福建黄兔的遗传多态性及分类

用8个微卫星标记对福建黄兔的等位基因频率、多态信息含量、杂合度和有效等位基因数等指标进行统计分析,并在此基础上对其进行聚类分析和分类研究。结果表明：（1）8个微卫星标记在所检测的福建黄兔群体中都表现出较丰富的多态性,在6个群体微卫星标记的平均多态信息含量（PIC）为0.6622(0.5723~0.7222),各群体的PIC差异不显著;全部群体平均杂合度为0.6857(0.5904~0.7267)。这显示黄兔群体的多态信息含量、杂合度等指标有较好的一致性,说明福建黄兔品种内在微卫星位点上均具有丰富的遗传多样性。（2）根据奈氏标准遗传距离,并进行UPGMA聚类分析,结果显示6个群体间的遗传变异不大。福建黄兔地方品种在微卫星位点上具有丰富的遗传多样性;从遗传距离及聚类分析结果表明这些群体黄兔属于同一个地方品种。     

‘早胜牛’微卫星基因位点遗传多样性分析

为了从分子水平上分析‘早胜牛’的遗传多样性,采用PCR技术和非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术检测了‘早胜牛’IDVGA46、ILSTS005、IDVGA27、TGLA44、IDVGA2、BM2113和ETH10这7个微卫星位点的多态性分布,并计算‘早胜牛’各个微卫星位点基因座的等位基因数、有效等位基因数、期望杂合度、多态信息含量。结果显示:112头‘早胜牛’样品在7个微卫星位点上共有25个等位基因,平均等位基因数为3.5714,平均有效等位基因数为3.0004,平均期望杂合度为0.6996,平均多态信息含量为0.6526。分析结果表明‘早胜牛’群体的遗传杂合度比较高,遗传多样性丰富,所选的微卫星座位点可用于‘早胜牛’遗传多样性评估。     

利用FIASCO技术进行波纹巴非蛤微卫星

为揭示波纹巴非蛤种质遗传特性、开发种质库,利用FIASCO(Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences Containing Repeats)技术开展了其基因组微卫星标记的分离与筛选研究。基因组DNA经限制性内切酶Mse I 酶切后与接头连接,用生物素标记的(CA)15或(AAG)7探针与其杂交,然后用磁珠富集、洗脱获得单链目的片段,经PCR扩增后形成双链,最后进行克隆转化,构建微卫星富集文库。挑选克隆用探针引物(CA)15或(AAG)7和载体引物进行PCR筛选,测序得到含有微卫星DNA的序列,根据序列设计和合成微卫星引物,进行引物适用性分析,并分析了湛江群体的遗传结构。结果表明,8对微卫星引物在湛江群体共检测到108个等位基因,每个位点等位基因数为5~19,期望杂合度为0.666~0.926,观测杂合度为0.400~0.882,4个位点(Pun4,Pun5,Pun6,Pun7)显著偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡(P<0.00625);PIC介于0.62~0.92,所有位点均属于高度多态位点(PIC>0.5)。说明FIASCO技术适合于波纹巴非蛤微卫星标记的分离与筛选,筛选得到的8个微卫星位点能用于波纹巴非蛤遗传多样性分析及野生群体与养殖群体的群体结构分析。     

大龙虎泡野生日本沼虾遗传多样性分析

为了深入了解本地日本沼虾的遗传特性,为育种选育提供理论支撑,利用微卫星分子标记技术,对大龙虎泡日本沼虾进行遗传多样性比较分析。结果显示,12个微卫星位点均属于高多态性位点(PIC>0.5);太湖2号养殖群体的等位基因数为4～11,有效等位基因为3.686 4～7.480 5,观测杂合度为0.318 2～0.833 3,期望杂合度为0.744 9～0.884 8;各位点的多态性为0.691 9～0.851 7,属于高遗传多样性的群体。大龙虎泡野生群体等位基因数为1～2,有效等位基因为1.00 0 0～2.000 0,观测杂合度为0.000 0～1.000 0,期望杂合度为0.000 0～0.517 2,各位点的多态性为0.000 0～0.375 0,属于遗传多样性较低的群体。2个群体均有7个位点显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡,大龙虎泡野生群体另出现3个位点无法进行Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验。太湖2号养殖群体的7个位点表现出来的是杂合子缺失,大龙虎泡野生群体的7个表现的是杂合子过剩。分子方差分析显示,有36.15%(P<0.01)的遗传变异来源于群体间,而6...     

高粱微卫星分析中遗传完整性样本量的确定

采用微卫星分析高粱不同样本量对遗传多样性指数的影响,从而确定最佳样本量,为遗传完整性研究奠定基础。试验设置了10个样本量梯度,对群体的等位基因数目、有效等位基因数目、香农指数、观察杂合度、预期杂合度、多态位点百分数和稀有等位基因频率的变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明,10～40个样本量范围内,等位基因数目、有效等位基因数目、香农指数、多态位点百分数随着样本量的增大而增大;在40个样本量时,等位基因数目、有效等位基因数目和香农指数达到较高值,分别代表了100个群体98.5%的等位基因数、99.1%的有效等位基因数和98.5%的香农指数,之后样本量继续增加,各指标变化不显著。稀有等位基因频率在40个样本量以上,随着样本量的增加数值变化很小。以稀有等位基因频率、等位基因数、有效等位基因数和香农指数为多样性指标,在高粱遗传完整性研究中样本量大小的确定上达到一致性。因此,建议在用SSR技术对高粱进行遗传完整性分析时,样本量要选择40个单株以上。     

马氏珠母贝选系F4遗传结构和亲缘关系建分析

为了有效避免因近交引起性状退化,本实验利用微卫星标记分析了选系F4的遗传结构,并估计了其有效亲本的数量。2010年9月,从快速生长系F3选择亲本进行子代繁殖,雌雄亲本数量分别为42和38个,人工解剖授精,按照常规技术进行幼体培育和海区养殖。2011年6月,从选系F4随机选取90个个体,利用45对微卫星引物进行遗传结构分析和有效亲本数量的推断。结果表明：45个微卫星位点共检测到186个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数在2~9之间,平均每个位点有4.13个等位基因。平均观察杂合度为0.543;平均期望杂合度为0.542;平均Shannon多样性指数为1.012;平均PIC值为0.491。根据基因频率的似然率算法成功的推断出该群体含有30个全同胞家系,用于繁殖选系F4有效亲本数量为60个,有75%的亲本参与了繁殖。世代之间近交系数增量△F=0.83%,F4代群体的近交系数F=3.27%。本研究结果表明：（1）该选系F4具有较高的遗传变异;（2）利用微卫星标记能有效推算选系的有效亲本数量,同时为构建继代群体提供技术支持。     

秦川牛微卫星基因位点遗传多样性分析

利用PCR 技术和电泳银染技术检测了秦川牛BM2113、IDVGA2、TGLA44、IDVGA27、ETH10、ILSTS005、和IDVGA46等7个微卫星位点的多态性分布,计算了各个基因座的表观及期望杂合度、有效等位基因数、多态信息含量、固定指数和Shannon信息熵。结果显示,秦秦川牛群体的遗传杂合度较高,遗传多样性丰富,所选微卫星位点可用于秦川牛遗传多样性评估。     

乐清湾养殖缢蛏群体遗传结构的微卫星标记分析

为筛选出多态性EST-SSR位点,来评价乐清湾缢蛏养殖群体遗传的样性变化。采用40对EST-SSR引物对浙江省乐清湾缢蛏养殖群体进行全基因扫描,结果显示,有29对引物能获得稳定的特异性条带（占总数的72.5%）,其中14个微卫星位点具有多态性（占总数35%)。14个位点共检测到等位基因数（Na）61个,每个位点的等位基因数变化从2~12个。各引物观测杂合度（HO）、期望杂合度（HE）和多态信息含量(PIC)变化范围分别为0.025~0.868、0.258~0.850、0.242~0.834;位点YC-1、YC-11、YC-1２、YC-16、YC-27、YC-35（p<0.05）显著偏离哈代-温伯格平衡。说明缢蛏EST序列中有较丰富的SSR位点;乐清湾缢蛏养殖群体遗传多样性较丰富,但有所下降,需加强资源保护。     

SPF莱航鸡种群的微卫星多态性分析

【研究目的】利用5个微卫星位点对两个SPF莱航鸡封闭群进行了遗传检测,探讨群体内的遗传多态性,以期为实验用鸡遗传质量监测提供理论依据。【方法】PCR扩增后用ABI-3100Avant全自动基因分析仪进行电泳检测,用Genemapper3.1软件进行片段大小分析,收集电泳结果并进行基因分型。【结果】5个微卫星标记在A、B两个鸡群中共检测到20个等位基因,平均为4个;两个鸡群的平均杂合度为0.6211,平均多态信息含量为0.6663,表明所选标记在SPF莱航鸡群中有较高的多态性;adl176位点的180峰仅出现在A群中,188、191两峰在两个群体中的频率相差极大,可作为品系鉴定的理想引物。【结论】大部分微卫星具有多态性,若进行大范围筛查,必能找到一些特异位点为遗传监测所用。     

筛选普氏原羚粪便DNA中微卫星引物 并应用于个体识别

为了更好地保护极度濒危的普氏原羚物种,选择非损伤性样品-粪便作为研究材料,选用10对非洲糜羚微卫星引物和10对绵羊微卫星引物作为筛选普氏原羚基因组DNA微卫星位点的引物。通过非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测微卫星PCR的扩增产物,结果发现20对引物中有8对引物在普氏原羚基因组DNA中扩增出了多态性位点。通过等位基因数目和等位基因频率对这8个位点的基因杂合度、多态性信息含量、有效等位基因数进行了计算,结果发现这8个位点在39个普氏原羚粪便样品中的基因杂合度介于0.71~0.84,平均杂合度为0.78;多态性信息含量介于0.79~0.66,平均多态信息含量为0.73;有效等位基因数介于3.40~6.08,平均有效等位基因为5.98,这表明所筛选到的8个微卫星基因座在研究普氏原羚粪便样品中均为中高度多态性基因座,具有比较明显的遗传变异,完全适合普氏原羚各种分子遗传分析。因此试验应用这8对多态性引物对39个粪便样品的个体进行识别,发现这39个粪便样品来自35个不同的个体。     

用SSR技术和混合取样方法估算玉米群体间的遗传距离

The factors affecting the binding characteristics of GBSS with starch granule were studied using a wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar Chinese Spring with different temperature treatments. After sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis, we got GBSS concentration by coomassie brilliant blue G-250(CBB G-250) method. The results showed that the temperature affected the binding of GBSS and starch granule. In 50–80℃, the concentration of GBSS unbound from starch increased with the temperature rising, which the maximal concentration was 11.361 μg mL^-1 at 80℃, while that was reduced when the temperature was 85–95℃. Furthermore, Mg²⁺ could also affect the quantity of GBSS unbound from starch. When Mg2+ concentration was lower than 1.75 mmol L^-1, the concentration of GBSS unbound increased. The lower Mg²⁺ concentration, the higher the concentration of GBSS unbound. However, when Mg²⁺ concentration was higher than 2.5 mmol L^-1, it could restrain GBSS unbinding. These results showed that GBSS bound starch granule by non-covalent bonds. The best GBSS extracting conditions were 55 mmol L^-1 Tris-HCl (pH 6.8), 0.75 mmol L^-1 MgCl₂, 2.3% SDS, 5% 2-ME and 10% glycerol, 15 min in boiling water, or 55 mmol L^-1 Tris-HCl (pH 6.8), 0.75 mmol L^-1 MgCl₂, 2.3% SDS, 5% 2-ME and 10% glycerol, 80℃ 30 min. The results are helpful to investigate 3-D structure of biological activated GBSS and mechanism of GBSS binding with starch granule.     

西洋梨二倍体及其人工诱导同源四倍体遗传差异的SSR分析

以西洋梨‘丰产’二倍体及其10个同源四倍体株系为材料,通过微卫星(SSR)分子标记技术对西洋梨二倍体与同源四倍体之间的遗传差异性进行了研究。应用10对SSR引物对11份材料进行扩增,共扩增出23条谱带,其中有8条呈多态性,多态性比例为34.78%;10对引物中有3对引物为多态性引物。聚类分析显示,不同同源四倍体株系与二倍体的遗传差异大小亦不同;在10个同源四倍体株系中有3个株系扩增的条带与二倍体完全相同,7个同源四倍体株系与二倍体相比产生了差异性条带。研究结果表明,西洋梨二倍体与其同源四倍体之间以及10个同源四倍体株系之间在DNA水平上表现出了一定的多态性。本研究能够为进一步进行西洋梨多倍体的育种实践提供理论指导。     

Sample size for diversity studies in tetraploid alfalfa (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago sativa</Emphasis>) based on codominantly coded SSR markers

The number of genotypes investigated per population is important for the reliability of diversity studies. The objective of this study was to determine the sample size for the identification of differences among populations of an outcrossing autotetraploid species, alfalfa (Medicago sativa), using codominantly coded SSR markers. One hundred and twenty genotypes from each of two closely related populations were analysed with two markers. Twenty random subsamples for each of three sample sizes (10, 20 and 40 genotypes) were built. Compared to the populations with 120 genotypes, alleles that were no longer present in subsamples with 40 genotypes were mainly rare, whereas abundant alleles were also excluded in subsamples with 10 genotypes. F _ST values for pairs of subsamples between the two populations were always significantly different based on 40 genotypes, whereas for 10 genotypes more than half of the pairs were not significantly different. We concluded that 40 genotypes are a reasonable sample size for diversity studies with closely related populations of tetraploid alfalfa investigated with SSR markers. Twenty genotypes may be an economical alternative for large scale studies, but 10 genotypes were a too low number for reliable results.     

Genetic diversity of feral alfalfa (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago</Emphasis> <Emphasis Type="Italic">sativa</Emphasis> L.) populations occurring in Manitoba,Canada and comparison with alfalfa cultivars: an analysis using SSR markers and phenotypic traits

Feral populations of cultivated crops may act as reservoirs for novel traits and aid in trait movement across the landscape. Knowledge on the genetic diversity of feral populations may provide new insights into their origin and evolution and may help in the design of efficient novel trait confinement protocols. In this study, the genetic diversity of 12 feral alfalfa (Medicago sativa) populations originating from southern Manitoba (Canada) and 10 alfalfa cultivars and a M. falcata germplasm were investigated using eight SSR markers (i.e., microsatellites) and 14 phenotypic traits. We found that the genetic diversity observed in feral populations was similar to the diversity detected among the 10 cultivars. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that there was great genetic variation within (99.8%) rather than between different feral populations. Cluster analysis (unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic average) revealed no differentiation between feral populations and cultivars for neutral loci. High levels of population differentiation for phenotypic traits (and not for neutral markers) suggest the occurrence of heterogeneous selection for adaptive traits. The phenotypic traits we studied did not distinctly separate feral populations from cultivars but there was evidence of natural selection in feral populations for traits including winter survivability, rhizome production, and prostrate growth habit. Our results suggest that feral alfalfa populations need to be considered in the risk assessment of alfalfa containing novel genetically modified (GM) traits. Further, feral alfalfa populations may be regarded as a source of new germplasm for plant improvement.     

An improved breeding strategy for autotetraploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Alfalfa cultivar development will be enhanced by breeding strategies whichutilize the full potential of autotetraploid population genetic structures. Thisstudy evaluates the effectiveness of an allelic selection scheme, which wasdeveloped to overcome limitations of inbreeding depression and to exploitgeneral and specific combining ability effects in autotetraploid populations.Allelic selection entails the minimization of non-additive genetic effects byselecting among full-sib families (F1) which are at uniform levels ofheterozygosity. Such F1 lines are developed by crossing individuals fromtwo unrelated random mating populations. Selected F1 lines wereintercrossed to form an improved population. Eight random matingpopulations of alfalfa were developed to study the effectiveness of allelicselection. Selection for increased dry matter yield resulted in alfalfapopulations with 38 percent greater yield than the parent populations. Twocycles of intercrossing, among selected F1 lines, did not dissipate the gainfrom selection. This result has important implications for synthetic cultivardevelopment in which a major limitation is the decline in productivity withadvancing generations of seed increase. A positively correlated response toselection for dry matter yield was observed for plant height and stemdiameter. The results of this research indicate that continued testing of theallelic selection scheme is warranted and could have a significant impact onthe breeding of autotetraploid alfalfa, particularly for synthetic cultivardevelopment.     

Use of RAPD and microsatellite (SSR) variation to assess genetic relationships among populations of tetraploid alfalfa, Medicago sativa

The level of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and microsatellite variation present in four ecotypes and two varieties of alfalfa (lucerne) from Italian and Egyptian germplasm sources was evaluated. A sample of 100 plants from 10 populations was analysed by means of 41 RAPD markers and 37 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Both molecular approaches revealed a high degree of genetic diversity within each of the cultivated populations and enabled each of the plants considered to be uniquely fingerprinted. The genetic relationships among plants and populations were analysed by computing AMOVA (analysis of molecular variance) and F_ST analyses. RAPDs were able to separate the Italian populations from the Egyptian variety. SSRs allowed strong separation of the four Italian alfalfa ecotypes. It was concluded that RAPD and microsatellites could be useful and powerful tools for assessing genetic variation and genetic relationships in tetraploid alfalfa.     

Paternity testing in an autotetraploid alfalfa breeding polycross

Determining unknown parentage in autotetraploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (2n = 4x = 32) can improve breeding gains. An exclusion analysis-based paternity testing SAS code, amenable to genotyping errors, is presented for autotetraploid species utilizing co-dominant molecular markers with ambiguous dosage. To demonstrate the paternity testing SAS code, 19 SSR loci were genotyped and analyzed on 1,107 progeny from a commercial, isolated, clonally replicated, 16-parent alfalfa breeding polycross which was pollinated by leafcutter bees (Megachile rotundata F.). Paternal assignment success rate was over 90 %. Among typed progeny, 45 % were the result of self-fertilization. Significant differences were detected between the 15 parents that produced seed and were observed as fathers for (1) total fertilizing pollen contribution (% deviation from expectation), (2) self-fertilization rates (%), and (3) outcrossing fertilizing pollen contribution (% deviation from expectation). Physical within-cage distance between parental plants was correlated with outcrossing fertilizing pollen frequency (negative power function). Parental seed yield was positively correlated with total fertilizing pollen contribution, particularly with self-fertilization rates (42 % self-fertilization and 17 % outcrossing). These correlations suggest that selecting for increased seed yield may result in indirect selection for increased self-fertilization rates. Parental total fertilizing pollen contribution was 62 % determined by outcrossing and 35 % by self-fertilization. This study cautions alfalfa breeders that heretofore unconsidered sources of inbreeding could be present in some breeding materials. This study also provides cost effective and easy to use molecular genetic tools for detecting, managing, and/or selecting against (through breeding) those sources of inbreeding.     

小扁豆种质资源SSR标记遗传多样性及群体结构分析

从145对SSR引物中筛选到14对多态性引物,对选取国家种质库的440份小扁豆种质资源进行SSR标记遗传多样性分析,共检测出87个等位变异,平均每个SSR位点6.2143个;平均Shannon-Weaver指数(I)为1.1869。16个不同地理来源群体间表现出显著的遗传多样性差异,国外群体的遗传多样性水平(0.9837)远高于国内群体(0.3485)。PCA、UPGMA法聚类分析和Structure群体结构分析结果相互间完全吻合。440份参试材料从遗传结构上可划分为8个组群,揭示国外群体遗传分化大,群体间的亲缘关系较远;国内群体与之相反。研究结果显示,山西、宁夏和甘肃省是我国小扁豆资源遗传多样性最丰富、遗传关系较复杂的地区,应对该区域小扁豆资源进一步搜集、保护和研究。同时,应继续加强小扁豆资源的国外引种与交流,做进一步系统研究和开发利用。     

基于SSR分子标记的闽楠(Phoebe bournei)核心种质的构建

为更好地发掘和利用现有闽楠种质资源,本研究利用7个SSR位点对江西和福建16个闽楠群体的237份材料进行基因型分析,采用逐步聚类(随机取样策略,位点优先取样策略)和模拟退火算法(等位基因数目最大化策略,遗传距离最大化策略)4种取样方法构建闽楠核心种质,并将各遗传多样性指标进行分析。结果表明:7个SSR位点共检测到50个等位基因,平均为7.143,平均有效等位基因为2.115,Shannon信息指数为0.778,观测杂合度为0.302,期望杂合度为0.442。基于逐步聚类方法构建的核心种质相较于基于模拟退火算法构建的核心种质各遗传参数指标都相对较高。对其进行t检验后,选择以基于逐步聚类位点优先取样策略在25%的取样比例下选取的种质为核心种质,其等位基因数、平均有效等位基因数、多态性位点百分率、Shannon多样性指数的保留率分别为初始种质的98%、104.92%、90.09%、97.94%。筛选出的59份核心种质材料能够较好地代表闽楠种质资源的遗传多样性,为闽楠的种质资源保存提供科学依据。     

葡萄种质资源亲缘关系的SSR分析

对供试材料进行亲缘关系分析,为葡萄分类、种质鉴定和育种提供重要依据。利用SSR标记对新疆44个相对适宜制干葡萄品种（系）材料进行了遗传多样性分析。从52对SSR引物中筛选出8对用于葡萄的SSR扩增,共扩增出190条带,均为多态性条带,多态性百分率为100%。多态性信息含量指数(PIC)变幅为0.6868~0.9640,平均为0.9084。根据SSR扩增结果,Jaccard相似性系数分析表明44份葡萄材料的遗传相似系数的变异范围为0.63~0.92,平均遗传相似系数为0.775。UPGMA聚类分析表明,在遗传相似系数0.654处,可将44份供试材料分为5个类群：第1类包括‘奥迪亚无核’、‘赫什无核’等22份葡萄;第2类包括‘无核白鸡心’、‘葡萄园皇后’等7份葡萄;第3类包括‘美丽无核’、‘艾麦纳’等5份葡萄;第4类包括‘黎明无核’、‘红脸无核’等6份葡萄;第5类包括‘白香蕉’、‘波尔莱特’等4份葡萄。SSR标记能比较准确地检测基因型之间的遗传背景与遗传关系,其中亲缘关系较远的不同类群间及亚类间的种质资源可作为杂交育种的亲本。