278 days, the final live weight averaged 683 ± 14.7 kg. Neither level of protein nor its interaction with protein sources had any effects on most of the traits studied. Feeding the R diet significantly increased final weight, average daily gain (ADG), DM intake and CP intake in relation to the L diet; no differences were observed between the L and S diets for these measures. No differences were observed between the R and S groups in final weight or ADG, but the calves fed the R diet consumed more DM and CP than the calves fed the S diet. Bulls fed R diet had higher carcass weight and dressing percentage than the L groups, and no significant differences were detected between the S and L groups. Chemical composition of the Musculus longissimus dorsi was not significantly affected by source of protein. Also, the major saturated fatty acid (SFA) (C16:0 and C18:0) did not significantly differ among the three treatments. Samples from R group had significantly higher proportions of C16:1 t9, C18:1 c11, C18:2 c9 t11, C18:3 c9, 12, 15 and ΣC18:1 t fatty acids in relation to L and S groups. Although polyunsaturated fatty acid/SFA ratio was similar for the three dietary groups, n‐6/n‐3 ratio and Σn‐3 fatty acids content were significantly greater for bulls fed R diet in relation to those fed L and S diets.     

Musculo-skeletal lesions in adult male broiler breeder fowls and their relationships with body weight and fertility at 60 weeks of age

1. Males from three broiler breeder experiments were examined to determine the incidence of musculo-skeletal lesions (destructive cartilage loss, dyschondroplasia and its sequelae, ruptured tendons and ligaments) in birds culled for low fertility and in males surviving to the end of the breeding period. Relationships with body weight and fertility were studied. 2. The incidence of musculo-skeletal lesions in males culled for low fertility was high. 3. In two experiments, high body weights at termination of the breeding period were associated with a raised incidence of musculo-skeletal lesions and lowered fertility. 4. The results support the hypothesis that lack of control of male body weight gain per se is an important cause of declining fertility with age in broiler breeder flocks. There was no evidence that males were obese.     

固态发酵菜籽粕替代日粮中豆粕饲喂肉鸭对生长性能和肠道微生物的影响

本试验旨在研究固态发酵菜籽粕替代日粮中豆粕对肉鸭生长性能和肠道菌群的影响,从而确定替代豆粕的适宜比例。试验选用1280只15日龄健康樱桃谷SM3肉鸭,采用单因素4水平4重复随机设计(每个重复80只),4个处理组中固态发酵菜籽粕等氮替代日粮中10.5%豆粕的比例分别为0、1/3、2/3和3/3。结果表明,各替代组前期(15～30日龄)、全期(15～45日龄)的日增重、日采食量和饲料转化率均差异不显著(P0.05),后期(30～45日龄)日采食量与对照组相比显著增加(P0.05);1/3替代组的芽孢杆菌数与对照组相比显著提高(P0.05);各试验组的空肠段pH值和肝脏指数与对照组相比差异不显著(P0.05)。结果提示,固态发酵菜籽粕可以等营养完全替代日粮中的豆粕,同时1/3替代日粮中豆粕对促进肉鸭肠道内芽孢杆菌生长作用显著。     

草鱼对进口和国产菜粕的离体消化分析

近年来,由于我国养殖业迅猛发展,饲料资源（尤其是动物性蛋白质饲料）非常缺乏。在水产饲料中,菜粕和棉粕是我国的优势蛋白饲料原料,在饲料中使用量较大,是水产饲料的主要蛋白质原料。目前,我国从加拿大和印度进口了很多油菜子,在国内加工成食用菜子油,同时也带来较多的菜粕蛋白质原料。这些进口菜粕主要消耗在各类饲料中,而水产饲料（尤其是淡水鱼饲料）消耗量大。     

双低菜籽(粕)的营养成分及抗营养因子的含量分析

分析测定了华双 3号菜籽、华杂 4号菜籽、华双 3号菜籽粕和 Canola菜籽粕 4个双低菜籽（粕）的常规营养成分、能量、氨基酸和抗营养因子的含量。结果表明：国产双低菜籽粕的常规营养成分与 Canola和普通菜籽粕基本一致,粗蛋白质含量略高。华双 3号菜籽粕的赖氨酸含量为 1.97％,与 Canola菜籽粕接近;蛋氨酸和胱氨酸含量偏低。华双 3号菜籽粕的硫葡萄糖甙总量、唑烷硫酮和异硫氰酸酯含量高于 Canola菜籽粕,低于普通菜籽粕。植酸、单宁、芥子碱含量各品种间基本一致。     

发酵菜粕对肉鸭生长性能及血液指标的影响

试验主要研究发酵菜粕按等蛋白替代肉鸭全价日粮中的部分豆粕的适宜比例及其对肉鸭生长性能和血液指标的影响。800只同批次、健康、体重大小相近的雏鸭随机分成4组,每组5个重复,每个重复40只。对照组饲喂基础日粮。试验组在等蛋白替代豆粕的前提下,在基础日粮中分别添加5％、8％、11％的发酵菜粕。试验期间记录各组鸭体重及耗料量等,试验结束后,测定各组肉鸭的生长性能、靶器官比重及血清中T3、T4的含量。结果表明,用发酵菜粕替代一定比例的豆粕,对内鸭的生长性能没有产生不良的影响。当发酵菜粕添加到8％时,能有效地改善内鸭的生长性能（P〈0．05）;但添加到11％时,虽然没有产生统计学的差异显著性（P〉0．05）,但其效果不如其它组别。因此,发酵菜粕添加8％的比例最为合适,与对照组相比能有效地改善肉鸭的生长性能。     

黑水虻幼虫处理豆粕、棉籽粕和菜籽粕对抗营养因子和小肽的影响

为了降低饼粕原料中抗营养因子的含量,同时提高其小肽的含量,我们利用黑水虻幼虫分别处理未发酵与发酵的豆粕、棉籽粕和菜籽粕,并对结果进行单因素方差分析。研究发现:与空白豆粕组相比,添加了200只黑水虻幼虫的发酵豆粕中的胰蛋白酶抑制因子、β-伴大豆球蛋白、总戊聚糖和植酸的含量分别下降了63%、59%、4%和63%,而小肽和粗蛋白的含量分别增加了657%和2%;添加了200只黑水虻幼虫的发酵棉籽粕中粗蛋白和小肽的含量分别增加了11%和630%,植酸、单宁和游离棉酚的含量分别下降了87%、30%和81%;添加了200只黑水虻的发酵菜籽粕中粗蛋白和小肽含量分别增加3%和468%,植酸、单宁、噁唑烷硫酮的含量分别下降98%、50%和99%。同时,在发酵饼粕(豆粕、棉籽粕和菜籽粕)中加入黑水虻幼虫处理后,样品的平均重量分别降低了0.81 g/50 g、1.5 g/50 g和3.8 g/50 g。     

The hen's egg: Genetics of taints in eggs from hens fed on rapeseed meal

1. Fishy taints in eggs from hens fed on rapeseed meal, which have been reported to occur in brown‐shelled eggs of some hens with Rhode Island Red ancestry, occur also in white‐shelled eggs of some hens of a strain of Brown Leghorns.

2. Genetic tests have demonstrated that tainting in these circumstances is conditional on the presence in the hen, in the heterozygous or homozygous state, of an autosomal semi‐dominant mutant gene that has variable expression, depending on environmental factors (including the rate of ingestion of rapeseed meal).

3. No simple test for the presence of this gene, applicable to either sex, can be anticipated at present.     

棉、菜籽粕在(4～7)周龄番鸭日粮中适宜用量的探讨

我国棉籽饼粕的总产量仅次于豆饼，据测定蛋白质含量达３４％以上，菜籽饼粕蛋白质含量达３４％～３８％。它们都是重要的植物蛋白质饲料资源。但是，棉、菜籽粕（饼）含有有毒物质。棉籽粕含有棉酚，游离棉酚在体内有明显的积蓄作用，可引起积蓄性中毒。使动物生长受阻，降低动物生长速度。因此，目前棉、菜饼粕在我国作为饲料的用量不足４０％。用棉、菜籽粕代替部分豆粕，不仅可以缓解豆粕的不足，而且还可以降低饲料成本，提高养鸭的经济效益。本试验旨在探讨棉、菜籽粕在（４～７）周龄番鸭日粮中的适宜用量，为生产实际提供依据。现报…     

Biochemical changes in layer and broiler chickens when fed on a high-glucosinolate rapeseed meal

Diets containing 500 g high-glucosinolate rapeseed meal/kg or an equivalent amount of soybean meal as the only protein supplement were fed to layer-type chickens and two broiler strains from 1 to 56 d of age. Additional groups of the former were maintained on the diets until they were 16 and 28 d old. The rapeseed meal produced thyroid hypertrophy in all strains but reduced the growth rate of only one of the broiler strains. The livers of chickens fed on rapeseed meal were enlarged and DNA analysis indicated hyperplasia, but no macroscopic lesions were found. The activities of aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase in the plasma were increased by rapeseed meal, suggesting liver damage. In all strains, feeding rapeseed meal increased plasma total protein, albumin and cholesterol and decreased urate. Hyperglycaemia accompanied by a decrease in plasma triglycerides occurred in the layer strain. Through its extra-thyroidal toxicity (-)5-vinyl-oxazolidine-2-thione (goitrin) was probably responsible for most of these changes.