几个果实质量指标的简便测定方法

介绍测定苹果、梨、桃等果实果肉硬度、可溶性固形物和果皮叶绿素含量,以及测定苹果、梨果皮α-法尼烯和共轭三烯醇含量的简便方法。     

苹果α-法尼烯和共轭三烯含量变化与贮藏温度的关系

 以‘红星’苹果为试材，研究α-法尼烯和共轭三烯的合成和转化部位，试验表明，α-法尼烯在果实表皮角质层中大量合成，分别向外蜡质层和向内皮下细胞和果肉薄壁细胞双向转移，在果实表皮蜡质层或角质层中与氧接触，氧化生成共轭三烯和其它氧化产物；虎皮病发生、α-法尼烯与共轭三烯的含量都与贮藏温度呈显著的负相关。     

苹果贮藏期的好卫兵——虎皮灵

苹果贮藏期的一种主要病害——苹果虎皮病(烫伤病),是由苹果皮层所产生的一种挥发性芳香醚气体所引起的。这种气体叫做α——法尼烯,属烯烃类物质,很容易氧化。氧化后的α——法尼烯能使果皮变褐,表皮细胞形成不透气的膜,造成表皮细胞坏死,为其它腐生杂菌侵染打     

苹果果皮细胞膜结构变化与虎皮病的关系

国光苹果在贮藏过程中,果皮内α—法尼烯不断积累,60天左右达最大值,后随共轭三烯的迅速增加而下降。与此同时,果皮中丙二醛积累,组织相对电导率增加。抗氧化剂二苯胺能显著降低果皮中丙二醛积累,阻止相对电导率的上升,减少发病率。对膜结构变化与虎皮病的关系进行了讨论。     

应用碳分子筛气调机气调贮藏苹果对虎皮病的控制效果

碳分子筛气调机控制的 1—5 ％O_2 2—6％CO_2指标及气体循环净化,可明显抑制红元帅苹果表皮中α—法尼烯的合成和氧化,减少共轭三烯积累,将虎皮病控制在3％之下。在碳分子筛气调前附加高CO_2和乙氧基喹处理控制虎皮病与碳分子筛单一处理同效。     

早熟砂梨‘翠冠’hmgr基因家族两成员的表达与货架期黑皮病关系的研究

 以砂梨黑皮病易感品种‘翠冠’果实为材料,克隆获得了调控α-法尼烯合成的关键限速酶3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶（HMGR）基因家族中的两个成员Pphmgr1和Pphmgr2。Pphmgr1开放阅读框为1 827 bp,编码由609个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白;Pphmgr2开放阅读框为1 707 bp,编码由569个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白。序列比对结果显示：‘翠冠’PpHMGR1和PpHMGR2与苹果果实的MdHMGR1和MdHMGR2蛋白的同源性分别达到90%和98%。在采后货架期28~32 ℃条件下,乙烯受体抑制剂1-MCP 可明显抑制果实呼吸率,减缓乙烯释放,显著降低果皮中α-法尼烯及其氧化产物共轭三烯的含量,减少黑皮病发病率并减轻发病程度。半定量RT-PCR结果显示1-MCP处理后果皮中Pphmgr2的表达受到显著抑制,但是Pphmgr1的表达几乎不受影响。     

苹果双变气调生理基础的探讨

双变气调以低O_2高CO_2处理克服或抑制贮藏初期较高温度的不利影响.试验结果表明,在10—15℃高温度下低O_2高CO_2处理果实的呼吸强度和果内乙烯浓度较低;在温度和CO_2浓度协同降低后,处理果实的呼吸强度和果内乙烯浓度持续较低,其果皮α-法尼烯和共轭三烯含量明显低于冷藏对照.     

苹果低氧气调新组合及其防治虎皮病的效果

以玫瑰红苹果为试材研究０℃和１０℃温度下２％Ｏ２与３％、７．５％、１２％ＣＯ２不同气调组合处理的效果。选出在０℃和１０℃下气调新组合２％Ｏ２＋７．５％ＣＯ２,其特点是Ｏ２浓度在低氧气调范围内,ＣＯ２浓度明显高于国外低氧气调。低氧气调新组合处理果实１２１ｄ,果肉硬度和果皮叶绿素含量高于对照（０℃＋空气）,果皮α－法尼烯和共轭三烯含量显著低于对照。其中１０℃＋２％Ｏ２＋７．５％ＣＯ２处理果实再在２０℃     

套袋苹果苦痘病发生与预防

1 症状 苹果苦痘病是由缺钙引起的果实生理病害,成熟后期表现症状.病果皮下果肉首先变褐,干缩呈海绵状,逐渐在果面形成圆形红褐色凹陷变色斑.后期病部果肉干缩、表皮坏死,呈现凹陷褐斑.品尝病部有苦味.     

不同果袋对瑞雪苹果果皮褐变的影响

【目的】探究不同果袋对瑞雪苹果（Malus×domestica‘Ruixue’）果皮褐变及抗氧化物质的影响，为减缓瑞雪苹果果皮褐变并提高瑞雪苹果在陇东地区的经济效益和市场竞争力提供参考。【方法】以6年生瑞雪苹果为试材，于盛花后84 d采用绿色波点单层袋（G1）、袋口露白绿色波点单层袋（G2）和白色单层袋（G3）进行套袋处理，以普通双层袋为对照，研究不同果袋对瑞雪果皮褐变及抗氧化物质的影响。【结果】相较于对照，G1、G2和G3处理降低了瑞雪果皮褐变率，其褐变率从78.6%分别降至7.0%、6.0%和1.4%。其中对照一至四级褐变指数均为最高，与对照相比，G1和G2出现果皮一级褐变和二级褐变，G3仅出现果皮一级褐变，褐变指数为1.4%，与对照果皮发生褐变现象时间相比，G1和G2推迟了11 d,G3推迟了13 d。对抗氧化物质含量的测定结果表明，与对照相比，G1、G2和G3抗氧化物质含量显著增加，其中G3的含量又显著高于G1和G2。而对照、G1、G2和G3的SOD和POD活性整体依次升高，PPO活性依次降低。【结论】白色单层果袋（G3）显著提高了果皮抗氧化物质含量和抗氧化酶活性，降低了瑞雪果...     

Postharvest heat treatment as a possible means of reducing superficial scald of apples

A pre-storage heat treatment of 38°C for four days applied to apples (Malus domestica cv. ‘Granny Smith’) before standard storage in air at 0°C was found to inhibit the development of superficial scald. Apples stored for three months after heat treatment had superficial scald levels similar to those of apples dipped in diphenylamine (DPA), while all control apples had scald. This inhibitory effect was no longer apparent after five months of storage. The heat treatment inhibited the accumulation of α-farnesene and conjugated trienes in apple cuticle while DPA inhibited only a-farnesene oxidation. Heat treated apples also had lower polyphenoloxidase activity in the peel than untreated apples. This treatment may be a substitute for chemical treatments for short-term storage of scald- susceptible apple varieties.     

几种果实不同部位呼吸量的初步研究

 分别对苹果、梨、桃、柿、葡萄等果实进行了不同部位呼吸量的研究。结果表明, 红星苹果和鸭梨果皮部分呼吸量分别占果实总体呼吸量的90%左右, 果梗和果萼部位所占的比例相当; 北京14号桃果皮部分呼吸量占果实呼吸总量的95%左右, 果梗部分呼吸量占5%左右; 巨峰葡萄果皮部分呼吸量占70%左右, 果梗部分占30%左右; 而磨盘柿果皮部分呼吸量只占30%左右, 果蒂部分占70%左右。可见仁果和核果类果皮部分为呼吸的主要通道; 浆果类中巨峰葡萄果皮与果梗部分的呼吸通道比例大致为7∶3;而柿果蒂部分为果实呼吸的主要通道, 占到果实总呼吸量的70%左右。     

早熟抗病砂梨新品种‘金晶’

‘金晶’是从‘丰水’中实生选育出的早熟砂梨新品种。树势强健,树姿半开张。果实扁圆形,平均单果质量292 g,果皮褐色,果面光滑,肉质细嫩,汁液多,可溶性固形物含量10.6%,果实生育期120 d,在武汉地区7月底8月初成熟。早果,丰产,稳产,高抗黑斑病。     

Efficient virus-induced gene silencing in apple, pear and Japanese pear using Apple latent spherical virus vectors

Background

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an effective technology for the analysis of gene functions in plants. Though there are many reports on virus vectors for VIGS in plants, no VIGS vectors available for Rosaceae fruit trees were reported so far. We present an effective VIGS system in apple, pear, and Japanese pear using Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) vectors.

Results

Inoculation of ALSV vectors carrying a partial sequence of endogenous genes from apple [ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit (rbcS), alpha subunit of chloroplast chaperonin (CPN60a), elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1a), or actin] to the cotyledons of seeds by a particle bombardment induced highly uniform knock-down phenotypes of each gene on the true leaves of seedlings from 2~3 weeks after inoculation. These silencing phenotypes continued for several months. Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses of leaves infected with ALSV containing a fragment of rbcS gene showed that the levels of rbcS-mRNA drastically decreased in the infected apple and pear leaves, and, in reverse, rbcS-siRNAs were generated in the infected leaves. In addition, some of apple seedlings inoculated with ALSV vector carrying a partial sequence of a TERMINAL FLOWER 1 gene of apple (MdTFL1) showed precocious flowering which is expected as a knock-down phenotype of the silencing of MdTFL1 gene.

Conclusions

The ALSV-based VIGS system developed have provides a valuable new addition to the tool box for functional genomics in apple, pear, and Japanese pear.     

黄冠梨采后1-MCP和CaCl2处理对品质和果皮褐斑发生的影响

 对采后黄冠梨进行1 000 nL · L^-1 1-MCP 熏蒸（1-MCP）、4% CaCl₂（Ca）浸泡和二者结合（1-MCP +Ca）处理,结果表明,与对照（未进行1-MCP、Ca 处理）相比,Ca、1-MCP 和1-MCP + Ca 各处理保持了冷藏期间黄冠梨果实较高的硬度、可滴定酸和叶绿素含量,降低了果皮褐斑指数,但对可溶性固形物和维生素C 含量影响较小,并不同程度降低了果实的乙烯释放速率峰值,还显著降低了果皮可溶性酚含量和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性,抑制果皮细胞膜透性和H₂O₂ 含量的升高,但对呼吸速率的影响较小。Ca、1-MCP + Ca 处理显著提高了果皮和果肉中钙含量。综合看来,以1-MCP + Ca 处理对维持冷藏期间果实品质的效果最好。1-MCP 和Ca（主要是Ca）抑制果皮酚类物质生成和维持细胞膜结构的完整性是其明显减少黄冠梨果皮褐斑的重要原因。     

微波提取苹果皮中多酚物质的工艺研究

多酚是一类重要的活性物质,具有抗氧化、清除自由基等生理活性功能,在食品、医药领域具有广阔的应用前景。苹果皮中含有丰富的多酚类物质,从苹果皮中提取多酚类物质,为苹果皮的后续处理提供了新的途径。本文研究了微波法提取苹果皮中多酚物质的工艺,通过单因素试验探讨了不同的乙醇浓度、料液比、提取时间、微波功率对苹果皮多酚物质提取效果的影响。通过正交试验得到最佳提取工艺为乙醇浓度60%,料液比为1：10,微波功率600W,提取时间为50s,此时多酚得率为0.28%。     

Response of the phenylpropanoid pathway to Venturia inaequalis infection in maturing fruit of ‘Braeburn’ apple

Summary

This study investigated the activities of key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway and the accumulation of phenolic products in apple peel in response to infection with Venturia inaequalis [(Cooke) G. Wint.]. We compared healthy apple peel with apple peel showing symptomatic scab lesions, and with peel tissue from 1 – 2 mm around the scab lesions in fruit 1 month before maturity [140 d after full bloom (DAFB)] and at physiological maturity (175 DAFB). Infection with V. inaequalis enhanced the synthesis of some phenolic compounds. Compared to healthy peel, scab lesion tissue had ≤ 3.1-times higher hydroxycinnamic acid content, ≤ 1.3-times higher dihydrochalcone content, and ≤ 3.9-times higher flavan-3-ol content. Scab lesions showed slightly higher phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, flavonol synthase, and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase activities. The total amount of phenolics remained relatively stable between the two sampling dates, except for epicatechin and caffeic acid which decreased in amount toward fruit maturity, and levels of catechin which increased in more mature fruit. During fruit maturation, only chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase activities decreased in all tissues examined. This study showed that the phenylpropanoid pathway in apple fruit peel changed significantly following infection with the apple scab pathogen.     

中国果树类病毒的发生及其研究进展(英文)

概述了在中国发生且己鉴定明确的5种果树类病毒,即苹果绣果类病毒(Apple scar skin viroid,ASSVd)、梨泡状溃疡类病毒(Pear blister canker viroid,PBCVd)、葡萄黄斑类病毒-1(Grapevine yellow speckle viroid-1,GYSVd-1)、柑橘裂皮类病毒(Citrus exocortis viroid,CEVd)和桃潜隐花叶类病毒(Peachlatent mosaic viroid,PLMVd)的研究进展,包括病害的首次发现、症状特征、发病规律、检测方法与防治对策以及这些类病毒的生物学与分子生物学特性。