国内外堆肥标准分析及其对中国的借鉴启示

中国农业废弃物产量巨大,堆肥是农业废弃物资源化利用的主要方式之一,也是养分和有机质回收到土壤中的方法。结合国内外堆肥标准制定情况,通过分析对比无害化指标、有机质、总养分、重金属、含水率等指标,指出中国存在就农业废弃物处理缺乏专业化堆肥及有机肥标准推进委员会、对堆肥产品中氮磷钾和有机质含量的最低限值较高及未建立堆肥标准体系等问题。建议国家组建堆肥标准制定专家委员会或堆肥协会,进一步规范有机肥生产运行管理,进一步修订有机肥、生物有机肥、沼肥等标准,建立完善的堆肥标准体系。     

厨余垃圾、绿化废弃物和茶叶渣中试共堆肥系统效果评估

为解决厨余垃圾等有机废弃物处理难的问题,该研究以厨余垃圾、绿化废弃物和茶叶渣为主要原料,通过控制通风方式和菌种类型在堆肥成套设备内开展中试好氧堆肥,选取温度、含水率、碳氮比（C/N）、总养分、有机质含量、种子发芽指数和卫生学特性等指标评估共堆肥系统的技术可行性和经济可行性。结果表明：选择间歇式通风方式并按质量分数1‰投加复配菌剂,堆肥在65 ℃以上高温持续7 d;经10 d发酵,物料含水率和C/N分别从63.5%和31.5降至30.1%和9.6;堆肥产物的总养分（9.8%,质量分数,下同）和有机质含量（43%）均远高于NY/T 525-2021农业行业标准（总养分≥4%,有机质含量≥30%）;堆肥产物腐熟度和卫生学特性状况良好,种子发芽指数达88.3%,粪大肠菌群数<3 个/g,产物中未发现蛔虫卵。该共堆肥系统的废物平均处置成本低至（248.67±19.89）元/t。研究结果可为实现厨余垃圾、绿化废弃物和茶叶渣的低成本、规模化处理,有效解决厨余等有机废弃物环境污染问题提供参考依据。     

Regional Inventory of Organic Industrial Wastes: Case Study in New Brunswick,Canada

? This study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of composting organic industrial wastes which are currently being generated in the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Four types of this waste stream were identified: Fish wastes; Agricultural wastes; Pulp and paper and sawmill wastes; and Food processing wastes. Other objectives of this study were to establish valid cost estimates of selected solid waste composting approaches and to address the potential of a value-added compost product.

In the past 20 years, fish landings in the province averaged approximately 136,000 metric tons annually. Processing in fish transformation plants leads to fresh and pickled fish wastes that must be either discarded by dumping or processed into usable byproducts.

Animal manure is the principal waste currently being generated by the agricultural industry with 1,333,000 metric tons of manure produced in 1986. There are also approximately 90,000 metric tons of potato culls produced by the potato industry per year. Most of these agricultural wastes are presently being used or applied on land.

The forest industry is the biggest in New Brunswick and as such produces the largest amount of industrial wastes. Wood residues are generated in two sectors of the forest industry: Logging and Wood Processing organizations.

The food processing industry is a diversified enterprise processing items such as fruit products, vegetable products and meat products. Potato processing companies produce one of the most significant vegetable wastes of the province, with about 50,000 metric tons of wastes annually.     

农林废弃物对厨余垃圾堆肥腐殖化的影响与微生物驱动机制

高碳源农林辅料复配是实现厨余垃圾好氧堆肥促腐提质的关键技术,但不同辅料对厨余垃圾堆肥过程腐殖化的影响及其相应的微生物驱动机制仍不清楚,从而限制了对辅料的有效筛选与利用。为此,该研究选用园林废弃物、玉米秸秆和西瓜秧3种典型高碳源农林废弃物为辅料,探究其对厨余垃圾堆肥过程有机质腐殖化的调控效果与机制。研究结果表明：相较于园林废弃物和西瓜秧,添加15%玉米秸秆（湿质量）作为辅料,能够有效调节堆体物料结构,富集功能微生物,促进厨余垃圾堆肥产物腐熟度提升,种子发芽指数可达139%。具体而言,西瓜秧蛋白质含量较高,作为辅料能够在堆肥初期促进堆体快速升温,但不利于高温期延续,且产物腐殖化程度较低。相比之下,园林废弃物和玉米秸秆添加可以在高温期和降温腐熟期富集更多Ureibacillus、Bacillus Oceanobacillus和Flavobacterium等具有木聚糖降解和纤维素降解功能的细菌,促进有机质转化为多酚、氨基酸等腐殖质前驱物,进而推动稳定的腐殖酸生成。特别是玉米秸秆作为辅料时有效增加了具有木质纤维素降解功能的细菌,从而能够加速有机质的降解,促进腐殖化提升75%,研究结果为选取适宜的辅料强化厨余垃圾堆肥产品品质提供参考。     

Urban Waste Management and Potential Agricultural Use in South American Developing Countries: A Case Study of Chimborazo Region (Ecuador)

In South America, a high percentage of urban waste streams are not well managed, implying associated health and environmental risks. In Ecuador, around 2.7 million tons of municipal solid wastes (MSW) are generated annually, with 80 percent located in urban areas. Correct management and hygienic and ecological issues from these increased quantities of waste is the responsibility of municipalities that must provide sewerage, wastewater treatment, and solid waste management, according to the Constitution of the Republic (Art 264). With only seven licensed landfill areas out of thirty-one in total (66 percent mechanized and 34 percent manually sorted), a sustainable waste management model must be developed to reduce environmental hazards and also to obtain new bioproducts such as compost or fertilizers. Agricultural utilization of MSW compost is the most cost-effective management option compared to traditional means such as landfilling or incineration, and this option also enables the recycling of potential plant nutrients. In this work, the problem we addressed was to obtain analytical information about representative MSW samples from different origins and locations within the Chimborazo region in order to establish its potential for composting. In the studied MSW samples (which included sludge from aerobic wastewater treatment plants), high nutrient contents and low concentrations of heavy metals were observed, showing great potential to develop high-quality compost. In addition, improvement of separate collections of food market and/or municipal gardening wastes can provide specific clean waste streams of degradable materials to be managed separately from not separately collected MSW.     

In-Vessel Cocomposting of Green Waste With Biosolids and Paper Waste

In comparison to traditional windrow composting, in-vessel composting techniques often represent more effective waste management options due to the reduced production of bioaerosols and leachate and the potential for better process control. Chemical processes occurring during the cocomposting of three common wastes (green waste, biosolids and paper processing waste) were studied using the forced aeration, static pile, in-vessel EcoPOD® composting system. Since no turning of the compost occurs within the static piles, spatial differences in the vessel were also monitored. These measurements revealed significant spatial gradients in temperature; however, this did not result in spatial differences in nutrients within the composting vessel. Significant differences in soluble N production were observed during the composting process following the series: green plus paper waste < green waste < green waste plus biosolids. After the active compost phase was over, and the compost was removed from the vessel and matured outside, we demonstrated that covering the compost was essential to preserve compost quality. Our study clearly shows that cocomposting of common waste feedstocks can be used to successfully manipulate the chemistry of the final compost making it suitable for multiple end uses. In addition, our study demonstrated that careful management of the compost maturing phase is also required to maximise quality and minimize pollution.     

农业固体废物分类及其污染风险识别和处理路径

防治农业固体废物污染,对保障农民身体健康,维护农业生态安全,促进农村经济社会可持续发展具有重要意义。在总结农业固体废物内涵和外延的基础上,探讨农业固体废物的主要来源、分类方法和基本特征,按照来源、毒性、组分和形态对农业固体废物进行了分类,剖析来源单一与类型多样的双重性、潜在污染与重要资源的两面性、周年持续与季节波动的复杂性等农业固体废物的基本特征。识别农业种植固体废物、畜禽水产养殖固体废物、废旧农业投入品和农产品初加工固体废物的潜在污染风险。梳理农业固体废物污染防治、处理利用代表性法规政策,分析农业固体废物全链条运营和监管体系,提出\     

Changes in Availability of Plant Nutrients during Composting of Cow Manure with Poplar Leaf Litter

Safe management of animal and plant waste is one of the world's most important environmental challenges. Composting has been proposed as a useful technique for beneficially recycling wastes. This study showed that significant temporal changes in the nutrient availability occurred during the composting of cow manure with poplar leaf litter within 120 days. In particular, total C in the final compost was directly related to the addition of tree litter and inversely related to the time of composting, whereas extractable P and NO₃ increased with increasing amounts of tree litter and ammonium showed the opposite trend. During the later stages of the composting process higher concentrations of water soluble K, Ca, Mg, and Na were observed. The major benefit observed was that heavy metal concentrations initially present in the manure were significantly reduced during composting. Heavy metals in the final compost decreased in the order: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cd. The increased availability of plant nutrients following composting coupled with the lower extractability of heavy metals indicates that composting may be a sustainable option for agricultural waste recycling and increased productivity.     

Composting of Residuals Produced in the Catalan Wine Industry

The wine industry in Catalonia (Spain) plays an important role in the economy of the region. In this framework, Miguel Torres S.A. is a well known company specializing in production of high-quality wines and brandy, which possesses its own vineyard. Two of the main solid wastes produced in this kind of industry are: stalk (waste from grape harvesting which is only produced during September and October) and wine sludge from the biological wastewater treatment plant which is steadily generated. A composting process was proposed to treat these two organic wastes for recycling its organic matter content to the vineyard crops. Experiments at laboratory-scale in static composting systems did not show positive results for different stalk:sludge mixtures due to the high moisture content of both wastes. Field composting experiments with windrow methods showed that the thermophilic range of composting could be achieved for a 2:1 stalk:sludge volumetric ratio resulting in a complete sanitation of the material with thermophilic temperature of over 55°C for 28 days. The stability and maturity of the final compost were very high (Dewar self-heating test maturity grade V and static respirometric index 0.10 mg O₂·g Total Organic Matter^?1·h^?1). Due to its seasonal production, stalk storage was necessary. A study of the changes of stalk properties during one year is also presented. Bulk density and water holding capacity decreased with storage time while FAS (Free Air Space) and porosity increased. No remarkable changes in organic matter content were observed. Cocomposting of stalk and wine sludge generated in the wine industry is presented as a sustainable waste management strategy, which produces a sanitized fertilizer suitable for application in the vineyard, closing the organic matter cycle.     

Evolution of Organic Matter Within Sixty Days of Composting of Lignocellulosic Food Industry Waste in Malaysia

Empty fruit bunches (EFB), coffee grounds (CG), and palm oil mill sludge (POMS) were composted in the laboratory for 60 days in order to study the composting process of lignocellulosic food industry wastes. In the first part of the experiment, EFB, CG, and POMS were composted alone (composting of single lignocellulosic material), and in the second part, EFB was composted with CG (1EFB:1CG ratio) and POMS (1EFB:1POMS ratio). The effects of different turning frequencies on the physical and chemical properties of composting were observed and its relation with the degradation process was highlighted. Results showed that oil and grease were first degraded, followed by recalcitrant compounds like alpha-cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Cellulose and hemicellulose were degraded mainly during the 60 days of composting, and the progressive reduction of the cellulose/lignin ratio proved that the main evolution of these wastes took place. It was observed that 3, 6, and 9 days of turning frequency did not affect the physicochemical properties of the compost. Composting EFB alone failed to achieve the required quality of maturity compost within 60 days, while CG and POMS recorded low in biological activity. Better results were shown in composting of EFB mixed with coffee grounds and POMS, the C/N ratio dropped to less than 20 by the 8th week of the composting period. Composting of mixed lignocellulosic materials showed larger changes compared to composting of single lignocellulosic material, reaching a C/N ratio below 20 within 8 weeks.     

A Review on Heavy Metal Ions and Dye Adsorption from Water by Agricultural Solid Waste Adsorbents

Agricultural solid wastes either in natural or in modified forms have been successfully used for decades as non-conventional cost-effective adsorbents for removing metal ions and dyes from their aqueous phase and have been recognized as a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment. Therefore, this review article provides extensive literature information about heavy metals and dyes, their classifications and toxicity, various treatment methods with emphasis on adsorption characteristics by numerous agricultural solid wastes, or agricultural solid waste-derived adsorbents under various physicochemical process conditions. This review article not only provided an up-to-date information on the application of sustainable low-cost alternative adsorbents such as agricultural solid wastes, agricultural by-products, and biomass-based cost-effective activated carbon and various other natural materials in the batch adsorptive removal of heavy metal and dye from aqueous phase but also presented a comprehensive compilation of adsorptive pollutant removal information based on various reported continuous column operation studies which is one of the new aspect to this review article. The effectiveness of various batch and column operational process parameters on mechanistic adsorptive removal of both heavy metals and dyes by various agricultural solid waste-based adsorbents has been critically discussed here. Batch and column adsorption mechanism, batch kinetics, column dynamic modeling, and adsorptive behavior of adsorbents under various process parameters have also been critically analyzed and compared. Finally, literature information on recovery and regeneration through desorption techniques and cost comparison of various agricultural solid waste adsorbents with commercial activated carbons have also been reported here. Conclusions have been drawn from the literature reviewed, and few suggestions for future research direction are proposed.     

Seventy Years of Research on Waste Composting and Utilization at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station

? The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station in New Haven, established in 1875, is the oldest Experiment Station in the nation. Among the many contributions made by scientists at the Station, the development of hybrid corn by Donald F. Jones, and the discovery of vitamins by Thomas B. Osborne stand as hallmarks of science that have received much attention. Since the early 1920's, two issues have been studied in great detail at this Station; maintenance of soil fertility in New England's nutrient impoverished soil and disposal of agricultural and domestic wastes. Since the solutions to these problems are intertwined, the Station has been examining the time honored custom of returning wastes to soil to improve crop production. Even before the current rejuvenation of composting as an option in waste management, the Station expended considerable effort in composting research and its utilization in agriculture. This is a historical review of these efforts.     

Composting Food Processing Waste in the European Economic Community

For more than half a century, large food processing companies, faced with mounting solid waste disposal problems, have opted for landfilling. Other options, concentrating on utilization, are now being increasingly explored. Energy recovery (ethanol and methanol) and fodder production from food processing residuals in some cases are valid solutions. Of the many alternatives to food recovery waste disposal, composting seems to be an effective method. Managed properly, research has shown that composting can produce a nutrient-rich soil amendment; odors can be controlled during the transformation process and in the final product. The process is competitive and cost-effective environmentally, completes the biological chain and returns to the soil what has been taken from it. For these reasons, composting seems to be the best candidate to solve problems connected with food factory waste disposal.     

园林废弃物不同处理方式的环境影响及其产物还田效应

针对城市园林废弃物数量日趋增多及资源化利用程度低的问题,该研究比较了园林废弃物在直接焚烧、好氧堆肥、热解碳化3种处理方式下的养分与碳素与氮磷钾损失、温室气体排放,以及相应产物还田对土壤物理化学性质的影响。结果表明,焚烧处理的有机碳损失率高达98.62%,分别比好氧堆肥、碳化处理高39.77%和41.64%;全氮损失率高达95.51%,显著高于好氧堆肥（22.72%）及碳化（36.65%）处理;3种处理全磷及全钾损失率的差异相对较小。焚烧处理的CO2排放量高达1271.62 g/kg,远高于好氧堆肥的210.71 g/kg,但两者CH4、N2O的排放量都相对很小。园林废弃物堆肥及碳化后还田均可促进土壤中小团聚体向大团聚体转化,提高土壤中毛管孔隙度和饱和导水率,并显著提高N、P、K含量;其中生物炭还田可显著提高土壤有机碳含量,好氧堆肥还田能降低土壤pH值。焚烧后的灰分还田除提高土壤P、K养分含量及大粒径团聚体外,其他效果不明显。综上所述,好氧堆肥和碳化是适用于城市园林废弃物处理的2种技术,研究结果可为城市园林废弃物资源优化处理利用提供参考。     

Effects of Amendment of Calcimagnesic Soils With Olive Husk Compost In Tunisia

The amounts of olive husks produced in Mediterranean countries are very significant. Their treatment and disposal are becoming serious environmental problems. Increasing attention has been paid to finding a use for olive husks. A technological treatment is available to reduce their pollutant effects and to transform them into valuable products. The most suitable procedures are recycling instead of the detoxification of these wastes. It is possible to transform olive husks into organic fertilizers (composts) by composting with poultry manure. The compost has no phytotoxicity and may improve soil fertility and plant production. The composting process involves the microbial degradation of the polluting load of the solid wastes. Results of experiments using olive husk composts in crop production have shown that yields obtained with organic fertilization are similar, and sometimes higher, than those obtained with classic manure. Their bioavailability may be linked to the soil humic complexes originated by these organic fertilizers and to mineral components (active lime and clay). The composition of vegetable leaves improved similitude between compost and manure, normal concentrations but with deficiency in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.     

云贵高原农村地区生活垃圾特性与管理分析

鉴于当前农村生活垃圾的污染日益突出,且云贵高原农村地区生活垃圾的研究尚处于空白,随机选择了该地区9个自然村,通过访问式问卷调查、现场采样、实验室测试等方法,对当地农村生活垃圾的特性、群众对生活垃圾的认知以及参与管理的意愿进行了调研,以期为农村生活垃圾的管理与处理处置提供理论支撑和技术指导。研究表明：云贵高原农村地区生活垃圾产生量为160g·人-1·d-1;主要组分有厨余类、灰土类、橡胶类、纸类和木竹类;垃圾容重、含水率、灰分、可燃物和热值分别为106kg·m-3、39．16％、19．48％、41．37％和7615kJ·kg-1。此外,云贵高原农村地区群众对生活垃圾的污染性认知主要来自于直观感受,对可回收生活垃圾的认知直接受当地废品回收商的影响,对有毒有害生活垃圾的认知不足;群众对生活垃圾处理处置的支付意愿较好,参与生活垃圾保洁和管理工作的意愿较强,该地区已基本具备开展农村生活垃圾管理与处理的群众基础。     

Microbial Approaches to Characterization of Composting Processes

? Passage in 1979 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Clean Water Act by Congress resulted in a mandate to control and regulate the use of solid wastes on the land (Federal Register, 1979). The more recent landfill crisis followed by the ocean dumping ban and tightening of air emission standards has significantly influenced solid waste practice in the direction of biodegradation via composting.

A rapid increase in composting technologies concomitant with increased environmental concern regarding the fate of bacteria, particularly pathogens, means that new opportunities and dangers exist with regard to microbial disposition of solid waste. The impact of new compost technologies on microorganism selection is not known and uncertainty exists as to survival mechanisms of potential pathogens initially present in waste. New microbial methodologies are needed to characterize bacteria involved in composting, and to determine the influence of compost technology on bacterial species selection, especially pathogens.     

Wastes to be the source of nutrients and energy to mitigate climate change and ensure future sustainability: options and strategies

Abstract

Waste production is associated with human inhabitation and its rate is increasing over time. Globally, the major proportion of waste is disposed of through landfilling and open dumping, which is environmentally unsafe due to emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Thus, in order to avoid emission of GHGs from wastes it is important to use techniques that can convert wastes to energy/nutrients on eco-friendly economical way. Furthermore, quantification of the impacts of these waste management techniques on ecosystem is also needed through the application of tools like modeling, remote sensing, geographical information system (GIS), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and life cycle assessments (LCA). Thus, this review was conducted by considering focus on potential of nutrient and energy recovery techniques from various types of wastes and approaches to enhance the efficiency of the process. The outcomes depicted that the aerobic and anaerobic digestion is suitable to deal with biodegradable and organic fraction of the waste, but anaerobic digestion seem to be more sustainable waste management techniques. Additionally, the review covers the techniques to drive energy and recover nutrient from non-biodegradable proportion. Different modern analytical tools; such as remote sensing, GIS and simple/dynamic models could be useful tool to help in the decision-making processes for waste managements. These tools can help us to design integrated solid waste management processes. Finally, we suggest that LCA should be considered to determine the environmental load of material/product from its production to final disposal (from cradle to grave).     

Solid Wastes In Urban And Rural Areas Of Ibadan,Nigeria: Composition,Treatment And Public Health Concerns

The composition of solid waste produced at various locations in Nigeria differs considerably because the amounts generated and the constituents thereof are determined by social customs and living standards. Nigeria has undergone extensive industrial development which has often changed the composition of domestic solid waste as well as agricultural wastes. The disposal and utilization of these mixed wastes has presented new risks and problems for our society and environment. Though most solid waste in Nigeria contains little human and animal material, pathogenic organisms affecting both continue to be present. Potential risks to human health and the environment that can arise from domestic solid waste disposal and utilization in Nigeria include pollution of water and air, accidents, contact contamination and breeding sites for flies and rodents. There also are long-term problems in relation to the human food chain.     

Forging a Link between Composting and Sustainable Agriculture

? The concept of composting has always been rooted in a soil conservation philosophy that recognizes the role of organic matter in agriculture. The paradox has been that the recent rise in composting interest has come from the need for waste management solutions which emphasize economical and environmental alternatives, not the need for soil improvement and nutrient recycling. This review traces some early researches on the link between compost application and crop productivity and urges greater support for research that shows how compost can reduce pesticide use, improve farm economics and, in general, support the goals of sustainable agriculture.