应用~(13)C核磁共振技术研究土壤有机质化学结构进展

土壤有机质化学结构对准确评价土壤有机质的稳定性及其在土壤中的功能具有重要意义。土壤有机质化学结构的研究方法中,固态~(13)C核磁共振波谱技术(Solid-state ~(13)C-NMR spectroscopy)具有独特优势,对土壤有机质化学结构的解析更贴近真实状态,近年来已取得诸多新进展和新突破。综述了近年来应用~(13)C-NMR测定土壤全土、团聚体和密度组分、腐殖质组分的有机碳化学结构特征,分析了影响化学结构变化的因素。不同气候条件、植被类型、土地利用管理方式、土壤类型、土壤有机碳含量的全土中有机碳化学结构比较相似,均表现为烷氧碳比例最高,其次为烷基碳和芳香碳,羧基羰基碳比例最低。土壤有机碳主要来源于外源植物残体,植物残体化学结构的相似性可能是导致土壤有机碳化学结构相似的主要原因,环境条件、土壤自身属性和微生物活性的差异使土壤有机碳化学结构产生微小差异。土壤颗粒及化学组分间的有机碳分子结构差异较大,大颗粒有机碳中烷氧碳比例最高,小粒径及与矿物颗粒结合的有机碳中烷基碳和羧基羰基碳比例更高,粉黏粒和腐殖酸组分的有机碳化学结构在土壤类型间差异较大。今后的研究重点应更多地关注土壤有机质来源的定量化分析、土壤微生物对土壤有机碳组分和结构稳定性的贡献及调控机制、土壤有机碳稳定性的生物物理化学保护机制、空间大尺度环境因子/土壤生态过程与微观尺度的有机碳化学分子结构的耦合作用机制、跨学科的多种土壤有机碳化学分子结构测定辨识技术等方面的研究。     

不同森林植被下土壤有机碳的分解特征及碳库研究

分析了不同森林植被和同一植被不同林龄的人工杉木林下土壤有机碳的分解特征及土壤有机碳中的活性碳库、缓效性碳库和惰效性碳库的大小和周转时间。结果表明:不同森林植被下土壤有机碳的分解速率不同,总的趋势都是:培养前期分解速度快,后期分解速度慢,土壤剖面A层>剖面B层。在剖面A层中:不同森林植被下分解速率的大小顺序为常绿阔叶林>人工杉木林,不同林龄的人工杉木林为成熟林>中龄林>幼龄林;在剖面B层中:分解速率差异不大。不同森林植被下不同土壤剖面上的土壤活性碳库、缓效性碳库和惰效性碳库的库容和分解速率不同,土壤活性碳库碳含量一般占总有机碳的0 99%～2 89%,田间平均驻留时间为10～23天;土壤缓效性碳一般占总有机碳的17 17%～55 46%,田间平均驻留时间为1 6～24 2年;土壤惰效性碳一般占总有机碳的42 05%～80 66%,田间平均驻留时间为假定的1000年。     

植被恢复的土壤固碳效应：动态与驱动机制

植被恢复是影响土壤有机碳库动态变化的关键过程之一,阐明植被恢复过程中土壤有机碳的固持动态及其驱动机制,是全球变化下碳循环研究的热点和前沿问题。本文综述了近年来国内外关于植被恢复过程中土壤有机碳固定动态及其驱动机制方面的研究,剖析植被恢复中土壤有机碳固持动态及其影响因素,探讨植物碳输入对土壤有机碳动态变化的影响机制,揭示植被恢复中土壤有机碳固定的物理、化学和微生物驱动机制,并对目前研究中存在的问题进行总结,进而提出关于植被恢复的土壤固碳效应研究,亟需在土壤有机碳组分的动态、微生物结构和功能,以及植物—土壤—微生物对土壤有机碳固持的协同作用机制等方面进一步加强。本综述可为植被恢复与土壤固碳稳定机制研究指明未来的方向,进而为促进我国植被恢复的土壤碳循环研究,科学评价生态系统土壤固碳潜力和有效实施生态系统碳汇管理提供科学参考。     

露天煤矿区复垦土壤碳库研究进展

土壤是地球陆地生态系统中碳的重要贮藏库。露天煤矿区既是"碳源",也是"碳汇",研究其土壤碳的变化对区域碳平衡具有重要意义。本文梳理了当前世界范围内对露天煤矿区土壤碳库的构成、土壤有机碳库的区分测定方法、积累、转化和时空分布的研究。已有研究成果表明:(1)复垦与未复垦排土场中土壤无机碳含量无显著差异。(2)土壤有机碳的含量受复垦植被、年限、地形及土壤理化性质的影响。(3)不同因素通过影响土壤中的矿质态氮和微生物活性而影响有机碳的分解矿化率。(4)不同类型有机碳在土壤剖面中的分布呈不同规律,生物成因有机碳主要积累在土壤表层和亚表层,而地球成因有机碳积累在土壤底层。在此基础上提出深入研究方向:土壤无机碳和有机碳的相互转化关系、土壤碳循环与氮、磷、水循环的耦合关系及与生态系统生物多样性之间的内在联系。     

黄土高原撂荒草地土壤碳库对两年增温增雨的响应

阐明暖湿的气候趋势下黄土高原土壤有机碳库不同活性组分和碳库稳定性的变化特征,对脆弱生态区碳库的可持续发展以及评估区域生态效益具有重要意义。以黄土丘陵区自然撂荒草地为研究对象,人工模拟增温和增雨,分析了在增温（W）、增雨（P50%）及其交互作用（WP50%）下植被群落变化特征、土壤有机碳库组分含量、碳库组分的分配比例以及碳库稳定性的变化特征。结果发现：（1）增雨显著增加了植被丰富度指数,而增温和增温增雨显著降低了植被丰富度指数。（2）增雨处理下土壤有机碳、酸解有机碳、易氧化有机碳、溶解性有机碳含量及分配比例在两个取样年均显著高于对照;增温增雨处理则进一步增加了土壤易氧化有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量以及分配比例。相关性分析表明,土壤有机碳与各个活性碳组分之间存在显著相关性。（3）增温增雨处理下土壤碳库活度、碳库活度指数以及碳库管理指数均高于其他处理。酸解有机碳和微生物生物量碳的敏感指数在气候变化处理下相对较高。综上所述,暖湿化的气候背景下黄土丘陵区撂荒草地土壤有机碳、有机碳活性组分含量和分配比例以及碳库稳定性显著提高,有助于碳库良性发展,酸解有机碳和微生物生物量碳可作为未来土壤有机碳变化的重...     

土壤有机碳稳定性影响因素的研究进展

增加土壤碳汇是应对全球气候变化的有效措施,作为土壤碳汇来源之一的有机碳在其中发挥重要作用。过去几十年,土壤有机碳的分子结构性质被认为是预测有机碳在土壤中循环的主要标准。然而最近的研究结果表明有机碳的分子结构并非绝对地控制着土壤有机碳的稳定,而土壤环境因子与有机碳的相互作用显著降低了土壤有机碳被降解的可能性。土壤微生物不仅参与有机碳的降解,其产物本身也是土壤有机碳的重要组成成分。非生物因子直接或间接地控制着土壤有机碳的稳定,包括土壤中的无机颗粒、无机环境以及养分状况等。其中,有机碳与土壤矿物的吸附作用和土壤团聚体的闭蓄作用被普遍认为高效地保护了有机碳。土壤矿物的吸附作用取决于其自身的矿物学性质和有机碳的化学性质。土壤团聚体在保护有机碳的同时也促进了有机碳与矿物的吸附,而有机-矿物络合物同样可以参与形成团聚体。此外,土壤无机环境也影响着有机碳循环。总之,土壤有机碳的稳定取决于有机碳与周围环境的相互作用。同时,有机碳的结构性质也受控于环境因素。然而,无论有机碳的结构性质,还是其所处的生物与非生物环境,都是生态系统的基本属性,且各属性间相互影响、相互作用。因此,土壤有机碳的稳定是生态系统的一种特有性质。     

宁南黄土丘陵区不同人工植被对土壤碳库的影响

运用碳库管理指数分析了被恢复后宁南黄土丘陵区不同人工植被对土壤碳库的影响,结果表明：植被恢复增加各个土层土壤有机碳含量,但是活性有机碳含量表现不同,草地减少,其他植被与农田土壤活性有机碳含量差异不大。随着栽植年限的延长,土壤有机碳含量在各个土层都增加,且在0～30cm土层内增加的幅度都比较大。但是年限并不能增加土壤活性有机碳含量,说明植被恢复年限增加的是土壤非活性有机碳。植被恢复提高了土壤碳库管理指数,其中天然草地增加更为明显。     

缙云山5种植被下土壤活性有机碳及碳库变化特征

为揭示重庆市缙云山不同植被下土壤活性有机碳及碳库分配特征,以该地区5种植被类型:阔叶林、针叶林、混交林、竹林和荒草地为研究对象,分析不同植被类型下各土层土壤有机碳(SOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)含量及其土壤碳库的变化特征.结果表明:SOC和各活性有机碳组分含量及分配比...     

典型干旱荒漠绿洲区不同年限枣园土壤有机碳组成及特征

[目的]分析不同种植年限的新疆干旱区枣园土壤有机碳组成及特征,为该区域果业可持续发展提供理论依据。[方法]以新疆南疆麦盖提县4种不同种植年限的枣园为研究对象,分析测定不同园龄、不同层次土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳、有机碳密度及碳库活度。[结果]随着种植年限的增加,枣园土壤有机碳含量在时间尺度上表现为先增长后下降的趋势;在空间尺度上,有机碳含量表层最大,随着土层厚度的增加呈现出逐层降低的趋势;各个土层随种植年限的增加土壤有机碳密度变化趋势总体上为先减小后增大,在空间尺度上,土壤有机碳密度随土层深度的增加逐渐增大;不同年限枣园土壤有机碳储量多数集中在土壤表层,在10a时达到最大;在时间和空间尺度上,土壤碳库活度总体上表现为先增大后减小的趋势。[结论]该地区土壤有机碳含量随种植年限的增加逐渐增加,在一定程度上,土壤碳库含量随种植年限的增加积累程度不同;土壤碳库活度随种植年限的增加各个层次的土壤碳库活度总体上表现为先增大后减小的趋势。     

土壤侵蚀/水土保持与气候变化的耦合关系

通过综述土壤侵蚀对碳循环的影响、全球气候变化对土壤侵蚀的影响以及水土保持植被恢复对碳循环与土壤碳素积累的影响,研究土壤侵蚀/水土保持与气候变化的耦合关系。结果表明:因侵蚀造成的土壤碳素损失是巨大的,但土壤侵蚀是碳源还是碳汇过程依然存在争议,焦点集中于因侵蚀造成土壤团聚体解体,暴露在空气中的土壤有机碳的矿化速率的大小;随着全球气温升高以及降雨格局的变化,全球土壤侵蚀强度和范围都在不断增加,但土壤侵蚀对全球气候变化的响应程度依然值得深入研究;水土保持生态恢复主要通过改变下垫面性质来改变土壤有机碳含量、影响土壤CO2释放并促进土壤碳素积累,对抑制大气CO2浓度升高能产生积极影响。尽管土壤侵蚀/水土保持与气候变化的耦合关系方面的研究已取得重大进展,但仍有待于在土壤侵蚀过程中碳素变化模型、土壤侵蚀过程中氮素迁移转化特征以及侵蚀劣地生态恢复过程中土壤碳素积累机制等方面加强研究。     

Five-year warming does not change soil organic carbon stock but alters its chemical composition in an alpine peatland

Climate warming may promote soil organic carbon(SOC) decomposition and alter SOC stocks in terrestrial ecosystems, which would in turn affect climate warming. We manipulated a warming experiment using open-top chambers to investigate the effect of warming on SOC stock and chemical composition in an alpine peatland in Zoigê on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. Results showed that 5 years of warming soil temperatures enhanced ecosystem respiration during the growing season, promoted above-and be...     

Biochemical changes across a carbon saturation gradient: Lignin,cutin, and suberin decomposition and stabilization in fractionated carbon pools

Soils that exhibit soil organic carbon (SOC) saturation provide an opportunity to examine mechanisms of C storage in soils with increasingly limited C-stabilization potential. A manure rate experiment in Lethbridge, Alberta, in which SOC responded asymptotically to long-term manure C additions, allowed us to assess changes in SOC biochemical composition in response to soil C saturation. By quantifying the cupric oxide oxidation products of lignin, cutin, and suberin in fractionated SOC pools that are characterized by chemical (i.e., mineral-associated), physical (i.e., microaggregate-associated), or no protection (i.e., free particulate organic matter), we evaluated the interaction between C saturation and the biochemical characteristics of SOC.We tested the specific responses of soil fraction lignin, cutin, and suberin to C saturation level by using the bulk soil to approximate C-input composition across manure input treatments. Carbon-normalized lignin (lignin-VSC/OC) in the chemically protected fractions did not differ, while in the non-protected and physically protected soil fractions, it decreased with C saturation level. Neither the stabilization of cutin and suberin, nor the lignin:cutin + suberin ratio, differed in any of the measured soil fractions in response to C saturation level.These results indicate that with C saturation and decreased C stabilization potential, lignin, cutin, or suberin were not preferentially stabilized or depleted in mineral protected soil C pools. The lack of evidence for biochemical preference in mineral associations with C saturation supports the existence of an outer kinetic zone of organomineral associations, in which partitioning of organic compounds, rather than sorption, controls mineral SOC accumulation at high SOC loadings. Furthermore, despite theories of inherent lignin recalcitrance, depleted lignin concentrations with C saturation in the non-protected and aggregate protected fractions indicate that lignin was, in this study, preferentially decomposed when not protected by association with mineral phases in the soil. In conclusion, C-input quantity, and not quality, combined with physical and chemical protection mechanisms that govern long-term C storage, appeared to control C saturation and stabilization at this site.     

Soil organic carbon temperature sensitivity of different soil types and land use systems in the Brazilian semi‐arid region

Quantifying the sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition (SOM) to global warming is critical for predict future impacts of climate change on soil organic carbon stocks (SOC) and soil respiration, especially in semi‐arid regions such as north‐eastern Brazil, where SOC stocks are naturally small. In this study, the responses of the labile and recalcitrant carbon components and soil respiration dynamics were evaluated in three different soil types and land use systems (native vegetation, cropland and pasture) of the Brazilian semi‐arid region, when submitted to temperature increase. After 169 days of incubation, the results showed that an increase of 5°C generated an average increase in CO₂ emission of 12.0%, but which could reach 28.1%. Overall, the labile carbon (LC) in areas of native vegetation showed greater sensitivity to temperature than in cropland areas. It was also observed that recalcitrant carbon (RC) was more sensitive to warming than LC. Our results indicate that Brazil's semi‐arid region presents a substantial vulnerability to global warming, and that the sensitivity of RC and of LC in areas of native vegetation to warming can enhance SOC losses, contributing to positive feedback on climate change, and compromising the productive systems of the region. However, further studies evaluating other types of soil and texture and management systems should be carried out to consolidate the results obtained and to improve the understanding about SOM decomposition in the Brazilian semi‐arid region.     

草甸草原土壤不同组分有机碳含量及化学结构对长期氮输入的响应

为探究长期氮输入对草甸草原土壤不同组分有机碳含量及化学结构影响，以内蒙古东北草甸草原为研究对象，于2010年设置0(CK)、30(N30)、50(N50)、100(N100)、150(N150)、200(N200)kg/(hm~2·a) 6个不同施氮水平处理，测定土壤不同组分有机碳含量及红外光谱特征。结果表明：(1)相比CK，长期氮输入条件下可提高土壤总有机碳(SOC)含量(增幅0.3%～13.6%)，且主要表现为颗粒有机碳(POC)含量的增加(9.22%～16.39%)，但降低土壤轻组有机碳(LOC)含量。(2)红外光谱主成分分析(PCA)结果表明，土壤LOC主要来源于脂肪碳、芳香碳、酚醇化合物，POC主要来源于芳香碳和酚醇化合物，矿物结合有机碳(MOC)主要来源于烷基碳和多糖。(3)相比CK，施氮处理凋落物和LOC官能团中烷氧碳(单糖+多糖)的相对强度降低，烷基碳、芳香碳相对强度增加；土壤POC和MOC官能团中烷氧碳、烷基碳及芳香碳相对强度增加，酚醇化合物相对强度降低；且施氮处理下凋落物及其不同土壤碳组分有机碳结构稳定性(芳香碳/脂肪碳)均高于CK。(4)结构方程模型(SEM)结果...     

从微生物角度揭示气候变暖对土壤有机碳转化影响的研究综述

土壤有机碳(SOC)是维持陆地生态系统生产力和可持续性的关键,以CO₂为主的温室气体过量排放导致全球气候持续变暖,对全球SOC转化产生关键作用。微生物是SOC周转的动力,是全球变暖影响SOC储量与化学特性的关键媒介。研究发现,气候变暖导致大部分农田和森林有机碳储量下降,但草原有机碳含量升高,这可能与微生物对有机碳的异化分解和同化固定之间的权衡有关。气温升高可直接提高微生物的呼吸活性,导致真菌在土壤微生物的比例降低,而细菌所占比例升高,对土壤碳库储存产生不利影响;在永久和半永久冻土中,冻融促进土壤活性有机碳库的释放,提高了土壤微生物的碳矿化速率,导致有机碳严重的矿化流失。然而,气温升高和与之相伴的CO₂浓度升高有利于植物生长,使得植物光合作用增强,向土壤中输入的有机碳增加;这些外源有机碳在微生物的作用下转化为稳定的SOC,有利于SOC累积。尽管已有大量研究,但气候变暖对SOC库的整体影响与微生物机制仍不明确。从多角度入手,深入认识气候－微生物-SOC之间的关系,有利于在全球变化的大背景下,充分发挥土壤碳汇效应,为“碳达峰”和“碳中和”提供理论与政策依据。     

Soil carbon dynamics in saline and sodic soils: a review

Soil salinity (high levels of water-soluble salt) and sodicity (high levels of exchangeable sodium), called collectively salt-affected soils, affect approximately 932 million ha of land globally. Saline and sodic landscapes are subjected to modified hydrologic processes which can impact upon soil chemistry, carbon and nutrient cycling, and organic matter decomposition. The soil organic carbon (SOC) pool is the largest terrestrial carbon pool, with the level of SOC an important measure of a soil's health. Because the SOC pool is dependent on inputs from vegetation, the effects of salinity and sodicity on plant health adversely impacts upon SOC stocks in salt-affected areas, generally leading to less SOC. Saline and sodic soils are subjected to a number of opposing processes which affect the soil microbial biomass and microbial activity, changing CO₂ fluxes and the nature and delivery of nutrients to vegetation. Sodic soils compound SOC loss by increasing dispersion of aggregates, which increases SOC mineralisation, and increasing bulk density which restricts access to substrate for mineralisation. Saline conditions can increase the decomposability of soil organic matter but also restrict access to substrates due to flocculation of aggregates as a result of high concentrations of soluble salts. Saline and sodic soils usually contain carbonates, which complicates the carbon (C) dynamics. This paper reviews soil processes that commonly occur in saline and sodic soils, and their effect on C stocks and fluxes to identify the key issues involved in the decomposition of soil organic matter and soil aggregation processes which need to be addressed to fully understand C dynamics in salt-affected soils.     

Duration of continuous cropping with straw return affects soil organic carbon

Understanding the impact of continuous cropping with straw return on soil organic matter functional groups is of great importance for maintaining chemical stabilization of SOC in arid regions. Infrared spectral characteristics of cotton field soil with different continuous cropping durations (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 years) were determined with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for fields in Manasi River Basin, Xinjiang province, China. The effects of continuous cropping duration on the stability and chemical composition of soil organic carbon (SOC) were analysed. The results indicate an initial increase in the SOC, soil particulate organic carbon (POC), and mineral-associated organic carbon (MOC) content of soil under continuous cropping with straw return. However, as continuous cropping duration increased, the levels of SOC, POC, and MOC in soil began to decrease. The soil POC content and POC/MOC were highest after 5 years of straw return, and started to decrease as the continuous cropping duration increased. The SOC and MOC contents were highest after 10 years of continuous cropping, and were 3.30 and 1.84 times higher than the control, respectively. As continuous cropping duration increased, the relative peak intensities for polysaccharides and aromatic groups in soil organic matter decreased, while the relative peak intensities for aliphatic compounds and hydroxyketone increased. In conclusion, continuous cropping with straw return in cotton fields promotes SOC but only for about 10 years. An increase in straw return duration boosts the degree of esterification in soil organic matter. Moreover, enhanced protection by mineral binding was observed for soil organic matter, increasing organic matter stabilization. This study aimed to provide an empirical foundation for the management of the SOC pool and the establishment of rational straw return practices for cotton fields in arid areas.     

溶解性有机质在土壤固碳中的意义

随着全球变暖的加剧,土壤圈作为全球碳循环中的重要碳库受到日益关注。土壤有机碳固定对大气温室效应和气候变暖有重要影响。溶解性有机质(DOM)是土壤中最活跃的有机碳库,其含量与土壤CO2、CH4、N2O的排放显著正相关,DOM的矿化成为土壤有机碳损失的重要途径。DOM可通过与Fe、Al共沉淀、吸附于土壤矿物表面而改变其生物降解性,从而在土壤中稳定和保留下来,对土壤有机碳积累中具有重要贡献。DOM的化学组成和结构特征影响其生物降解性,同时也影响其沉淀吸附效应。其稳定机制不同,对土壤有机碳积累的贡献也存在差异。目前估算DOM对土壤有机碳的贡献尚无普遍认可的方法,具体数值因估算方法不同而存在较大差异,有效的估算方法仍有待于进一步研究。     

CPMAS 13C NMR and IR spectra of spruce and pine litter and of the Klason lignin fraction at different stages of decomposition

Fresh and decomposed spruce and pine litter and the Klason lignin fraction of spruce needles at different stages of decomposition were studied by CPMAS ¹³C NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as by chemical methods. It was shown that decomposition of needles is accompanied by an increase in aliphatic substances and carboxyl group content; the amount of polysaccharides is reduced. It is assumed that stable aliphatic compounds like cutin and lipids of microbial origin will accumulate during litter decomposition and humification. Aromaticity is low and does not alter drastically. The NMR spectra of the Klason lignin fraction show pronounced peaks at 30, 55, 115, 130, 150 and 175 ppm. Obviously, this fraction contains appreciable amounts of aliphatic and carboxyl carbon besides the typical aromatic units of lignin. During decomposition aromaticity decreases whereas the relative amounts of aliphatic substances and carboxyl groups increase. This is probably due to splitting of aromatic ring structures and side chains. The findings agree with the results from chemical analyses.