Loss of natural coastline influences species diversity of anemonefish and host anemones in the Ryukyu Archipelago

1. Anemonefish and host anemones are distributed in the shallow waters of coral reefs, and thus their existence may be affected by coastal development. The Ryukyu Archipelago includes the Okinawa and Sakishima Islands; the former has experienced extensive land reclamation and drainage in coastal areas while the latter still mostly contains natural coasts. To consider the layout of protected areas needed to conserve diversity of host anemones and anemonefish in the Ryukyu Archipelago, the community structure and coexistence mechanisms of anemones and anemonefish were compared between Okinawa and Sakishima Islands.
2. Six species of anemonefish and seven species of host anemone are distributed in both islands. Among 15 species-pair interactions observed in six species of anemonefish in the Sakishima Islands, 14 were explained by the niche differentiation hypothesis and only one interaction was explained by the cohabitation hypothesis. In the Okinawa Islands, 13 interactions were explained by the niche differentiation hypothesis, one by the cohabitation hypothesis and one by the lottery hypothesis.
3. For both host anemones and anemonefish, β-diversity in the Okinawa Islands was lower and had a more nested structure than that of the Sakishima Islands. β-Diversity and its nestedness did not differ between the two regions excluding study sites adjacent to coastlines, suggesting that differences in the coastal environment affected the diversity of anemones and anemonefish in the Ryukyu Archipelago.
4. These results suggested that there is an urgent need to prioritize the conservation of reef edges, where species diversity is relatively higher than directly next to the terrestrial coastline in Okinawa Island. In the Sakishima Islands, where many natural coasts remain, a wider area from directly next to the coast out to the reef edge needs to be comprehensively protected to increase β-diversity.

     

Larval fish fauna of a sandy beach and an estuary on Okinawa Island,focusing on larval habitat utilization by the suborder Gobioidei

The Ryukyu Archipelago has a diverse fish fauna, but there have been no comprehensive studies of the larval fish fauna of its coastal habitats. The present study therefore investigated the species composition of larval fish communities on the sandy beach of Sedake and in the estuary of Teima Stream at Oh-ura Bay on Okinawa Island. In total, 12,067 individuals comprising 131 or more species that belong to 114 genera and 48 families were collected at night using a small seine net from January to December 1999. The suborder Gobioidei was the dominant taxon in this collection (86 %) and comprised 53 or more species. Most gobioids were postflexion larvae of amphidromous and estuarine species, at the stage just before they recruited to their adult habitats. Body lengths showed little variance within species. This suggests that they do not spend most of their pelagic larval lives in the estuary and on the sandy beach. These environments appear to be the route by which pelagic larvae move to their adult habitats. However, Rhinogobius and Tridentiger postflexion larvae displayed greater variance in body length and development, suggesting that they stay near the shoreline throughout this larval period.     

Factors influencing fish catch levels on Kenya's coral reefs

Abstract  The factors influencing fish catches on Kenya's coral reefs were studied. Catch data were collected at the species level by counting the number of fish landed at each landing site of each fishing ground. Live coral cover, topographic complexity, fish and sea urchin density, and the number of fishers and gear units used in each fishing ground were compared with catch data. Fishing grounds included one location where only basket traps were allowed, six locations where all gear types were used except beach seines, and three locations where all types of gear, including beach seines, were used. Catch and effort variables were similar across the fishing grounds whereas live coral cover and sea urchin density differed ( P  < 0.01). The sites fished by all types of gear including beach seines had the lowest coral cover (8.4 ± 0.9%) and topographic complexity (1.12 ± 0.01). Catch levels were positively correlated with the number of fishers and fish density but not with the number of gear units deployed or sea urchin density. The number of fishers and live coral cover were the strongest factors determining total catch levels. The results suggest that high levels of fishing effort coupled with the use of destructive gear types, exacerbate the effects of overfishing on Kenya's reefs.     

Status of giant clam resources around Okinawa‐jima Island,Ryukyu Archipelago,Japan

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Biogeographical and ecological context for managing threats to coral and rocky reef communities in the Lord Howe Island Marine Park,south‐western Pacific

• 1. Quantitative subtidal surveys of fishes, macro‐invertebrates and sessile organisms at 33 sites within the Lord Howe Island Marine Park revealed a rich fauna and flora, including 164 fishes, 40 mobile invertebrate taxa, 53 coral and other sessile invertebrate taxa, 32 algal taxa, and two seagrasses. The biota in this newly‐zoned marine park was overwhelmingly tropical when species lists were tabulated; however, species with distributions centred on temperate coasts of eastern Australia and New Zealand occurred in disproportionately high densities compared with the tropical species.
• 2. Lord Howe Island reefs were generally in good condition. Virtually no bleached coral was observed (0.2% of the reef surface; 0.8% of total hard coral cover). Living scleractinian coral comprised the predominant group of organisms growing on reef surfaces, with 25.5% cover overall. Other major taxa observed were brown algae (18.8% cover) and red algae (16.9% cover).
• 3. Three distinctive community types were identified within the marine park—coral reefs, macroalgal beds and an offshore/open coast community. The distribution of these community types was strongly related to wave exposure, as indicated by an extremely high correlation with the first principal coordinates axis for biotic data (R²=0.80).
• 4. The close (<3 km) proximity of tropical coral and temperate macroalgal community types off Lord Howe Island is highly unusual, with localized patterns of nutrient enrichment suggested as the primary cause. The macroalgal community type is only known from a small area off the south‐western coast that is not protected from fishing. This community is considered highly susceptible to threats because of potential impacts of global warming and the possibility of expansion of sea urchin barrens. Coral bleaching and ocean acidification associated with global climate change also threaten the coral reef community, which includes relatively high numbers of endemic and near endemic fish species. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

珠江口竹洲人工鱼礁与相邻天然礁附着生物群落结构研究

2011年9月利用潜水原位采样法对竹洲人工鱼礁及附近天然岛礁上附着生物群落进行了调查。此次调查共记录附着生物68种,多属于热带一亚热带暖水种,其中优势种为网纹藤壶（Balanusreticulatus）、华美盘管虫（Hydroideselegans）和马氏珠母贝（Pinctadamartensi）。投礁6个月的礁体上附着生物种类和生物量与天然岛礁上附着生物存在显著差异,投礁12个月礁体上附着生物种类与天然岛礁上附着生物差异有减少趋势,生物量不存在显著差异。聚类分析表明竹洲礁区海域附着生物群落可划分为2个群落,投礁12个月礁体与天然岛礁同属一个群落,投礁6个月礁体附着生物为一个群落。人工鱼礁附着生物群落演替过程中改变了礁体表面空间结构,空间异质性提高,人工鱼礁附着生物群落逐步向着天然岛礁附着生物群落的方向发展。     

西沙群岛重要珊瑚礁海域鱼类区系

根据1998年5月、1999年5月和2003年5月在西沙群岛北礁、永兴岛、琛航岛、华光礁、浪花礁、金银岛、东岛和玉琢礁等8个岛礁的调查资料,研究了西沙群岛岛礁水域的鱼类区系。在8个岛礁共捕获鱼类48科261种,其中礁栖性鱼类占78.93%,在8个岛礁广泛分布的鱼类只有33种,各礁区之间种类的相似度不超过41%,因此,种类多样性高和相似度低是该区域鱼类区系的2个主要特征。与南沙岛礁(1998～1999)延绳钓、刺网和手钓以及南沙群岛西南陆架区(1991)、南海北部海域等底拖网鱼类相比较,物种相似度分别为34.0%、5.1%和6.8%。     

The environmental status of reefs on Maldivian resort islands: a preliminary assessment for tourism planning

1. An assessment of reefs of 43 Maldivian resort islands is reported, based on analysis of ordinal data on a range of reef attributes from questionnaires completed by ‘dive base’ leaders. 2. Current overall reef condition is correlated most strongly with reef fish species, and also significantly with live coral cover and coral species. Coral bleaching was reported for 48% of the resort islands, and is associated with significantly reduced coral cover. 3. Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling are used to classify the resort islands (sites) according to the reef attributes examined. Overall reef condition is correlated positively with distance from the capital, Male, and negatively with age of resort. 4. Two different analyses reveal a significant increase in algal abundance, increase in the number of divers and decrease in overall reef condition. Changes in coral fish abundance and coral species are also evident. 5. The net environmental effect of resorts and their use reflects a dynamic balance between harmful and beneficial impacts. The latter are shown to include a conservation benefit, since the creation of a resort island can lead to discontinuation of earlier, more harmful practices (e.g. coral mining) at that site. 6. The quality and utility of environmental data from questionnaires are reviewed. It is concluded that the study provided a useful broadscale environmental appraisal of Maldivian resort island reefs, but this is not a substitute for detailed ecological monitoring.     

Eroding diversity away: Impacts of a tetrapod breakwater on a subtropical coral reef

1. Artificial barriers for coastal protection have been deployed across numerous tropical and subtropical islands in the Pacific, including Okinawa Island, southern Japan, where artificial defences have been installed along a large part of the coastline.
2. Although artificial barriers can lead to beach narrowing or loss and can exacerbate erosion, their effects on coral reef ecosystems remain understudied.
3. This study investigated the impact of a tetrapod breakwater in Ogimi Village, Okinawa Island, Japan, comparing the area affected by the presence of the barrier with a nearby natural coastline, and examining differences in physical parameters (depth profiles, sediment granulometry, and erosion on plaster balls) and benthic community composition.
4. Significant differences in depth profiles, sediment granulometry, and erosion were found, suggestive of alterations in water energy levels (lower than controls on the landward side of the barrier, and higher on the seaward side).
5. The benthic community was also clearly affected, with almost no living corals growing over the blocks or in their proximity.
6. Overall, the data show how breakwaters can affect the physical environment and benthic communities in a subtropical coral reef ecosystem, with negative consequences for coral survival.

     

Spatial and temporal diversity of fish captured by light traps in various habitats in coastal waters in the oldest marine protected area in Vietnam and its implications for conservation

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Overlaps in habitat use of fishes between a seagrass bed and adjacent coral and sand areas at Amitori Bay, Iriomote Island, Japan: Importance of the seagrass bed as juvenile habitat

ABSTRACT:   To clarify faunal overlap between a seagrass bed and adjacent coral and sand areas, and the number of reef fishes utilizing the seagrass bed as juvenile habitat, visual censuses were conducted at Amitori Bay, Iriomote Island, Japan. The numbers of species and individuals of fishes were significantly higher in the coral area than in the seagrass bed and sand area. Cluster and ordination analyses based on the number of individuals of each species demonstrated that the fish assemblage structure differed among the three habitats in each season, but with some overlaps. Approximately half the seagrass bed fishes occurred in the adjacent coral area (coral–seagrass species). Dominant species of coral–seagrass species utilized the seagrass bed as an important juvenile habitat. Thus, some overlaps in habitat use were present between the seagrass bed and adjacent coral area. Despite such overlaps, however, coral–seagrass species accounted for only approximately 15% of coral reef fishes overall, indicating that most of the latter hardly utilize the seagrass bed directly in the study area.     

韭山列岛自然保护区岩相潮间带底栖生物多样性与分布

于2006年4月和7月在大潮水期间对韭山列岛大青山、南韭山和积谷山的三个断面岩相潮间带底栖生物进行定性和定量采样,共鉴定出岩相潮间带生物96种,其中软体类41种,甲壳类24种,藻类16种,环节类8种,腔肠类5种,棘皮类2种。韭山列岛潮间带底栖生物平均生物量为2556．82g／m^2,平均栖息密度高达21579ind／m^2,平均多样性指数为1．0391,其中日本笠藤壶为绝对优势种,优势度高达2．5896。与同属于高盐度的浙江省其它开敞性岛屿比较,韭山列岛积谷山岩相潮间带的底栖动物种类数略少于舟山的花鸟岛和温州的北麂岛,而远远多于台州的大陈岛和宁波的北渔山。韭山列岛岩相潮间带底栖生物种类与生物量随水平、垂直和季节的变化而有所不同。水平分布主要受海浪和海流冲击的影响;垂直分布主要与分带有关,波浪及潮汐等环境因子影响上界,生物种间竞争影响下界;季节变化与温度、底栖生物的繁殖有关。本次调查的资料为有效评价保护区岛屿潮间带生态环境、海洋生物资源保护、可持续利用和进一步的科学研究提供可靠的依据。     

红海湾礁滩的主要栖息生物

红海湾海域岛礁众多，有礁栖生物220种，它们大多数属于热带-亚热带暖水性的适高盐种类，其中经济价值高的海珍品种类很多。该湾是广东沿海重要的海洋生物自然生态栖息保护区之一，礁滩增殖具有广阔的前景。     

Feeding habits of the darkfin hind Cephalopholis urodeta (Serranidae) at Iriomote Island, southern Japan

ABSTRACT: The feeding habits of the serranid fish Cephalopholis urodeta were examined on the basis of 204 adult specimens collected from coral reef areas at Iriomote Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Sampling was conducted in November 1997 and February, May, and August 1998. Among the specimens, 95 (46.6%) had empty stomachs, the mean Stomach Fullness Index of the specimens overall being extremely low (0.6). Over a 1-year period, the most important prey of this species were small fishes and decapod crustaceans, the two categories together constituting 73.4% of stomach contents by weight. However, seasonal differences in basic dietary composition were apparent. Fishes were abundant in the diet in May and November, whereas the proportion of hermit crabs in the diet was higher in February compared to other months.     

Low genetic variability in an endangered population of fiddler crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Uca arcuata</Emphasis> on Okinawajima Island: analysis of mitochondrial DNA

ABSTRACT:   Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was performed on polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNA fragments containing the D-loop , ND2 , and CO I genes of fiddler crab Uca arcuata mitochondrial DNA. In total, 316 individuals from six populations in Japan and two populations in Taiwan were analyzed using five restriction endonucleases ( Afa I, Bcn I, Cfr 13I, Hae III and Hin fI), yielding 85 haplotypes. Samples were taken from Nakagusuku Bay, Okinawajima Island, which is the only known distribution of U. arcuata in the Ryukyu Archipelago. The Okinawajima Island population is isolated geographically from others and showed a marked low genetic variability ( h  = 0.2539, π  = 0.0005) and significant differentiation from other population samples in haplotype composition. We suggest that a substantial decrease in the genetic variability of the Okinawajima Island population was caused by genetic drift under the conditions of small population size and low gene flow from other populations. It is important to conserve the intertidal zone in Nakagusuku Bay for the maintenance of this endangered population.     

庙岛群岛毗邻海域底层渔业生物群落多样性特征

庙岛群岛毗邻海域位于黄渤海交汇处,是渔业生物的重要栖息地与洄游通道,也是生物多样性的热点区域。为系统掌握庙岛群岛毗邻海域渔业生物多样性特征及其影响因素,分别于2020年9、11、12月和2021年3―12月对该海域底层渔业生物开展了调查,共鉴定出渔业生物115种,其中,鱼类49种,软体动物29种,甲壳动物28种,棘皮动物8种,腕足动物1种。鱼类主要为白姑鱼(Pennahia argentata)、虾虎鱼类和其他鱼类;甲壳动物主要为口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)、日本鼓虾(Alpheus japonicus)和其他甲壳类。3―6月庙岛群岛毗邻海域底层渔业生物高密度区主要集中在调查海域东南部,7、8月集中分布于调查海域西南部,其余调查月份没有明显的高密度集中分布区。7―10月整个调查区域呈现出较高的生物多样性,而11、12月则具有较高的渔业生物丰度和生物量。白姑鱼和日本鼓虾在生物量(r= –0.75, P<0.01)和丰度(r= –0.73, P<0.01)方面均具有极显著的负相关。主要生物类群和环境因子的冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)表明,水深和温度可能是影响庙岛群岛毗邻海域底层渔业生物的主要因子(P<0.05),其中,棘皮动物和酸浆贝(Terebratella coreanica)与水深表现出正相关性,其他大部分种类与温度表现出正相关性。丰度生物量比较曲线(abundance-biomass comparison curves, ABC曲线)分析发现,庙岛群岛毗邻海域ABC曲线虽然各有不同,但大部分W统计值为负,仅有3个月的W统计值为正(接近于0),说明该海域底层渔业生物群落整体受到较高程度干扰,仅部分季节呈现中等程度干扰,群落处于不稳定状态。本研究可为庙岛群岛毗邻海域生物多样性保护提供科学基础,同时,为探究典型岛屿生物多样性形成的内在、环境与人为因素提供基础资料和数据支持,但典型岛屿生态系统生物多样性的形成与演化机制尚需进行长时间序列深入研究。     

不同水泥类型混凝土人工鱼礁的生物附着效果

为研究不同水泥类型混凝土人工鱼礁对生物附着效果的影响,本研究在青岛薛家岛海域进行礁体挂板实验,水泥类型包括复合硅酸盐水泥(P.C)、矿渣硅酸盐水泥(P.S)、火山灰质硅酸盐水泥(P.P)、粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥(P.F)和铝酸盐水泥(CA),2015年9月完成海上挂板.结果显示,2015年11月第1次取样,不同材质人工鱼礁上的附着生物量从大到小依次为P.P、P.S、CA、P.F和P.C,生物量分别为888.29、755.43、752.07、620.11和402.01 g/m2;生物种类分别为P.ES上7种,P.F、P.P和CA上各5种,P.C上3种.2016年3月,CA、P.P、P.F、P.EC和ES上的生物量分别为1956.94、1601.44、1453.06、1254.63和1072.43 g/m2;生物种类由多到少为P.F、CA、P.S、P.P、P.C,种类分别为17、15、12、11、8.2015年11月,Pielou均匀度指数J为CA＞P.P＞P.F＞P.C＞P.S;2016年3月为P.S＞P.F＞P.P＞CA＞P.C.2015年1 1月,附着生物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')为CA＞P.P＞P.F＞P.C＞P.S;2016年3月依次为P.S＞P.F＞P.P＞CA＞P.C.研究表明,5种混凝土鱼礁中,铝酸盐水泥(CA)及粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥(P.F)人工鱼礁生物附着效果好,复合硅酸盐水泥(P.C)生物附着效果较差.     

基于环境DNA metabarcoding的西轩岛近海鱼类多样性研究

鱼类多样性的保护对于生态系统的科学管理和资源的可持续利用至关重要。环境DNA metabarcoding技术的出现和应用为水生生物的调查与监测带来了强有力的技术革新。本研究以浙江舟山近海岛屿——西轩岛为例,设计了4个不同采样站位,先后于2019年2月(冬季)、5月(春季)和11月(秋季)共采集水样12个,通过环境DNA提取、扩增、高通量测序以及生物信息学分析,对西轩岛近海鱼类多样性进行了分析,同时评估了鱼类多样性的时空差异。结果显示,共监测到鱼类33种,隶属于12目26科32属,其中,鲈形目(Perciformes)种类最多,共19种,约占所有种类的57.6%。不同采样季节的多样性指数和均匀度指数均存在显著差异,表明季节可能是影响西轩岛近海鱼类多样性的因素之一。综合时间和空间分析的结果显示,在繁殖季节且远离舟山本岛一侧的采样点监测到的鱼种数量更多。通过比对之前传统渔业资源调查的结果发现,不同季节优势种存在较大变化,可能与采样点数量较少且集中有关。进化树富集结果显示,各季节的优势鱼种与传统调查手段的结果有较大差异,表明目前环境DNA仍不能完全替代传统调查方法,但可以将环境DNA方法与传统的调查方法相结合,以确保监测结果的准确性和可靠性。     

Herbivorous fishes and the potential of Caribbean marine reserves to preserve coral reef ecosystems

• 1. The development of macroalgae to the detriment of corals is now one of the major threats to coral reefs. Herbivorous fishes are partly responsible for algal regulation on coral reefs and their overexploitation favours the shift from scleractinian coral‐dominated systems towards macroalgae‐dominated systems.
• 2. Marine protected areas (MPAs) that have been established worldwide may benefit coral reefs through the maintenance of high densities of herbivorous fishes which regulate algal growth.
• 3. The paper assesses whether small MPAs in the Caribbean are able to enhance herbivorous fish stock and by controlling macroalgae help to maintain reef ecosystems. A visual census using band‐transects was undertaken around Guadeloupe island where marine reserves have been in place since 1979. The effects of MPAs on both benthic communities and herbivorous fishes are examined.
• 4. Inside MPAs, herbivorous fish biomass was almost twice as high as outside MPAs and macroalgal cover was significantly lower. Fish size class distributions revealed that large individuals occurred mainly inside MPAs and that few male individuals were found outside MPAs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Is the crown-of-thorns starfish a threat to the reefs of Lord Howe Island?

• 1 Lord Howe Island, a World Heritage Area which lies in the southern Pacific Ocean, has the most southern true coral reefs in the world.
• 2 In the past decade, populations of Acanthaster planci, the crown-of-thorns starfish, have significantly reduced coral cover at Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, approximately 200 km to the north of Lord Howe Island, and a small population has been reported from Lord Howe Island.
• 3 The abundance and distribution of A. planci was evaluated using surveys by the local recreational diving industry and video-transects, and the potential rate of recovery of the coral community following predation was assessed by analysing coral recruitment patterns.
• 4 The starfish population at Lord Howe Island remained relatively small and localized between 1984 and 1993.
• 5 Coral recruitment was dominated by the juveniles of brooding corals, and these same species dominated the established coral community. There was limited recruitment of broadcast-spawning coral species during the study period, suggesting that southern dispersal of coral larvae from more northern sites may be a rare or sporadic event.
• 6 The results indicate that there is only a small probability that the present starfish population will result in a major starfish outbreak. However, the recovery of the coral community from a major outbreak would be slow because of the apparently low rate of input of coral larvae from sources external to the reef.
• 7 Management agencies need to consider whether the present small and localized starfish population should be removed, given the likely ramifications of an infestation and the economic importance of the reef to tourism.