二化螟绒茧蜂过寄生现象的初步研究

在室内通过对二化螟绒茧蜂过寄生现象的研究发现,二化螟绒茧蜂的蜂体大小与寄主体内寄生蜂数量呈线性负相关。而寄主育出蜂量与寄主体长呈线性正相关。一头寄主可被二化螟绒茧蜂多次产卵寄生,被产卵1～2次的寄主能正常育出绒茧蜂,且体内很少残留不能正常发育的二化螟绒茧蜂卵和幼虫,而被产卵3次以上的寄主死亡率高,即使存活,也只有部分二化螟绒茧蜂能正常钻出寄主,多数蜂幼虫和卵不能正常发育而死亡。当二化螟绒茧蜂在不同间隔时间内对寄主进行2次产卵寄生吋,均可育出正常后代,但第二次产下的蜂后代因种内竞争失败而不能正常生长发育。     

茶尺蠖绒茧蜂的趋色性及对茶梢信息物质的趋性

为了对茶树重要害虫茶尺蠖的生物防治提供依据,对其优势种天敌茶尺蠖绒茧蜂在浙江、皖南和苏南茶区进行了4年不同色彩趋性和信息物质引诱试验。结果表明:使用的素馨黄、芽绿、土黄、桔黄、果绿、大红、纯白、紫色、湖蓝、天蓝、桃红和墨绿等12种粘性色板中,茶尺蠖绒茧蜂显著趋黄绿色习性,尤其是趋芽绿色;9种附有茶梢信息物质诱芯的芽绿色板上,诱捕茶尺蠖绒茧蜂以E-2-hexenal效果最好,其次是linalool,再次是浓度均为10-2g/mL的Z-3-hexen-1-ol、E-2-hexenal、1-penten-3-ol、2-penten-1-ol、E-2-pentenal、Z-3-hexenyl acetate、pentanol和hexanol的8组分等量混合物;而Geraniol、Z-3-hexen-1-ol、1-penten-3-ol和b-ionone则是减效效应。结论:芽绿色对茶尺蠖绒茧蜂的引诱效果显著,茶梢互利素E-2-hexenal可增强引诱效果。     

菜蛾啮小蜂的寄主辨别能力和种间竞争

在25 ℃下,以菜蛾3龄幼虫作寄主,研究了菜蛾啮小蜂对已被菜蛾盘绒茧蜂寄生寄主的产卵寄生行为及其在与菜蛾盘绒茧蜂共寄生寄主中的发育情况. 菜蛾啮小蜂能产卵寄生已被菜蛾盘绒茧蜂产卵寄生的寄主,形成共寄生,其寄生率随寄主体内的菜蛾盘绒茧蜂卵的孵化而下降. 菜蛾啮小蜂能寄生寄主体内的菜蛾盘绒茧蜂高龄幼虫,直接将卵产在绒茧蜂体内,而形成重寄生,重寄生率随寄主体内绒茧蜂幼虫年龄增大呈增大趋势. 共寄生寄主中的啮小蜂不能发育到成虫. 重寄生的啮小蜂能完成发育,并从绒茧蜂的茧中羽化. 当未被寄生和已被菜蛾盘绒茧蜂寄生的寄主同时存在时,啮小蜂主要寄生于未被寄生的寄主. 表明菜蛾啮小蜂具有辨别寄主是否已被绒茧蜂寄生的能力.     

寄主植物对小菜蛾产卵选择性及菜蛾绒茧蜂寄主选择行为的影响

测试了小菜蛾成虫对甘蓝和白菜的产卵选择性及菜蛾绒茧蜂对这两种蔬菜上寄主的寄生选择性。结果表明，当甘蓝和白菜同时存在时，小菜蛾在白菜上的产卵量约为甘蓝上的3倍。菜蛾绒茧蜂的寄主选择性试验表明，当两种蔬菜上寄主密度相同时，该蜂对白菜上小菜蛾幼虫的寄生数量接近甘蓝上的5倍。最后，对小菜蛾产卵选择性及菜蛾绒茧蜂的寄主选择行为与寄主植物的关系进行了讨论。     

切割潜蝇茧蜂空间分布型及其应用

应用频次分布卡方检验法、Iwao法、Taylor幂法则以及其它聚集指标等方法，分析研究了切割潜蝇茧蜂（成蜂）种群的空间分布型.结果表明，切割潜蝇茧蜂在果园受害果中呈负二项分布，实测X2=8．137〈X0．05^2=14．07；根据各种聚集度指标和Iwao线性回归分析，测定结果为切割潜蝇茧蜂在林间呈聚集分布，但个体之间相互排斥，成蜂的这种分布由寄主害虫枯小实蝇的聚集分布引起，且该寄生蜂对密度不具有依赖性．同时计算了林间调查的最适理论抽样数。列出了序贯抽样分析表．     

甲胺磷预处理小菜蛾对菜蛾绒茧蜂的影响

分别在菜蛾绒茧蜂处于卵期、早期幼虫和中期幼虫时,饲喂小菜蛾2龄幼虫亚致死剂量甲胺磷,研究甲胺磷处理对寄主体内菜蛾绒茧蜂结茧率和羽化率的影响.试验表明,经亚致死剂量甲胺磷处理后,菜蛾绒茧蜂的结茧率和羽化率与对照相比均显著降低.在菜蛾绒茧蜂处于卵期时饲喂寄主幼虫,菜蛾绒茧蜂的结茧率和羽化率分别下降59.1%和32.5%;在菜蛾绒茧蜂处于早期幼虫时饲喂寄主幼虫,菜蛾绒茧蜂的结茧率和羽化率分别下降40.5%和32.8%;而在菜蛾绒茧蜂处于中期幼虫时饲喂寄主幼虫,菜蛾绒茧蜂的结茧率和羽化率分别下降18.2%和37.2%.结果表明,在绒茧蜂处于不同发育阶段时,饲喂小菜蛾幼虫甲胺磷对菜蛾绒茧蜂结茧率的影响较大,但对羽化率的影响不大.     

宁夏中宁县麦蚜种群空间分布与蚜茧蜂的跟踪作用

采用棋盘式五点取样法调查,应用聚集度指标和灰色关联度法,对不同景观结构下麦蚜及僵蚜田间分布型变化和时间动态进行分析与模拟。发现当地蚜茧蜂10种,蚜小蜂1种。麦长管蚜、麦二叉蚜及僵蚜在时空上呈负二项分布,聚集强度随虫口密度增加而增强。麦长管蚜聚集程度受田块景观复杂程度的影响显著,麦二叉蚜则不显著。2种蚜虫空间格局表现为扩散-聚集周期性变化,但周期性变化不尽相同。僵蚜分布与蚜虫分布有明显的相关关系,但对麦长管蚜跟踪明显高于对麦二叉蚜的跟踪。用Blackith种群聚集指数分析,结果表明蚜虫的聚集原因主要是由环境因素所引起。当麦长管蚜、麦二叉蚜平均密度分别大于5.57、8.26/株时,聚集程度取决于本身生物学特性与环境因素共同作用。对麦蚜种群数量具有显著性跟踪关系的蚜茧蜂主要有燕麦蚜茧蜂、烟蚜茧蜂及四川蚜茧蜂。     

茶尺蠖绒茧蜂信息素诱集技术通过鉴定

由中国农科院茶叶研究所（邮编：310008，电话：0571-86650425）韩宝瑜研究员主持完成的“茶尺蠖绒茧蜂信息素诱集技术及其应用”项目，前不久通过了浙江省科技厅组织的成果鉴定。     

绒茧蜂生物学和生态学特性

绒茧是多种农林害虫幼虫的期重要天敌，在生物防治上发挥着重要作用。本文综述了７０年代以来有关绒茧蜂生物学和生态学特性方面的研究进展。根据文献资料，分７个部分，包括绒茧蜂对寄主的选择、生长发育和存活、繁殖力及成蜂寿命、性比、寄主反应，种间竞争和年生活史。     

寄主龄期、温度对菜蛾盘绒茧蜂与菜蛾啮小蜂种间竞争的影响

在室内调查了分别以2龄、3龄和4龄小菜蛾幼虫作寄主时,及20、26、28和32 ℃下菜蛾盘绒茧蜂和菜蛾啮小蜂间竞争结果.当2龄或3龄小菜蛾幼虫供2种蜂同时产卵寄生时,绒茧蜂的寄生率显著高于啮小蜂的寄生率;分别与其单独寄生时比,前者无显著差异,而后者则显著下降;二种蜂的合计寄生率与任一种蜂单独存在时的相比,以2龄幼虫作寄主时无显著差异,但以3龄幼虫作寄主时则显著提高.当4龄小菜蛾幼虫供2种蜂同时产卵寄生时,绒茧蜂的寄生率与啮小蜂的寄生率之间无显著差异;二种蜂的合计寄生率显著比绒茧蜂单独存在时的高,但与啮小蜂单独存在时的寄生率相比无显著差异.当2种蜂共存时,在所测试的4个温度下,绒茧蜂的寄生率均高于啮小蜂的寄生率,与其单独寄生时的相比,绒茧蜂的寄生率无显著变化,而啮小蜂的寄生率均显著下降.这些结果表明寄主龄期比温度对这两种蜂种间竞争的影响更大.     

Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception

Anatomical and physiological observations in monkeys indicate that the primate visual system consists of several separate and independent subdivisions that analyze different aspects of the same retinal image: cells in cortical visual areas 1 and 2 and higher visual areas are segregated into three interdigitating subdivisions that differ in their selectivity for color, stereopsis, movement, and orientation. The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth- and movement-selective components from the magnocellular. At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution. These major differences in the properties of cells at lower levels in each of the subdivisions led to the prediction that different visual functions, such as color, depth, movement, and form perception, should exhibit corresponding differences. Human perceptual experiments are remarkably consistent with these predictions. Moreover, perceptual experiments can be designed to ask which subdivisions of the system are responsible for particular visual abilities, such as figure/ground discrimination or perception of depth from perspective or relative movement--functions that might be difficult to deduce from single-cell response properties.     

Values,technologies, and epistemology

The aim of this paper is to make possible dialogue between those who claim that technologies are coded with social, political, or ethical values and those who argue that they are value-neutral. To demonstrate the relevance of this bridge-building project, the controversy regarding agrifood biotechnology will be used as a case study. Drawing on work by L. H. Nelson about the nature of human knowledge-building enterprises and E. F. Kittay’s account of the relationally-constituted self, the argument will be made that all technologies embody the values of the communities that created them. Zahra Meghani is an assistant professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Rhode Island. Her research interests are philosophy of technology, feminist theory (especially feminist epistemology and feminist philosophy of science), normative ethics, practical ethics (especially health care ethics), disability issues, and political theory.     

Mineralogy, petrology, and surface features of lunar samples 10062,35, 10067,9, 10069,30, and 10085,16

The primary rocks are a sequence of titanium-rich basic volcanics, composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and ilmenite with minor olivine, troilite, and native iron. The soil and microbreccias are respectively loose and compacted mixtures of fragments and aggregates of similar rocks, minerals, and glassy fragments and spheres. Impact events are reflected by the presence of shock metamorphosed rock fragments, breccias, and glasses and their resulting compaction to form complex breccias, glass-spattered surfaces, and numerous glass-lined craters. Chemistry of the glasses formed by the impact events is highly variable, and the high iron and nickel content of a few moundlike features suggests that at least some of the projectiles are iron and nickel-rich meteorites.     

Research and development, productivity, and inflation

R & D, through its effects on the rate of productivity increase, can significantly restrain the rate of inflation in the medium and long run. High rates of inflation damage the workings of the price system and impair the efficiency of practically all economic activities, including R & D. Findings suggest that the percentage increase between 1969 and 1979, in total real R & D expenditures, has been exaggerated due to the inadequacy of the gross national product deflator as applied to R & D.